不同清洗消毒方式对消化内镜副送水管道的消毒效果与效率的对比研究

目的探讨不同清洗设备和方法对消化内镜副送水管道的消毒效果与效率的影响。方法消化内镜使用后,按标准流程清洗、消毒管道,取9条内镜随机分为3组(使用90次,冲洗90次,每组取样30次),未冲洗消毒副送水管道的消化内镜为空白对照组;其余两组按照《WS507-2016软式内镜消毒技术规范》进行常规清洗消毒,按消化内镜厂家建议采用30 mL注射器连接厂家原装接头冲洗的管道为常规冲洗组,采用内镜副送水管道改进灌流装置冲洗消毒者为改良灌流组。记录清洗时间后对3组内镜进行采样后细菌培养。结果常规冲洗组和改良灌流组均未检出细菌。而对照组管道8个标本有细菌检出,检出率26.7%。3组间细菌检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。细菌培养提示排前3位的菌种分别为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌3例、鲍曼不动杆菌2例、肺炎克雷伯菌2例。常规冲洗组洗消内镜时间为(18.37±0.88)min,改良灌流组时长为(15.00±0.00)min,两组对比,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论消化内镜副送水管道规范化清洗消毒值得临床重视。采用消化内镜副送水管道全管道灌流装置,可以获得可靠、高效的消毒效果。

3种消毒剂持续浸泡内镜外皮、送水管和铁制品损耗观察

目的为了观察3种消毒剂对材料的影响。方法用水、75%酒精、健之素(含氯消毒剂)、戊二醛溶液持续浸泡铁制品40d,外皮和送水管各150d,与未经浸泡者进行比较。结果铁制品组锈斑从轻到重依次为75%酒精、戊二醛、水。健之素对铁制品表现不同,有的轻,有的很严重。健之素对外皮有明显变质作用,而对送水管不明显。结论健之素不能用于内镜消毒,戊二醛对试验用材料无不良作用,具安全性。

疏通内镜送气送水管腔的小窍门

以往的内镜实用方法不但降低内镜性能,费用高,易产生交叉感染。为了防止院内交叉感染的发生,充分发挥内镜的性能,延长内镜的使用寿命,摸索总结防止送气送水管腔出水不畅和疏通堵塞的小窍门,通过长期应用,效果满意,值得借鉴。

改良全管道灌流器对副送水内镜消毒效果的影响

目的探讨改良的全管道灌流器对副送水内镜清洗消毒的效果。方法选取某院消化内镜清洗消毒工作站患者使用后的奥林巴斯副送水肠镜,采用随机数字表法将其随机分为3组:A组和C组各30根,B组32根。A组使用改良前的普通灌流器,且未对副送水管道进行特殊处理;B组使用改良前的普通灌流器,但使用外接连接管(MAJ-855),对每个清洗消毒步骤均使用30 mL注射器对副送水管道手工注气注液最少3次;C组使用改良后的全管道灌流器。3组内镜均按照标准步骤进行清洗消毒及干燥,比较3组内镜各管道的消毒合格率,清洗消毒工作人员(以下简称洗消员)手工操作时间以及躯体疲劳程度。结果A组内镜整体消毒合格率为30.0%,B组为78.1%,C组为100.0%。3组内镜整体消毒合格率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=36.414,P<0.001)。3组内镜的送气送水管道和钳子管道的消毒合格率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。3组内镜副送水管道的消毒合格率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=33.473,P<0.001)。洗消员清洗消毒手工操作时间A、B、C组分别为:(4.81+0.63)、(6.72+0.42)、(4.88+0.66)min,3组比较差异有统计学意义(F=105.149,P<0.001)。洗消员清洗消毒3组内镜的躯体疲劳量表评分A、B、C组分别为:(4.67+1.32)、(5.83+0.91)、(4.33+1.03)分,洗消员清洗消毒3组内镜的躯体疲劳量表评分比较,差异有统计学意义(F=15.348,P<0.001)。结论改良的全管道灌流器可提高副送水管道的消毒合格率,节约洗消员的手工操作时间,降低洗消员的躯体疲劳程度。

Tracer Experimental Study of the Main Conveying Conduits of CCl_4 Pollutant in the Qiligou Water Supply Resource

