膜生物反应器中影响膜透水率的几个因素

本文研究了影响膜 -好氧生物反应器中中空纤维膜透水率的几个因素 ,如组件长度、操作压力、膜面流速、活性污泥浓度和温度。中空纤维膜内 ,压力沿料液流动方向呈抛物线型分布 ,所以在膜内径和膜面流速一定的情况下 ,存在一个最佳的膜组件长度 Llin使得膜利用率最高 ,且最省能 ;操作压力对膜透水率的影响分为三个区域 ,各个区域膜的主要过滤阻力不同 ,不同污泥浓度时 ,为了使中空纤维膜内腔不堵塞 ,膜面流速必须高于某一范围 ,膜透水率随温度呈正比例关系变化。

稳定膜透水率的新方法-恒流控制

本文从理论上分析了减轻膜污染、提高膜产水量的有效方法之一是降低膜的平均操作压力 ,并在此基础上提出了恒流控制的操作方式 ,即保证在一个周期内膜组件的透过液流量恒定 ,以及实现恒流控制的三种方法。本研究还通过实验在分置式膜生物反应器中比较了相同条件下恒流控制与传统的恒压控制时膜的产水量 ,结果表明前者比后者提高了 1 2 .6 %。

渠式透水混凝土生态膜反应床污水处理试验研究

采用新型低成本渠式透水混凝土生态膜反应床处理城市污水,以连续进水、部分回流的方式运行,对CODCr、BOD5、氨氮和TP的去除率分别为82%、84%、83%和33%.出水满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）二级标准要求.其建设成本和运行成本分别为一般城市污水处理厂传统曝气活性污泥法工艺建设成本的1/4~3/4左右.

双膜法生产燃料乙醇膜材料研究进展

综述了国内外透水膜与透醇膜的结构特点及其渗透汽化性能,指出了目前研究存在的问题及发展趋势,展望了双膜法生产燃料乙醇的应用前景。

成都平原稻麦两熟区机插秧育秧技术研究

在成都平原稻麦两熟种植制度区,以川香9838为材料,从播种期、播种量、育秧材料和育秧方式4个方面对水稻机插秧育秧技术进行了研究。结果表明：4月5~10日播种,选用透水膜作育秧的衬垫,每平方米播种300 g,按照旱育秧苗床管理技术进行苗床管理,即使45 d秧龄,秧苗也生长整齐,适于机插。以塑料机插秧盘为衬底,每盘播种量从90g降到50g,采用塑盘旱育秧管理技术,既大幅降低了播种量,又能培育出秧龄30~35 d,满足早茬口机插的秧苗。蔬菜茬采用机插秧比人工插秧全程节本增效2967.65元/hm^2,小麦茬节本增效2037.60元/hm^2。

成都平原机插秧的育秧技术研究

对培育适应机插秧用秧的育秧技术进行了研究,通过大量的试验,找到了在成都平原稻麦两熟种植制度区适宜的播种期、播种量、育秧材料及育秧方式。

酯化-蒸汽渗透耦合法制备高纯柠檬酸三乙酯

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,乙醇为带水剂,柠檬酸与乙醇为原料,通过酯化-蒸汽渗透膜脱水耦合法制备高纯度柠檬酸三乙酯。主要考察了膜面积对反应时间、酯化率、纯度的影响,优化出膜面积并进行了中试实验验证。

The Study of Dipivefrin Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Gel

Dipivefrin hydrochloride ophthalmic gel was prepared and the release test and the isolated cornea permeation test of the formulation in vitro were investigated. The release test of the formulation was studied by using permeable membrane. The content and the release amount of Dipivefrin hydrochloride from the gel base were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The cornea permeation test of the formulation was studied by using isolated rabbit corneas. The formulation release behavior in vitro followed the first-order kinetic equation. The release amount of Dipivefrin hydrochloride raised significantly with less polymer in the formulation. The cornea permeation behavior of the drug in vitro followed the first-order kinetic equation. The eye irritancy of Dipivefrin hydrochloride gel is lower than that of eyedrops.

