“渗入”与“透出”:国际商务英语翻译过程之浅见

本文通过典型范例分析了目前商务英语翻译过程中理解与表达方面所存在的问题,并由此阐发出几点尝试性的思考。

腹膜透析滤出液中游离mtDNA 与腹膜透析患者腹腔微炎症的相关性分析

目的探讨腹膜透析滤出液中游离线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)与腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)患者腹膜及腹腔微炎症的相关性。方法收集行PD治疗的患者85例,分为A组(1.5%葡萄糖腹膜透析液治疗组)和B组[高浓度(2袋以上2.5%或4.25%)葡萄糖腹膜透析液治疗组]。检测血生化指标,腹膜透析滤出液中白细胞介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)及白细胞介素(interleukin 18,IL-18)及mtDNA。比较2组患者上述指标的差异;将mtDNA分别与临床参数做相关性分析;通过多元回归分析明确影响腹膜透析滤出液中mtDNA浓度的危险因素。结果B组患者透析龄长于A组(t=-2.206,P=0.030),血白蛋白(Alb)低于A组(t=2.635,P=0.010),腹膜透析滤出液中IL-6(t=-4.835,P<0.001)、TNF-α(t=-6.557,P<0.001)、IL-1β(t=-2.395,P=0.019)、IL-18(t=-2.318,P=0.023)及游离mtDNA(t=-3.920,P<0.001)均高于A组。腹膜透析滤出液中mtDNA与IL-6(r=0.721,P<0.001)、TNF-α(r=0.418,P<0.001)、IL-1β(r=0.771,P<0.001)、IL-18(r=0.634,P<0.001)及透析龄(r=0.240,P=0.030)均呈正相关,与Alb呈负相关(r=-0.319,P=0.003)。多元回归分析显示腹膜透析液中葡萄糖浓度升高(β=0.358,P=0.005)、长透析龄(β=0.292,P<0.001)及Alb降低(β=-0.272,P=0.027)是腹膜透析滤出液中mtDNA水平升高的危险因素。结论腹膜透析滤出液中mtDNA与PD患者腹膜及腹腔慢性微炎症状态相关。高浓度葡萄糖腹膜透析液、长透析龄及低蛋白血症是导致其水平升高的危险因素。

烧伤患者肾脏透析排出液中头孢他啶的含量测定

目的 :测定烧伤患者肾脏透析排出液中头孢他啶的含量。方法 :采用高效液相色谱法 ,色谱柱 :μ Bondapak -C18 柱 ;流动相 :甲醇 -醋酸胺 (17∶83 ,V/V ) ;流速 :1 0ml/min ;检测波长 :254nm。结果 :头孢他啶在0 5～100μg/ml的范围内线性关系良好 ,r=0 9999 ;日内、日间RSD≤3 ,平均回收率100 30 %。结论 :本法简便、快速。

HPLC测定烧伤患者肾脏透析排出液中头孢噻肟钠的含量

目的 测定肾替代治疗的烧伤患者肾脏透析排出液中头孢噻肟钠的含量。方法 用HPLC ,μBondapak C18柱 ,流动相为甲醇 -醋酸钠 (0 0 2mol·L-1,pH 5 0 ) (30∶70 ) ,流速 1 2ml·min-1,检测波长 2 6 0nm。结果 在 1～ 10 0 μg·ml-1的范围内线性良好 ,r =0 9999;日内、日间RSD≤ 2 % ,平均回收率 10 0 2 %。结论 所用方法简便、快速、准确、可用于样品测定。

HPLC法测定烧伤患者透析排出液中去甲万古霉素的含量

目的 测定连续肾替代治疗的烧伤患者肾脏透析排出液中去甲万古霉素的含量。方法 采用HPLC法 ,色谱条件 :μBondapak -C18柱 ,流动相乙腈 -磷酸二氢钾 (0 .0 5mol·L-1) (9∶91,v/v) ,流速 1.4ml/min ,检测波长 2 36nm。结果 本法在 1～10 0 μg·ml-1的范围内线性关系良好 ,r =0 .9999。日内、日间精密度的RSD <2 % ,平均回收率 99.6 5 %。结论 本法简便、快速。