The Ordovician karst groundwater in the Qiligou basin is an important water supply source. This groundwater has been seriously contaminated in recent years by Cfl4 from a pesticide plant located in the recharge area. The highest concentration of CCl4 in the groundwater is 3909.2μg/L. Large scale tracer experiments were carried out to study the conveying conduits for Cfl4 in the basin on May 1-6, 2005. Nontoxic, edible glucose was used as a tracer and it was detected by spectrophotometric techniques. Well area of the basin, was employed for injecting the tracer X-61, located near the pesticide plant in the southern recharge Ten wells widely located in the groundwater runoff area were used as observing and sampling wells. The results show that the migration of the pollutants is controlled by the water hydrodynamic field and by the development of karst conduits. The tracer did not enter the up-drainage wells, X-49 and X-47, near the injection point because the water levels at these wells are higher than at the injection point. The adjacent well X-62 is close to the injection site, but the tracer reached the well after eleven hours. Wells X-43, X-59, X-58, YY-1 and X-57, located in the syncline axis runoff area, are respectively 2.5, 3.5, 4.33, 4.38 and 5.44 kilometers from the in- jection site. The time for initial appearance of tracer was 4, 4, 2, 6 and 4 hours, respectively. The maximum runoff velocity （well X-58） is over two kilometers per hour, indicating that the karst conduits are well developed along the syncline basin axis. These conduits are the main conveying conduits for groundwater and Cfl4. Closer wells were not necessarily the first to receive tracer. This shows the inhomogeneity in karst development which causes complex runoff, and pollutant migration, patterns.

Three-phase flow of submarine gas hydrate pipe transport

In the hydraulic transporting process of cutter-suction mining natural gas hydrate, when the temperature-pressure equilibrium of gas hydrate is broken, gas hydrates dissociate into gas. As a result, solid-liquid two-phase flow(hydrate and water) transforms into gas-solid-liquid three-phase flow(methane, hydrate and water) inside the pipeline. The Euler model and CFD-PBM model were used to simulate gas-solid-liquid three-phase flow. Numerical simulation results show that the gas and solid phase gradually accumulate to the center of the pipe. Flow velocity decreases from center to boundary of the pipe along the radial direction. Comparison of numerical simulation results of two models reveals that the flow state simulated by CFD-PBM model is more uniform than that simulated by Euler model, and the main behavior of the bubble is small bubbles coalescence to large one. Comparison of numerical simulation and experimental investigation shows that the values of flow velocity and gas fraction in CFD-PBM model agree with experimental data better than those in Euler model. The proposed PBM model provides a more accurate and effective way to estimate three-phase flow state of transporting gas hydrate within the submarine pipeline.

Experimental study on the effects of big particles physical characteristics on the hydraulic transport inside a horizontal pipe

This paper presents an experimental study of the physical characteristic effects of large particles on hydraulic transport in a horizontal pipe.The particles are spherical and are large with respect to the diameter of the pipe(8%,10%,16% and 25%).Experiments were done to test the important parameters in solid transport(pressure,velocity,etc.).As a result,the relationship between the pressure gradient forces and the mixture velocity was substantially different from the pure liquid flow.However,in a single-phase flow a monotonous behavior of the pressure drop curve is observed,and the curve of the solid particle flow attains its minimum at the critical velocity.The regimes are characterized with differential pressure measurements and visualizations.

解好生活中的每一道题

我家装修,这天,爸爸买了许多水管。我挑了一根最长最粗的水管,快速地来到了二楼。可是我正想转弯上三楼的时候,因为水管太长,转不了弯,所以怎么也上不去。

厄尔尼诺与喷雾器

放暑假前,40多度的高温天气,一直居高不下!今天,轮到马一昕和秦臻值日。他们扫完地,就提水洒地。秦臻个小人瘦,从一楼卫生间提一桶水来,累得够呛。说:"哎!老马(我们男生说话总爱在姓前加"老"),要是有一根长管子,把水从卫生间接到教室就好了!"马一昕听了,眼睛一亮,马上放下手里的扫把,就跑到卫生间去看。卫生间正好有一个闲着的水龙头,要是有一根细细的塑料管。