The decline or loss of traditional social- ecological systems may induce adverse effects to the societies and ecosystems. Transhumance, the recurring and seasonal movement of grazing livestock, is increasingly constra...The decline or loss of traditional social- ecological systems may induce adverse effects to the societies and ecosystems. Transhumance, the recurring and seasonal movement of grazing livestock, is increasingly constrained by a numbers of factors including policy, land use and soeio-economic changes in Nepal. To explore how these changes have affected the transhumance, this study investigated transhumance at the Langtang valley in central Nepal. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the herd size and composition, spatial-temporal patterns and to identify the major drivers of the system and the system changes. Data were collected from field study comprising semi-structured interviews with the herders, focus group discussions, key informants survey, and observations of rangeland and livestock management systems. The study revealed that the transhumanee system in the Langtang is influenced by two types of drivers. In one hand, traditional practices are contributing to the sustainability of the system. On the other hand, the grazing patterns and adaptive responses are strongly influenced by changes in government policies, socioeconomic and cultural transformation, livestock productivity, markets, rangeland conditions and climate change. The findings of this study help with the development and implementation of transhumance management policy for the sustainability.展开更多
人工智能是否对人类构成了威胁?目前学界存在着不同的观点。笔者在此所做的具有针对性的工作是:(1)根据目前人们所谈的人工智能威胁论的语义,对人工智能威胁论进行分类,澄清让一些人真正忧虑和恐惧的究竟是哪一种类型的威胁。(2)基于潘...人工智能是否对人类构成了威胁?目前学界存在着不同的观点。笔者在此所做的具有针对性的工作是:(1)根据目前人们所谈的人工智能威胁论的语义,对人工智能威胁论进行分类,澄清让一些人真正忧虑和恐惧的究竟是哪一种类型的威胁。(2)基于潘克塞普(J.Panksepp)的心智考古学(archaeology of mind)以及马图拉纳(H.Maturana)和瓦雷拉(F.Varela)的生物自创生(autopoiesis)理论所提供的生命发生(genesis)和演化的一般框架,我们的论证将表明,让某些人真正忧虑和恐惧的人工智能的威胁事实上缺乏坚实的理论依据,也就是说这种忧虑和恐惧是对人工智能带来威胁的拟人化的扩展造成的。展开更多
文摘The decline or loss of traditional social- ecological systems may induce adverse effects to the societies and ecosystems. Transhumance, the recurring and seasonal movement of grazing livestock, is increasingly constrained by a numbers of factors including policy, land use and soeio-economic changes in Nepal. To explore how these changes have affected the transhumance, this study investigated transhumance at the Langtang valley in central Nepal. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the herd size and composition, spatial-temporal patterns and to identify the major drivers of the system and the system changes. Data were collected from field study comprising semi-structured interviews with the herders, focus group discussions, key informants survey, and observations of rangeland and livestock management systems. The study revealed that the transhumanee system in the Langtang is influenced by two types of drivers. In one hand, traditional practices are contributing to the sustainability of the system. On the other hand, the grazing patterns and adaptive responses are strongly influenced by changes in government policies, socioeconomic and cultural transformation, livestock productivity, markets, rangeland conditions and climate change. The findings of this study help with the development and implementation of transhumance management policy for the sustainability.
文摘人工智能是否对人类构成了威胁?目前学界存在着不同的观点。笔者在此所做的具有针对性的工作是:(1)根据目前人们所谈的人工智能威胁论的语义,对人工智能威胁论进行分类,澄清让一些人真正忧虑和恐惧的究竟是哪一种类型的威胁。(2)基于潘克塞普(J.Panksepp)的心智考古学(archaeology of mind)以及马图拉纳(H.Maturana)和瓦雷拉(F.Varela)的生物自创生(autopoiesis)理论所提供的生命发生(genesis)和演化的一般框架,我们的论证将表明,让某些人真正忧虑和恐惧的人工智能的威胁事实上缺乏坚实的理论依据,也就是说这种忧虑和恐惧是对人工智能带来威胁的拟人化的扩展造成的。
