公共组织标杆管理选杆探新与实证研究

标杆管理作为改进组织绩效的有力工具,其应用领域也不断从企业向公共组织扩展。标杆选择问题一直是标杆管理中的关键,将比较绩效指标限制在工作条件非常相似的机构或者项目中,在所有可能的类似组织中,由于它们在重要环境因素上可能差别很大,在处理这一问题时无法回避的一对矛盾就是最大差异性出发点与趋向最小差异标杆选择。以剔出客观基础条件差异为出发点选择标杆,以组织管理有效性,即组织有效努力程度为标杆,这样就有效克服了在标杆选择中环境因素所带来的影响。

量身定制女子选杆指导

对于热爱高尔夫运动的女性来说，拥有为自己特制的球杆无疑有助于提高成绩已有20年制造高尔夫球杆经历的巴里·哈里斯来自澳大利亚，他认为，好的球杆是根据人的独特体型量身定制的，在球手之间，他们使用的球杆没有一支是相同的。

Screening and identification of an antagonistic bacterium strain LHB02 and the optimization of its fermentation conditions

A strain LHB02 with strong antibacterial activity against some aquatic pathogens was screened from the coastal marine sediment in Fujian province, China. LHB02 was identified as Bacillus subtilis, based on its 16S rRNA sequence, together with the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. The antagonistic activity of strain LHB02 and its optimal fermentation conditions were also investigated. The results showed that LHB02 had strong antagonistic activity against 3 species of vibrios： Vibrio harveyi,Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio anguillarum, and the optimum fermentation conditions for the strain LHB02 were as follows： KB culture medium （peptone 20 g, glycerol 10 mL, K2HPO4 1.5 g, MgSO 4 .7H2O 1.5 g, H2O 1 000 mL）; temperature, 28 ℃; pH ,7.0; culture time, 36 h; and inoculation amount, 1.5% （v/v）.

Evidence for Positive Darwinian Selection of Vip Gene in Bacillus thuringiensis

Vegetative insecticidal proteins （VIPs）, produced during the vegetative stage of their growth in Bacillus thuringiensis, are a group of insecticidal proteins and represent the second generation of insecticidal trans-genes that will complement the novel δendotoxins in future. Fewer structural and functional relationships of Vip proteins are known in comparison with those of δ-endotoxins. In this study, both the maximum-likelihood methods and the maximum parsimony based sliding window analysis were used to evaluate the molecular evolution of Vip proteins. As a result, strong evidence was found that Vip proteins are subject to the high rates of positive selection, and 16 sites are identified to be under positive selection using the Bayes Empirical Bayesian method. Interestingly, all these positively selected sites are located from site-705 to site-809 in the C-terminus of the Vip proteins. Most of these sites are exposed and clustered in the loop regions when mapped onto its computational predicted secondary tertiary and a part of the tertiary structure. It has been postulated that the high divergence in the C-terminal of Vip proteins may not result from the lack of functional constraints, but rather from the rapid mutation to adapt their targeted insects, driven by positive selection. The potential positive selection pressures may be an attempt to adapt for the ＂arm race＂ between Vip proteins and the targeted insects, or to enlarge their target＇s host range. Sites identified to be under positive selection may be related to the insect host range, which may shed a light on the investigation of the Vip proteins＇ structural and functional relationships.

Generating Marker-Free Transgenic Tobacco Plants by Agrobacteriummediated Transformation with Double T-DNA Binary Vector

We have developed a 'double T-DNA' binary vector system for generating selectable marker-free transgenic plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The 'double T-DNA' binary vector pDLBRBbarm which carried two independent T-DNAs, one containing a selectable marker neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene and the other a bargene, was constructed. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants were then produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with this vector. Frequency of the primary transformants co-integrated with npt II gene and bar gene was 59.2%. Segregation of two T-DNA regions was found in 3 out of 4 T-1 lines from co-transformed T-0 plants with nptII and bar PPT-resistant and kanamycin-sensitive plants were in approximate 19.5% of the T-1 plants. The result indicated that this 'double T-DNA' vector system could be a workable approach to generate transgenic plants free from selectable marker genes. Co-transformation of nptII gene and bar gene to plants with mixtures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains containing single T-DNA vectors was also tested. Frequency of co-transformed plants was 20.0%-47.7% and relatively low as compared with that of 'double T-DNA' vector system.