细节里透出的富裕

美国的总体国力位居世界第一已经有一个多世纪了，每一个到美国来的中国人，都试图找出美国的富裕在哪里。我每次回国，这个问题也一定会被问到。

腹膜透析滤出液外泌体miR-200a在不同腹膜转运特性患者中的表达差异及其生物学功能预测

目的·提取和鉴定腹膜透析滤出液(peritoneal dialysis effluent,PDE)外泌体,比较不同腹膜转运特性患者PDE外泌体miR-200a的表达水平,预测其潜在靶基因及参与的生物学过程。方法·将20例腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)患者按照腹膜平衡实验(peritoneal equilibrium test,PET)值分为H组(高转运/高平均转运)和L组(低转运/低平均转运)。每位患者收集500 mL留腹过夜PDE,浓缩后超速离心,透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)、纳米粒子跟踪分析(nanoparticle tracking analysis,NTA)和Western blotting鉴定外泌体。提取外泌体miRNA,实时荧光定量PCR检测2组患者PDE外泌体miR-200a的表达水平,分析其与PET值和超滤量的相关性。利用Targetscan、miRmap和miRWalk数据库预测miR-200a的靶基因,用DAVID数据库进行基因功能(gene ontology,GO)富集分析。结果·浓缩的PDE超速离心后提取到的外泌体,TEM下呈双层膜包裹的圆形囊泡,NTA显示其直径大多在50~150 nm,表面具有外泌体标志蛋白CD9和CD63。L组中PDE外泌体miR-200a的相对表达量显著高于H组,并且与PET值呈负相关(r=-0.871,P=0.000),与4 h超滤量呈正相关(r=0.448,P=0.048),但与24 h超滤量无相关性(r=0.355,P=0.125)。生物信息学分析发现共有679种基因可由3个数据库共同预测到;GO分析显示这些靶基因不仅参与正向调控间充质细胞增殖,也在金属离子结合方面有一定富集。结论·PDE中存在外泌体,腹膜转运特性较低的患者PDE外泌体miR-200a相对表达量较高,其与PET值呈负相关,与4 h超滤量呈正相关。miR-200a的潜在靶基因众多,可能通过不同生物学过程影响腹膜转运特性。

“pull”技术腹膜透析拔管术3例报道及文献总结

目的:报道"pull"技术腹膜透析拔管术的临床病例,推广该项技术。方法:介绍"pull"技术腹膜透析拔管术操作流程,回顾厦门大学附属中山医院腹透中心自2018年9月至今成功实践该技术的3例临床病例,复习总结该技术相关文献报道。结果:该项简易的腹膜透析拔管术全程徒手操作:利用牵拉腹透管使其变细,松解涤纶套与腹透管之间的黏连,最终使涤纶套从腹透管上剥脱,拔除整根无涤纶套导管。我们腹透中心目前已完成3例手术,过程顺利,随访数月无并发症。回顾4篇关于该技术的文献报道,常见的拔管原因包括腹膜炎、改行血液透析、肾移植术后。手术并发症少见。结论:"pull"技术腹膜透析拔管术操作简单,具有临床实践价值。

腹膜透析滤出液生物标志物的研究进展

长期腹膜透析可导致腹膜形态和功能的改变。腹膜功能评估主要通过小分子溶质和液体清除两方面来评估,相对简单。但形态学上的评估则要依靠腹膜活检,在临床应用中很难施行。如何能准确、方便、无创地评价腹膜的变化,一直备受关注。腹膜组织长期浸泡在腹膜透析液中,必然会分泌或脱落一些物质,是腹膜透析患者独特且方便的检测标本,因此通过回收腹膜透析滤出液,寻找并测定这些物质,将有助于了解腹膜的病理生理变化。因此,本文针对腹膜透析研究中新兴的候选生物标志物进行了汇总,并就其临床应用前景做一综述。

A Simplified Expression for a Diffusion-Dissolution Con-trolled Release of Drug from Matrix in TDDS

Chandrasekran-paul (1982) made an equation of drug release from matrix system as follows:In this paper a simplified expression has been deduced from it within ordinary range of experimental time and with appropriate values of K. The cumulative amount of drug release may vary in directproportion to the square root of time with an intercept,that is,The release behaviour of both nifedipine patch and propranolol patch has fit the expression with good correlation coefficient.The re0lease data of hydrocortisone creams (Shah,1989)also can be described by the same expression.Compared with Higuchi’s equation,the presence of the intercept,A〃,may be relative to drug dissolution characteristics

