身体清洁对低龄幼儿选择扩散效应的消除

研究以105名4岁幼儿为被试,采用选择扩散范式的盲选-双选法考察身体清洁能否消除低龄幼儿的选择扩散效应。通过操纵自变量(洗手vs.不洗手),观察幼儿是否出现选择扩散。结果发现,不洗手组的被试出现明显的选择扩散效应,洗手组则没有。说明4岁幼儿已经表现出选择扩散效应,且能通过身体清洁得以消除。除了自我心理学和行为倾向的解释之外,研究结果说明,具身认知可能也是影响选择扩散效应的心理机制。

选择、自我表达与选择扩散效应

自我表达会影响西方人的态度,产生选择扩散效应。国外相关的跨文化研究发现东方人不存在该效应。通过4个实验研究中国文化下自我表达对选择态度的影响,发现选择方式(主动、被动)和自我表达形式(直接、间接)对选择态度产生影响。无论是自己的主动选择还是强加的被动选择,直接的自我表达会增加对所获对象的喜爱程度,表现为对获得性的肯定。研究者认为,两种选择方式下不同的心理加工过程导致了这种获得性:直接表达使个人态度暴露在外,进行主动选择时要对他人的给予做出肯定回应;而进行被动选择时,人们要减缓因利益受损可能导致的失调,同时中国文化下的面子策略也使人们增加对所获对象的喜爱程度。不过,间接的自我表达对选择态度的影响不明显。研究者认为,多个影响因素的相互消长使选择态度得以维持。

选择扩散效应研究的回顾与前瞻

由失调导致的态度改变一直受到社会心理学的关注,选择扩散效应是态度改变的结果之一。多个理论模型对此做出各种解释,近年来对失调的脑机制研究为行为模型提供了新的证据。文化心理学也涉足了这方面的研究,并多以自我模型为基础,发现东西方人在对失调的体验及随后的态度变化上存在文化差异。总结了选择扩散效应的研究意义后,文章从该效应的研究范式、心理机制和脑机制、文化影响三方面对相关研究进行回顾,在此基础上提出研究范式的区分、模型的整合、脑机制的进一步研究、减缓失调的积极作用是未来的研究趋势,并指出跨文化研究中应注意的问题。

青少年选择对偏好的影响研究

目的应用自由选择范式探讨青少年做选择是否会引起偏好的改变。方法采用两因素随机分组设计。124名中学生首先根据自我或朋友的偏好对不同笔记簿进行评价,然后选择喜欢的一个做礼物,再进行后测。结果朋友条件下,困难选择时会出现偏好的改变(P<0.01),自我选择条件下未发现这一现象。结论青少年为朋友做困难选择时会引起偏好的改变。

铅锡焊料焊点连接可靠性研究

该文从金属焊料焊接时选择扩散的定义引入了铅锡焊料焊接时形成的富铅层概念,并结合我所电子元器件电路种类及特点,对富铅层的形成机理及危害进行了详细的阐述与论证,通过一系列试验研究,最终得出了影响焊点富铅层生长的两个重要因素,从而提出了降低富铅层对焊点可靠性影响的有效技术途径。

阳极短路GTO制造工艺的研究

阳极短路型门极可关断（ＧＴＯ）晶闸管制造技术的关键工艺是短路区的制作。实验证明，短路区的制作可以用先选择性扩散Ｎ＋层，然后再扩散镓的方法来实现。通过扩散工艺的精确控制，以调节短路电阻，从而获得电特性的优化。

Enhancing ethylene selectivity in MTO reaction by incorporating metal species in the cavity of SAPO-34 catalysts

The SAPO‐34 catalysts were modified with metal cations by different processes(conventional ion exchange(CIE),template‐assisted ion incorporation(TII)and alcoholic ion exchange(AIE)),systematically characterized by XRD,XRF,N2 adsorption‐desorption,UV‐VIS,H2‐TPR,EPR,SEM,EDX,XPS,NH3‐TPD,1H NMR and IGA,and applied in MTO reaction.The metal cations incorporation introduces extra diffusion hindrance by metallic species located in the cavity of SAPO‐34.In particular,the Zn cations‐modified SAPO‐34 catalysts exhibit core‐shell like structure,with Si‐rich and Zn‐rich sublayer near the external surface,which favors the coke deposition at the beginning of MTO reaction,exerts marked impact on the diffusion of the generated products with relatively large molecular size(e.g.propylene),and significantly increases the selectivity to ethylene and the ratio of ethylene to propene in the MTO reaction.