Screening, identification and desilication of a silicate bacterium

The strain Lv（1- z） isolated from the Henan bauxite was characterized by morphological observation, biochemical and physiological identification, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The influences of temperature, initial pH value, the volume of medium, shaking speed and illite concentration on the desilicating ability of the strain Lv（1- z） were investigated. The results show that the bacterium is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium with oval endspores and thick capsule, but without flagellum. The biochemical and physiological tests indicate that the strain Lv（1- z） is similar to Bacillus rnucilaginosus. In GenBank the 16S rDNA sequence similarity of the strain Lv（1- z） and the B. rnucilaginosus YNUCC0001（AY571332） is more than 99%. Based on the above results, the strain Lv（1- z） is identified as B. rnucilaginosus. The optimum conditions for the strain L（1- z） to remove silicon from illite are as follows., temperature is 30℃ ;initial pH value is 7.5; medium volume in 200 mL bottle is 60 mL; shaking speed of rotary shaker is 220 r/m ; illite concentration is 1%.

Analysis of ABC (D) stratification for screening patients with gastric cancer

AIM:To evaluate the value of ABC(D) stratification [combination of serum pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) antibody]of patients with gastric cancer.METHODS:Ninety-five consecutive patients with gastric cancer were enrolled into the study.The serum pepsinogenⅠ(PGⅠ) /pepsinogenⅡ(PGⅡ) and H.pylori antibody levels were measured.Patients were classified into five groups of ABC(D) stratification according to their serological status.Endoscopic findings of atrophic gastritis and histological differentiation were also analyzed in relation to the ABC(D) stratification.RESULTS:The mean patient age was(67.9±8.9) years.Three patients(3.2%) were classified into group A,7 patients(7.4%) into group A',27 patients(28.4%) into group B,54 patients(56.8%) into group C,and 4patients(4.2%) into group D,respectively.There were only three cases in group A when the patients taking acid proton pump inhibitors and those who had undergone eradication therapy for H.pylori(group A') were excluded.These three cases had mucosal atrophy in the grey zone according to the diagnostic manual of ABC(D) stratification.Histologically,the mean age of the patients with well differentiated adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that of the patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma(P<0.05) .There were no differences in the pattern of atrophy in the endoscopies between the well differentiated and poorly differentiated groups.CONCLUSION:ABC(D) stratification is a good method for screening patients with gastric cancers.Endoscopy is needed for grey zone cases to check the extent of mucosal atrophy.

Screening of Chinese Herbal Medicines Resistant to Chicken Escherichia coli and Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus

[Objective] This study aimed to screen Chinese herbal medicines resistant to Chicken Escherichia coli and infectious laryngotracheitis virus. [Methed] Conven- tional punch method, test tube method and plate dilution method were adopted for in vitro susceptibility test of chicken E, coil strains O5 and O8 using 13 kinds of Chi- nese herbal medicines including Sanguisorba officinalis, Coptis chinensis, Anemar- rhena asphodeloides, Strobilanthes cusia, Agastache rugosa, etc.; chicken embryo inoculation experiment was adopted to screen Chinese herbal medicines resistant to chicken infectious laryngotracheitis virus. [Result] Sanguisorba officinalis, Fructus mume, Rheum officinale, Coptis chinensis, Herba Taraxaci, Anemarrhena asphode- Ioides, Scutellaria baicalensis and Rhizoma Fagopyri Cymosi had ideal antibacterial effect against chicken E. coil strain O5; Sanguisorba officinalis, Fructus mume, Rheum officinale, Coptis chinensis, Herba taraxaci and Rhizoma Fagopyri Cymosi had ideal antibacterial effect against chicken E. coil strain 08; other Chinese herbal medicines showed relatively poor or no antibacterial effect. Results of chicken embryo inoculation experiment showed that nine kinds of Chinese herbal medicines showed relatively strong anti-lLTV effect, including Forsythia suspensa, Radix Isatidis, Fofium isatidis, Flos Ionicerae, Radix codonopsis, Radix astragali, Atractylodes, Radix gly- cyrrhizae, and Pericarpium granati. [Conclusion] The study laid the foundation for fur- ther development of Chinese herbal compound preparations to treat chicken cofibacil- Iosis, infectious laryngotracheitis and other bacterial, viral diseases.

