文化的冲突与调适:清末民初的学堂星期日

清末民初,星期日休息引入国内学堂,并非是一个单纯的现代化进程,当时教育界人士敏感地察觉到,此一假期背后蕴含着西方宗教文化与传统儒家文化之间的强烈冲突。星期日的文化合法性问题,随之成为时人关注的重点。此外,当星期日休息体制化后,国内教育界人士也纷纷产生了焦虑感。他们为了应对学生假期闲暇的道德风险,对此一假期进行了大规模改造。在学堂师生的假期生活方式的选择上,儒家文化理念成为一个重要的意义支撑。这反映出,儒家文化传统与“现代性”假期制度之间存在相互调适的一面。

百家房地产开发企业承诺销售“放心房”联合宣言

为贯彻中央关于促进住房消费、拉动经济增长的战略决策、适应住房商品化、社会化的新形势,提高住房质量、规范销售行为,增强消费者买房信心,树立房地产开发企业形象。我们在此发起销售“放心房”联合宣言: 一、保证销售的住房合法无异议。因产权争议等原因导致无法办理产权登记手续的,退款退息。

《百家房地产开发企业承诺销售“放心房”联合宣言》说明

一、总说明 1、本宣言共有8条承诺内容,自2000年7月1日起,所有承诺的房地产开发企业新签订的商品房买卖合同,适用该承诺。7月1日前竣工,采取降价处理的积压商品房,在合同中明示的,可不适用承诺规定。 2、本宣言所称房地产开发企业是指依法设立并取得房地产开发资质的企业。 3、本宣言承诺内客。

Anatomical adaptations of three species of Chinese xerophytes （Zygophyllaceae）

Secondary xylem characteristics and horizontal variations were described in three xerophytic species, Zygophyllum xanthoxylon, Nitraria tangutorum, Tetraena mongolica of Zygophyllaceae native to western China. All the species have obvious growth ring boundaries except sometimes discontinuous in T. mongolica and Z xanthoxylum ring to semi-ring-porosity; simple perforation plate; alternate intervessel pitting; non-septate fibres; paratracheal confluent axial parenchyrna; helical thickenings and heterocellular rays. However the vessel arrangement and quantitative features of vessels were different. Vessel elements tend to be shorter and narrower and more frequent in T. mongolica than in other two species that are hardly different could lead to greater conductive safety. The variation of vessel element length and fibre length along radial direction showed irregular tendency. There was significant difference in both fibre length and vessel element length among-tree and within-tree. Furthermore, the relationships between anatomical features and adaptability to desert environments were also discussed.

Diagnostic model construction and example analysis of habitat degradation in enclosed bay: II. spatiotemporal variations in habitat degradation in Sansha Bay

The process of habitat degradation varies in habitat type and driving force which shows certain spatial and temporal heterogeneity on regional scales. In the present study, a new diagnostic model for enclosed bay habitat degradation was established, with which the spatial and temporal variation patterns of habitat degradation during 1991–2012 in Sansha Bay, Fujian, China was investigated. The results show that anthropogenic disturbance is the major controlling factor for the habitat degradation in large temporal heterogeneity in the bay. On the other hand, the habitat degradation experienced signifi cant spatial variations among six sub-bays. Under the joint action of temporal and spatial heterogeneity, the degradation trend in growing scale shows a more signifi cant correlation with the distribution of local leading industries along shorelines. Therefore, we quantifi ed the main characters of habitat degradation in Sansha Bay, and have understood the relationship between the status of habitats spatio-temporal variation value and the main controlling factor leading to the changes. However, a defi ciency of this research is the lack of or inaccessible to the detailed data, which shall be better solved in the future study for accessing more data from more sources.