Principle and engineering application of pressure relief gas drainage in low permeability outburst coal seam

With the increase in mining depth, the danger of coal and gas outbursts increases.In order to drain coal gas effectively and to eliminate the risk of coal and gas outbursts, we used a specific number of penetration boreholes for draining of pressure relief gas.Based on the principle of overlying strata movement, deformation and pressure relief, a good effect of gas drainage was obtained.The practice in the Panyi coal mine has shown that, after mining the C11coal seam as the protective layer, the relative expansion deformation value of the protected layer C13 reached 2.63%, The permeability coefficient increased 2880 times, the gas drainage rate of the C13 coal seam increased to more than 60%, the amount of gas was reduced from 13.0 to 5.2 m3/t and the gas pressure declined from 4.4 to 0.4 MPa, which caused the danger the outbursts in the coal seams to be eliminated.The result was that we achieved a safe and highly efficient mining operation of the C13 coal seam.

Experimental Study of Preferential Solute Transportation During Dump Leaching

The production of dump leaching of the Dexing Copper Mine was affected by a preferential solution flow. Formative mechanism of the preferential solution flow was investigated by analyzing the relationship between both dump permeability and surface tension and ore diameter. The preferential solution flow occured in the fine ore area when the application rate was low. The preferential solution flow entered into the coarse ore area because the negative pore water pressure disappeared with an increase of the application rate. The preferential solute transportation experiment was conducted by selecting NaCl as mineral. Results of the experiment showed that the concentration of the outflow solution reduced over time. The concentration of the coarse ore area outflow solution was greater than that of the fine ore area. The process of NaCl leaching can be divided into two stages. NaCl was carried out directly by diffusion--convection during the first stage, so the leaching rate increased sharply. But in the second stage, only a small amount of NaCl dissolved in the immobile water. The leaching rate increased slowly because NaC1, dissolved in the immobile water, can only be leached by diffusion.

Vertical flux of particulate organic carbon in the central South China Sea estimated from ^(234)Th-^(238)U disequilibria

^(234)Th-^(238)U disequilibria were applied to examine the particle dynamics in the euphotic zone of the central South China Sea during the spring 2002 cruise.The particulate organic carbon (POC),^(234)Th (including both dissolved and particulate) and ^(238)U in the water column at three stations were determined. The profiles of ^(234)Th/^(238)U activity ratio at the three stations all showed consistent ^(234)Th deficit as compared to ^(238)U in the upper 100 m water column.Based on the profiles of the dissolved and particulate ^(234)Th and a steady state box model,the dissolved ^(234)Th scavenging rates,the particulate ^(234)Th removal rates and their resident times were quantified.It was found that the POC downward export fluxes out of the upper 100 m euphotic zone ranged from 9.40 to 14.78 mmol·m^(-2)·d^(-1).The results from this study provide new information for our understanding of carbon biogeochemical cycle in the South China Sea.

Reliability-based congestion pricing model under endogenous equilibrated market penetration and compliance rate of ATIS

A reliability-based stochastic system optimum congestion pricing(SSOCP) model with endogenous market penetration and compliance rate in an advanced traveler information systems(ATIS) environment was proposed. All travelers were divided into two classes. The first guided travelers were referred to as the equipped travelers who follow ATIS advice, while the second unguided travelers were referred to as the unequipped travelers and the equipped travelers who do not follow the ATIS advice(also referred to as non-complied travelers). Travelers were assumed to take travel time, congestion pricing, and travel time reliability into account when making travel route choice decisions. In order to arrive at on time, travelers needed to allow for a safety margin to their trip.The market penetration of ATIS was determined by a continuous increasing function of the information benefit, and the ATIS compliance rate of equipped travelers was given as the probability of the actually experienced travel costs of guided travelers less than or equal to those of unguided travelers. The analysis results could enhance our understanding of the effect of travel demand level and travel time reliability confidence level on the ATIS market penetration and compliance rate; and the effect of travel time perception variation of guided and unguided travelers on the mean travel cost savings(MTCS) of the equipped travelers, the ATIS market penetration, compliance rate, and the total network effective travel time(TNETT).