Mutant acetolactate synthase （ALS） gene as a selectable marker for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of soybean

Soybean is one of the crops most difficult to be manipulated in vitro. Although several soybean marker genes, all the selectable markers used were from bacteria origin. To find suitable selectable marker gene from plant origin for soybean transformation, a mutant acetolactate synthase （ALS） gene from Arabidopsis thaliana was tested for Agrobacterium-mediated soybean embryo axis transformation with the herbicide Arsenal as the selective agent. Transgenic soybean plants were obtained after the herbicide se- lection and the To transgenic lines showed resistance to the herbicide at a concentration of 100 g/ha. ALS enzyme assay of To transgenic line also showed higher activity compared to the wild type control plant. PCR analysis of the T1 transgenic lines confirmed the integration and segregation of the transgene. Taken together, our results showed that the mutant ALS gene is a suitable selectable marker for soybean transformation.

2017年保时捷Panamera(971)电气系统结构原理与维修(八)

七、PCC/PVTS升级版(保时捷车辆跟踪系统升级版)PVTS升级版是一种基于GSM/GPS的跟踪系统,可协助控制中心对被盗或发生碰撞的车辆进行定位。这样,有关当局便可追踪并找回失窃的车辆。Panamera车型采用了第三代PVTS升级版。这一发动机由保时捷内部、基于熟悉的前代系统而开发。控制单元位于前排中控台下方,靠近选挡杆。根据每个国家/地区的车辆保险或相关法定要求的不同,使用了三种不同类型,如图128所示。

宝马车系维修笔记（76）

维修人员在日常工作中,常会与一些新奇故障不期而遇。这些故障时而令人感到异常棘手,时而让人兴奋不已,它们在考验人的同时,也让其技术水平得到提高。如果人们能养成一种习惯,及时记录下故障的一些重要信息,就能为今后的工作带来极大便利。笔者结合自己工作中遇到的实际问题,通过对故障现象、特点和形成机理的深入剖析,旨在总结出一些即符合本人特点,又能行之有效的诊断方法。笔者以为这不失为一条提高技术的途径,希望通过自己的这些切身体会来与大家分享汽车故障诊断的思路。

Soluble adhesion molecules ICAM-1,VCAM-1,P-selectin in children with Helicobacter pylori infection

AIM: To assess the sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sP-selectin levels in children withHelicobacter pylori(H pylori)infection and to evaluate their significance for the morphological changes found in gastric mucosa.METHODS: The study included 106 children: 59children (55.7%) with chronic gastritis and positive IgG against H pylori, 29 children (27.3%) after previous H pylori infection without the bacterium colonization but with positive IgG against H pylori, and 18 children (17%) with functional disorders of the gastrointestinal system but with normal IgG against H pylori. Endoscopic and histopathological evaluation of gastric mucosa was performed based on the Sydney System classification.The evaluation of sP-selectin, sIC AM-1, sVCAM-1 levels in the sera of children was carried out using ELISA test.RESULTS: The assessment of gastritis activity degrees indicated statistically significant values in the antrum and corpus (P＜0.001) of children examined. Serum sVCAM-1 levels were higher in group with gastritis due to H pylori infection than in group without infection and differed statistically (P＜0.05). Serum sVCAM-1 levels proved to be the highest among other adhesive molecules in infected children and decreased after eradication of H pylori. Serum sICAM-1 levels were similar in all examined groups. Serum sP-selectin levels were similar in children with and without H pylori infection.CONCLUSION: Assessment of adhesive molecules (sPselectin, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) in the sera of children with active H pylori infection can show the participation of sVCAM-1 in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal inflammation, sP-selectin and sICAM-1 concentrations in the sera of children with H pylori infection after eradication cannot reveal any significant differences as compared to healthy children.