Retraction control of motorized seat belt system with linear state observer

A design and verification of linear state observers which estimate state information such as angular velocity and load torque for retraction control of the motorized seat belt (MSB) system were described. The motorized seat belt system provides functions to protect passengers and improve passenger's convenience. Each MSB function has its own required belt tension which is determined by the function's purpose. To realize the MSB functions, state information, such as seat belt winding velocity and seat belt tension are required. Using a linear state observer, the state information for MSB operations can be estimated without sensors. To design the linear state observer, the motorized seat belt system is analyzed and represented as a state space model which contains load torque as an augmented state. Based on the state space model, a linear state observer was designed and verified by experiments. Also, the retraction control of the MSB algorithm using linear state observer was designed and verified on the test bench. With the designed retraction control algorithm using the linear state observer, it is possible to realize various types of MSB functions.

Extent and Consequences of Tropical Forest Degradation： Successive Policy Options for Bangladesh

This paper is conceived at a time when new paradigms are sought for the development of a framework to deal with the problem of forest resources degradation. Deforestation in Bangladesh, has reached an alarming rate in recent years. The forest coverage of Bangladesh is one of the lowest and the deforestation rate is the highest of any country in the world. Coupled with the process of deforestation, flawed afforestration programmes have seriously exposed Bangladesh to environmental vulnerability. Considering this situation various strategies should be taken at different levels. The main objective of this paper is to suggest the possible steps that Bangladesh could halt and reverse the trend of deforestation. An extensive literature review and structured interviews of key informants have been used to collect relevant information to understand the reasons and consequences of forest degradation in the country. Based on the information gathered, this paper suggests some positive steps where the Government could be the main mitigating actor by implementing integrated programmes, which will also ensure mass awareness and wider impact.

Geometric Properties of AR(q) Nonlinear Regression Models

This paper is devoted to a study of geometric properties of AR(q) nonlinear regression models. We present geometric frameworks for regression parameter space and autoregression parameter space respectively based on the weighted inner product by fisher information matrix. Several geometric properties related to statistical curvatures are given for the models. The results of this paper extended the work of Bates & Watts(1980,1988)[1.2] and Seber & Wild (1989)[3].

A Participatory GIS Approach to Identify Critical Land Degradation Areas and Prioritize Soil Conservation for Mountainous Olive Groves(Case Study)

Climate change scenarios predict an increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall events in some areas. This will increase runoff and soil erosion, and reduce agricultural productivity, particularly on vulnerable mountainous agricultural lands that is already exhibiting high rates of soil erosion. Haphazard implementation of soil and water conservation （SWC） interventions on scattered fields is inefficient in reducing soil erosion. The objective of this study was to identify areas at high risk of erosion to aid the design and implementation of sustainable SWC using GIS analysis and farmers＇ participation approach. A 25 m digital elevation model （DEM） was used to derive layers of flow accumulation, slope steepness and land curvature, which were used to derive an erosion-risk （priority） map for the whole watershed. Boundaries of farmers＇ fields were mapped and verified by the community and each field was classified into high, moderate or low erosion risk. Fields with low flow accumulation （top of hill） and/or steep slope and/or convex slope were assigned high erosion risk and therefore high implementation priority. The study showed that more than 54% of the fields were classified into high erosion risk areas. Accordingly, a community-watershed plan was established, revised and approved by the community.Incentive loans to implement SWC measures were distributed to 100 farmers based on the priorities of their fields. Judged by local farmers and using 16 randomly selected fields, 90% of the targeted areas were correctly identified using the erosion risk map. After two years, the conservation measures had led to marked improvement of soil conservation. The approach is simple and easy to comprehend by the community and provides scientific basis to prioritize the implementation of SWC and to target the most degraded areas, which amplify the impact of these in reducing the vulnerability to land degradation.

Prestack seismic stochastic inversion based on statistical characteristic parameters

In the conventional stochastic inversion method,the spatial structure information of underground strata is usually characterized by variograms.However,effectively characterizing the heterogeneity of complex strata is difficult.In this paper,multiple parameters are used to fully explore the underground formation information in the known seismic reflection and well log data.The spatial structure characteristics of complex underground reservoirs are described more comprehensively using multiple statistical characteristic parameters.We propose a prestack seismic stochastic inversion method based on prior information on statistical characteristic parameters.According to the random medium theory,this method obtains several statistical characteristic parameters from known seismic and logging data,constructs a prior information model that meets the spatial structure characteristics of the underground strata,and integrates multiparameter constraints into the likelihood function to construct the objective function.The very fast quantum annealing algorithm is used to optimize and update the objective function to obtain the fi nal inversion result.The model test shows that compared with the traditional prior information model construction method,the prior information model based on multiple parameters in this paper contains more detailed stratigraphic information,which can better describe complex underground reservoirs.A real data analysis shows that the stochastic inversion method proposed in this paper can effectively predict the geophysical characteristics of complex underground reservoirs and has a high resolution.

