Transportation accounts for 80% of open-cut coal mine carbon emissions. With regard to the energy con- sumption and carbon emissions of transportation within an open-cut mine, this paper systematically compared the wo...Transportation accounts for 80% of open-cut coal mine carbon emissions. With regard to the energy con- sumption and carbon emissions of transportation within an open-cut mine, this paper systematically compared the work and energy consumption of a truck and belt conveyor on a theoretical basis, and con- structed a model to calculate the energy consumption of open-cut mine transportation. Life cycle carbon emission factors and power consumption calculation model were established through a Process Analysis- Life Cycle Analysis （PA-LCA）. The following results were obtained： （1） the energy consumption of truck transportation was four to twelve times higher than that of the belt conveyor; （2） the C02 emissions from truck transportation were three to ten times higher than those of the belt conveyor; （3） with the increase in the slope angle for transportation, the ratio of truck to belt conveyor for both energy consumption and carbon emissions gradually decreased; （4） based on 2013 prices in China, the energy cost of transportation using a belt conveyor in open-cut coal mines could save 0.6-2.4 Yuan/（t kin） compared to truck transportation.展开更多
Transient perturbation methods are most appropriate to study particle transport in tokamaks. Two most commonly used techniques of impurity injection are laser blow-off and gas puffing. Short bursts of impurities, inje...Transient perturbation methods are most appropriate to study particle transport in tokamaks. Two most commonly used techniques of impurity injection are laser blow-off and gas puffing. Short bursts of impurities, injected using the laser blow-off injection technique, are among other transient perturbation methods, undoubtedly best suited to study impurity transport The injection time and the amount of injected material can be controlled in order to study a certain phase of the discharge with a minimum perturbation of the plasma parameters. Furthermore, the source is of very short duration and thus provides an experimentally more direct measure of impurity transport.展开更多
The improved energy confinement has been observed in many tokamaks with center pellet injection since 1980＇s. The pellet enhanced performance （ PEP ） was achieved with high power additional heating in JET and other...The improved energy confinement has been observed in many tokamaks with center pellet injection since 1980＇s. The pellet enhanced performance （ PEP ） was achieved with high power additional heating in JET and other large tokamaks. The mechanism of the PEP mode has been analyzed theoretically . The analysis shows that a few mechanisms are involved in the reduction of anomalous transport and the relative weight of these mechanisms depends on the experimental conditions. In this paper we report the pellet injection experiment results without auxiliary heating on HL-2A tokamak. Our works focus on the investigation of the electron heat transport in ohmic discharges with center pellet fuelling.展开更多
基金supported by the key project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51034005)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China)(No.20100095110019)+1 种基金the National‘‘Twelfth Five-Year’’Plan for Science&Technology Support(No.2014BAC14B00)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2012AA062004)
文摘Transportation accounts for 80% of open-cut coal mine carbon emissions. With regard to the energy con- sumption and carbon emissions of transportation within an open-cut mine, this paper systematically compared the work and energy consumption of a truck and belt conveyor on a theoretical basis, and con- structed a model to calculate the energy consumption of open-cut mine transportation. Life cycle carbon emission factors and power consumption calculation model were established through a Process Analysis- Life Cycle Analysis （PA-LCA）. The following results were obtained： （1） the energy consumption of truck transportation was four to twelve times higher than that of the belt conveyor; （2） the C02 emissions from truck transportation were three to ten times higher than those of the belt conveyor; （3） with the increase in the slope angle for transportation, the ratio of truck to belt conveyor for both energy consumption and carbon emissions gradually decreased; （4） based on 2013 prices in China, the energy cost of transportation using a belt conveyor in open-cut coal mines could save 0.6-2.4 Yuan/（t kin） compared to truck transportation.
文摘Transient perturbation methods are most appropriate to study particle transport in tokamaks. Two most commonly used techniques of impurity injection are laser blow-off and gas puffing. Short bursts of impurities, injected using the laser blow-off injection technique, are among other transient perturbation methods, undoubtedly best suited to study impurity transport The injection time and the amount of injected material can be controlled in order to study a certain phase of the discharge with a minimum perturbation of the plasma parameters. Furthermore, the source is of very short duration and thus provides an experimentally more direct measure of impurity transport.
基金The author thank the HL-2A team for carrying out the experiments and Profs. D0NG Jiaqi,GA0 Qingdi,LI Jiquan and WANG Aike for benefit discussion and suggestion.Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （ 10335060 and 10235010 ）
文摘The improved energy confinement has been observed in many tokamaks with center pellet injection since 1980＇s. The pellet enhanced performance （ PEP ） was achieved with high power additional heating in JET and other large tokamaks. The mechanism of the PEP mode has been analyzed theoretically . The analysis shows that a few mechanisms are involved in the reduction of anomalous transport and the relative weight of these mechanisms depends on the experimental conditions. In this paper we report the pellet injection experiment results without auxiliary heating on HL-2A tokamak. Our works focus on the investigation of the electron heat transport in ohmic discharges with center pellet fuelling.