Construction of two selectable markers for integrative/conjugative plasmids in Flavobacterium columnare

Flavobacterium columnare, the etiological agent of colunmaris disease, is one of the most important and widespread bacterial pathogens of freshwater fish. In this study, we constructed two artificial selectable markers （chloramphenicol and spectinomycin resistance） for gene transfer in F. columnare. These two new artificial selectable markers, which were created by placing the chloramphenicol or spectinomycin resistance gene under the control of the native acs regulatory region of F. columnare, were functional in both F. columnare and Escherichia coli. The integrative/conjugative plasmids constructed by using these markers were introduced into F. columnare G4 via electroporation or conjugation. The integrated plasmid DNA was confirmed by Southern blotting and PCR analysis. These two markers can be employed in future investigations into gene deletion and the pathogenicity of virulence factors in F. columnare.

Interactions between CagA and smoking in gastric cancer

AIM: To examine the interactions between cytotoxinassociated gene (CagA) positive Helicobacter pylori infection and smoking in non-cardiac gastric cancer.METHODS: A case-control study (257 cases and 514 frequency-matched controls) was conducted from September 2008 to July 2010 in Xi’an,China.Cases were newly diagnosed,histologically confirmed non-cardiac cancer.Controls were randomly selected from similar communities to the cases and were further matched by sex and age (± 5 years).A face-to-face interview was performed by the investigators for each participant.Data were obtained using a standardized questionnaire that included questions regarding known or suspected lifestyle and environmental risk factors of gastric cancer.A 5 mL sample of fasting venous blood was taken.CagA infection was serologically detected by enzymelinked immunosorbent assays.RESULTS: Smoking and CagA infection were statistically significant risk factors of non-cardiac cancer.CagA was categorized in tertiles,and the odds ratio (OR) was 12.4 (95% CI: 6.1-20.3,P = 0.003) for CagA after being adjusted for confounding factors when the highexposure category was compared with the low-exposure category.Smokers had an OR of 5.4 compared with subjects who never smoked (95% CI: 2.3-9.0,P = 0.002).The OR of non-cardiac cancer was 3.5 (95% CI: 1.8-5.3) for non-smokers with CagA infection,3.5 (95% CI: 1.9-5.1) for smokers without CagA infection,and 8.7 (95% CI: 5.1-11.9) for smokers with CagA infection compared with subjects without these risk factors.After adjusting for confounding factors,the corresponding ORs of non-cardiac cancer were 3.2 (95% CI: 1.5-6.8),2.7 (95% CI: 1.3-4.9) and 19.5 (95% CI: 10.3-42.2),respectively.There was a multiplicative interaction between smoking and CagA,with a synergistic factor of 2.257 (Z = 2.315,P = 0.021).CONCLUSION: These findings support a meaningful interaction between CagA and smoking for the risk of gastric cancer which may have implications for its early detection.

Isolation and Production of Novel β-galactosidase from a Newly Isolated, Moderate Thermophile, Bacillus sp. Strain B1.1