Notes on the forest soil respiration measurement by a Li-6400 system

The correct method used in forest soil respiration measurement by Li-6400 is a premise of data quality control. According to the study in a larch plantation, collars should be inserted at 12 hours in advance to efficiently reduce the influence of CO2 spring-out.Moreover, collar insertion depth substantially affected soil respiration measurement, i.e. when collar was shallowly inserted into soil,transversal gas diffusion and the CO2 re-spring-out caused by unstable collars in the measurement could lead to overestimating soil respiration rate; however, when collar was deeply inserted into soil, root respiration decline caused by root-cut and the most active respiratory of the surface soil separated by the inserted collars could lead to underestimating soil respiration rate. Furthermore, an error less than 5% could be guaranteed in typical sunny day if the target [CO2] was set to the mean value of ambient [CO2] in most time of the day, but it should be carefully set in early morning and late afternoon according to changing ambient [CO2]. This protocol of measurement is useful in real measurement.

Dynamic Portfolio Choice under Uncertainty about Asset Return Model

The effect of uncertainty about stochastic diffusion model on dynamic portfolio choice of an investor who maximizes utility of terminal portfolio wealth was studied.It applied stochastic control method to obtain the closed-form solution of optimal dynamic portfolio,and used the Bayesian rule to estimate the model parameters to do an empirical study on two different samples of Shanghai Exchange Composite Index.Results show,model uncertainty results in positive or negative hedging demand of portfolio,which depends on investor's attitude toward risk;the effect of model uncertainty is more significant with the increasing of investment horizon,the decreasing of investor's risk-aversion degree,and the decreasing of information;predictability of risky asset return increases its allocation in portfolio,at the same time,the effect of model uncertainty also strengthens.

Exploration of SDSS stellar database by AutoClass

AutoClass is an unsupervised Bayesian classification approach which seeks a maximum posterior probability classification for determining the optimal classes in large data sets. Using stellar photometric data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data release 7 (DR7), we utilize AutoClass to select non-stellar objects from this sample in order to build a pure stellar sample. For this purpose, the differences between PSF (point spread function) magnitudes and model magnitudes in five wavebands are taken as the input of AutoClass. Through clustering analysis of this sample by AutoClass, 617 non-stellar candidates are found. These candidates are identified by NED and SIMBAD databases. Most of the identified sources (13 from SIMBAD and 28 from NED respectively) are extragalactic sources (e.g., galaxies, HII, radio sources, infrared sources), some are peculiar stars (e.g., supernovas), and very few are normal stars. The extragalactic sources and peculiar stars of the identified objects occupy 94.1%. The result indicates that this method is an effective and robust clustering algorithm to find non-stellar objects and peculiar stars from the total stellar sample.

Differences between species in seed bank and vegetation helps to hold functional diversity in a floodable Neotropical savanna

Aims Our objective was to quantify the contributions of the seed bank and the established vegetation to the species composition,functional composition and diversity,and discuss the implications of these differences in regeneration and persistence of floodplain plant communities.Methods We sampled all ground cover vegetation up to 1.5 m height and seed bank in 25 plots(10 m×1 m)distributed across five sites in dry and rainy seasons in a periodically flooded savanna in the Pantanal wetland,Brazil.We evaluated the soil seed bank by seedling emergence method.Important Findings The seed bank species had traits that conferred regeneration to the communities,while persistence traits characterized the vegetation.The seed bank had higher functional richness and lower functional evenness than the vegetation.The existence of different plant traits between seed bank and vegetation allowed the coexistence of species with functionally contrasting persistence and regeneration traits,which may help maintain functional diversity.It may allow the community to be more resilient when dealing with different environmental filters such as drought,fire and flood.

Initial Value Sensitivity in Technology Diffusion

Initial value sensitivity in technology diffusion, an important problem for firms＇ decision making such as the timing and target market chosen for new technology or product entering the market, has long been limited by the research methodology and tool. Based on the network extension of Bass model, this paper proposes a stochastic threshold model and uses computer simulation to empirically examine three propositions on initial value sensitivity in technology diffusion process. Our findings suggest that diffusion extent is sensitive to not only the number of initial adopters but also their positions in social network, and the variance of customers＇ initial assessment as well, which can be detailed as follows： （1） the degree of technology diffusion exhibits highly positive relation to initial adopter quantity, in particular, when the quantity of initial adopters is small, diffusion extent is very sensitive; （2） diffusion extent is sensitive to the positions of initial adopters; （3） in addition, the variance of customers＇ initial evaluation displays strong negative relation to the final diffusion degree in that the larger variance, the lower of diffusion extent.