Gray Synthetic Evaluation on Moisture Comfort of Sportswear Fabrics under the Condition of Heavy Sweating

Moisture and water transfer under the condition of heavy sweating are analyzed. Four different experiments are made to test moisture resistance, water-keep, wicking effect and drying ability of samples. Then gray analysis method is introduced to evaluate the comprehensive comfort of these fabrics. Result shows chemical fiber with high moisture transfer performance has advantage in water transfer and diffusion, which is suitable for human under the condition of heavy sweating. Though natural fiber can absorb moisture well, it cannot transfer fluid sweat. Therefore natural fiber fabrics such as cotton, wool are unsuitable to make functional sportswear.

Application of pressure relief and permeability increased by slotting a coal seam with a rotary type cutter working across rock layers

Pressure relief to increase permeability significantly improves gas extraction efficiency from coal seams. In this paper we report results from simulations using FLAC3D code to analyze changes in coal displace- ment and stress after special drill slots were formed. We investigated the mechanism of pressure relief and permeability increase in a high-gas and low-permeability coal seam through the modeling of gas flow. This allows the development of the technology. Slotting across rock layers in the coal seam with a rotary type cutter was then applied in the field. The results show that pressure relief and permeability increases from slotting the coal seam can increase the transport and the fracture of the coal. This expands the range of pressure relief from the drilling and increases the exposed area of the seam. The total quan- tity of gas extracted from slotted bore holes was three times that seen with ordinary drilling. The concen- tration of gas extracted from the slotted drills was from two to three times that seen using ordinary drills. The gas flow was stable at 80%. Improved permeability and more efficient gas extraction are the result of the slotting. The roadway development rate is increased by 30-50% after gas drainage. This technology diminishes the lag between longwall production and roadway development and effectively prevents coal and gas outburst, which offers the Drosnect of broad anDlication.

Retention of clay-solidified grouting curtain to Cd^(2+), Pb^(2+) and Hg^(2+) in landfill of municipal solid waste

The effects of components and their ratio of grouts on anti-seepage capability of clay-solidified grouting curtain and its permeability of heavy metal cations were investigated by permeating experiments, using reactive solute transport model to study the permeation of heavy metals (Cd2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+). The study of permeating for different mixture ratios of cement and clay indicates that hydraulic conductivity of clay-solidified grouting curtain with different ratios of solid to liquid or with the same ratio of solid to liquid but with different ratios of cement to clay is changed. The laboratory simulation test results also show that precipitates produced in heavy metal cation migration process in curtain block up water flowing passage which makes the hydraulic conductivity of the solution-permeated curtain decrease with the leakage time. The permeation velocities for different heavy metal cations vary with ionic concentration, exchange capacity and ion radius etc. The test results indicate that the permeation rapidity order of heavy metals cations in clay-solidified grouting curtain is Hg2+>Pb2+ in the same experimental circumstance. In addition, permeability for different mixture ratios and antisepsis capabilities of clay-solidified grouting curtain were studied in tests.

Research into comprehensive gas extraction technology of single coal seams with low permeability in the Jiaozuo coal mining area

For a low permeability single coal seam prone to gas outbursts, pre-drainage of gas is difficult and inefficient, seriously restricting the safety and efficiency of production. Radical measures of increasing gas extraction efficiency are pressure relief and infrared antireflection. We have analyzed the effect of mining conditions and the regularity of mine pressure distribution in front of the working face of a major coal mine of the Jiaozuo Industrial （Group） Co. as our test area, studied the width of the depressurization zone in slice mining and analyzed gas efficiency and fast drainage in the advanced stress relaxation zone. On that basis, we further investigated and practiced the exploitation technology of shallow drilling, fan dril- ling and grid shape drilling at the working face. Practice and our results show that the stress relaxation zone is the ideal region for quick and efficient extraction of gas. By means of an integrated extraction technology, the amount of gas emitted into the zone was greatly reduced, while the risk of dangerous outbursts of coal and gas was lowered markedly. This exploration provides a new way to control for gas in working faces of coal mines with low permeability and risk of gas outbursts of single coal seams in the Jiaozuo mining area.