The enzyme β-galactosidase （lactase; EC 3.2.1.23） is a commercially important enzyme due to its various applications in dairy and food industries, which are based on the β-galactosidase-catalysed hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose. The objectives of this work were to identify novel and attractive sources of this industrially relevant enzyme, and to study the effect of selected growth parameters （carbon source, lactose concentration, nitrogen source, peptone concentration, initial pH and temperature） on the formation of β-galactosidase. Based on a screening of isolates from Tha Pai hot spring, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand, strain BI.1 was selected for further studies. Strain BI.1 is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, catalase-positive bacterium that forms endospores. Based on the sequence of the 16S rDNA determined, this isolate is most closely related to Anoxybacillus sp. and Bacillus sp., and hence the strain is designated as Bacillus sp. B 1. I.β-Galactosidase was produced by this strain with lactose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Optimal enzyme production occurred at an initial culture pH of 8.5 and at 45 ℃. Under these optimum culture conditions, maximal volumetric and specific β-galactosidase activity of 0.478 U mL^-1 and 0.338 U mg^-1 protein, respectively, were obtained after 13 h of cultivation in a medium contain 2.5% lactose, 2.0% peptone, 0.3% K2HPO4, 0.1% KH2PO4 and 0.05% MgSOa·7H2O.

Antibacterial Screening of Fifteen Cameroonian Medicinal Plants against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi

Multi-drug resistant microbial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi represent a critical public health issue worldwide. Plant-derived agents are credible sources for search and development of alternative antimicrobials to fight these infections. This study describes the in-vitro antibacterial activity of plants extracts from 15 medicinal plants of the Cameroonian pharmacopeia against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. Plants selected based on their ethnopharmacological uses were extracted by either maceration or decoction using distilled water, ethanol, methanol and ethylacetate. The afforded extracts were phytochemically screened for bioactive secondary metabolites. The microdilution method was used to assess the antibacterial activity. The two promising extracts were tested in combination using the cbeckboard technique. Eighty one extracts showed antibacterial activity with eight having minimum inhibitory concentrations below 2.5 mg/mL. Results from combination assays with extracts from Terminalia catappa and Gnidia glauca leaves showed synergistic effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi and additive effect against Staphylococcus aureus. These extracts mainly contained saponins, tannins, glucosides, phenols, triterpenes and anthraquinones. These results support the ethnobotanical claims and indicate further directions for the investigation of plants extracts to develop alternative drugs against multi-resistant bacteria.

Finite difference numerical simulation of guided wave propagation in the full grouted rock bolt

Based on guided wave theory and considering the grouted rock bolt as waveguide medium, we have constructed a three dimensional model of grouted rock bolt with the dynamics of finite difference numerical simulation software FLAC3D4.0, and simulated the propagation behavior of the guided wave in the full grouted rock bolt. The simulated waveform and wave velocity matched well with the experimental results. We have made a more in-depth and comprehensive study of the wave velocity, wave component and attenuation characteristics of the guided wave propagating in rock bolt, and found some new characteristics and phenomena. In addition, some phenomena that haven’t been explained in the previous researches have also been discussed in this paper. The result showed that when guided wave propagates in grouted rock bolt, after the body wave decays, there is still the interface wave-Stoneley wave that does not decay in the axial direction of the bolt. The findings can provide some reference for rock bolt testing and the selection of the optimal excitation wave of testing.

雷诺风朗车发动机无法起动

故障现象一辆2012年产的雷诺风朗车,搭载型号为M4R的2.0 L发动机,累计行驶里程约为4万km。车主打来电话反映,发动机突然无法起动,组合仪表提示＂Check auto gearbox（检查自动变速器）＂（图1）,要求将车辆拖至4S店检修。故障诊断接车后首先试车验证故障现象。

Logic-signal output of fluorescent proteins for screening antibiotic combinations

A new method to screen antibiotic combinations is demonstrated,which takes advantage of the logic-signal output of genetically engineered drug-resistant E.coli strains expressing different fluorescent proteins.Thirty-six antibiotic combinations for nine antibiotics were investigated.The operation of different logic gates can reveal the susceptibility,resistance,or synergistic effect of the antibiotic combinations in a rapid(7–8 h versus 24–28 h for typical growth-based assays),simple,quantitative and high-throughput manner.This logic-signal-based output patterns provide the basis for novel and reliable screening of antibiotic combinations and help us to both gain insight into the mechanisms of multi-drug action.