RS-and-GIS-Supported Forecast of Grassland Degradation in Southwest Songnen Plain by Markov Model

By taking Daan city in Jilin Province as a research object and by using TM image in 1989 and ETM + image in 2001 from American LANDSAT satellite,all kinds of maps and documentation,information of grassland,saline-alkalized land,cropland,water area and forestland is extracted by man-computer interactive interpretation method with ArcView and ArcInfo GIS software, and statistics data is acquired. On the basis of this the changing trend of land use types in the next ten years is forecasted and analyzed with Markov model. The results indicate that the problem of grassland degradation in the study area is quite serious.

Capacity Region of a Class of Gaussian Cognitive Degraded Broadcast Channel

This paper studies the cognitive broadcast channel in which the primary user communicates to the primary receiver, while the secondary user has noncausal knowledge of the primary radio's codeword and expects to communicate to two secondary receivers. Comparing with the existing cognitive radio channel which considers only one secondary receiver, cognitive broadcast channel studies the case that there are multiple secondary receivers.To this end, we investigate the fundamental limits of the performance of the Gaussian cognitive broadcast channel from the information theoretic perspective. Specifically, we derive the capacity region of the Gaussian cognitive degraded broadcast channel with weak interference.

弹性作业与课外学习各展其长

课外作业是学生在课外时间独立进行的学习活动,是课堂教学的延伸。近年来关于课外作业＂留＂与＂不留＂的问题众说纷纭。这个话题之所以被抛到风口浪尖,是在于过重的作业负担对学生的身心健康造成了严重伤害,有的课外作业甚至＂绑架＂了家长,造成课外作业失去了它应有的意义。＂作业＂已经成为学生无法承担之重,也在成为众多家庭无法言说的痛。不觉令人慨叹＂想说爱你不容易＂。

Connections of Coherent Information,Quantum Discord,and Entanglement

For a pure non-markovian dephasing model we derive analytic expressions of coherent information,quantum discord,and entanglement.We find that for the cases of the initial Werner states,the dynamical behavior of coherent information is similar to that of quantum discord but different from that of entanglement.Coherent information,as well as quantum discord,can reveal the quantum correlations in some mixed-states,in which the entanglement is zero.

Risk Assessment of Vegetation Degradation Using Geographic Information System: A Case Study of Qareh Aghaj Basin,Iran

The entire land of Southern Iran faces problems arising out of various types of land degradation of which vegetation degradation forms one of the major types. The Qareh Aghaj basin（1 265 000 ha）,which covers the upper reaches of Mond River,has been chosen for a test risk assessment of this type. The different kinds of data for indicators of vegetation degradation were gathered from the records and published reports of the governmental offices of Iran. A new model has been developed for assessing the risk of vegetation degradation. Taking into consideration nine indicators of vegetation degradation the model identifies areas with ＂Potential Risk＂（risky zones） and areas of ＂Actual Risk＂ as well as projects the probability of the worse degradation in future. The preparation of risk maps based on the GIS analysis of these indicators will be helpful for prioritizing the areas to initiate remedial measures. By fixing the thresholds of severity classes of the nine indicators a hazard map for each indicator was first prepared in GIS. The risk classes were defined on the basis of risk scores arrived at by assigning the appropriate attributes to the indicators and the risk map was prepared by overlaying nine hazard maps in the GIS. Areas under actual risk have been found to be widespread（78%） in the basin and when the risk map classified into subclasses of potential risk with different probability levels the model projects a statistical picture of the risk of vegetation degradation.