保鲜袋的透氧透湿性能对油桃保鲜效果的影响

采用不同比例的高透水功能膜(简称W膜)与高透氧功能膜组合,对油桃进行常温保鲜试验。通过对保鲜袋内的顶空气体组成、油桃质量、硬度、外观品质、总可溶性固形物含量(TSS)、总酸含量和VC含量的测定分析及外观品质观察,研究不同比例的高透水功能膜对油桃的保鲜效果。结果显示,裸放组和使用50%高透水功能膜组的油桃在第6天已经开始严重失水,其硬度、VC含量也有较大下降,而使用10%和20%高透水功能膜保鲜的油桃货架期明显延长,并能保证其良好的果实品质。

Pervaporation Separation of Butanol-Water Mixtures Using Polydimethylsiloxane/Ceramic Composite Membrane

Pervaporation has attracted considerable interest owing to its potential application in recovering biobutanol from biomass acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation broth. In this study, butanol was recovered from its aqueous solution using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/ceramic composite pervaporation membrane. The effects of operating temperature, feed concentration, feed flow rate and operating time on the membrane pervaporation performance were investigated. It was found that with the increase of temperature or butanol concentration in the feed, the total flux through the membrane increased while the separation factor decreased slightly. As the feed flow rate increased, the total flux increased gradually while the separation factor changed little. At 40°C and 1% (by mass) butanol in the feed, the total flux and separation factor of the membrane reached 457.4 g·m?2·h?1 and 26.1, respectively. The membrane with high flux is suitable for recovering butanol from ABE fermentation broth.

Performance of Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes in Metal Effluent Treatment

The performance of different nanofiltration （NF） and reverse osmosis （RO） membranes was studied in treating the toxic metal effluent from metallurgical industry. The characteristics and filtration behavior of the processes including the wastewater flux, salt rejection and ion rejection versus operating pressure were evaluated. Then the wastewater flux of RO membrane was compared with theoretical calculation using mass transfer models, and good consistency was observed. It was found that a high rejection rate more than 95% of metal ions and a low Chemical Oxygen Demand （COD） value of 10 mg·L^-1 in permeate could be achieved using the RO composite membrane, while the NF rejection of the salt could be up to 78.9% and the COD value in the permeate was 35 mg·L^-1. The results showed that the product water by both NF and RO desalination satisfied the State Reutilization Qualification, but NF would be more suitable for large-scale industrial practice, which offered significantly higher permeate flux at low operating pressure.

Development and Extension of Seawater Desalination by Reverse Osmosis

Seawater desalination has been peoples fond dream since ancient times, the dream is now becoming a reality. This paper presents a brief development history of reverse osmosis. Much attention was paid to innovative development in membranes, modules, equipments and applied technology, including asymmetric and composite membranes, spiral-wound element and hollow fiber module, energy recovery equipments and different technological processes. The extension of reverse osmosis, such as desalination, pre-concentration, integrated processes and nanofiltration, is also briefly mentioned.

Process Design of Continuous-Flow Pervaporation Separation for Alcohol Dehydration

The separation characteristics of the PVA-CS (polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan) blended composite membrane for dehydration of ethanol-water mixture are examined. The relationships of flux and separation factor with the feed concentration and operation temperature are established. Using this correlated equation, the continuous-flow pervaporation process about 500 kilolitres/year dehydrated ethanol is designed. The numbers of stage and reheater are calculated by stage-by-stage method for two kinds of cascades: one with equal membrane area and the other with 10℃ of temperature decrement per section. The results show that when the numbers of stage and reheater are the same, the cascade with 10℃ of temperature decrement has more advantages than that with equal membrane area. The influences of feed concentration and flow rate on the numbers of stage and reheater in the cascades are discussed.

石油化工厂低渗油层废水回用技术研究与实现

设计废渣沉降分离装置,增加调节堰,保证良好产水质量,改善传统产水率小的问题。分析废水水质,选择超级滤波作为低渗油层废水净化处理主要技术,采用压力式电絮凝过滤方式,提取沉淀物中重金属,改善传统废渣粒子截留率小的问题;使用活性炭吸附工艺来去除化学需氧量来提高吹水滤膜系数,改善传统滤膜透水通量问题;通过混凝沉淀、活性炭吸附和精细过滤完成石油化工厂低渗油层废水回用技术研究。对比结果可知,该技术具有良好回用效果,最高可达到90%,为解决城市用水短缺提供有效途径。

Characteristics of water relations in seedling of Machilus yunnanensis and Cinnamomum camphora under soil drought condition

The soil drought stress experiment in different durations (no watering within 3d, 6d, 9d, 11d individually) was conducted to study the drought-resistant capacity of one-year-old seedlings for the native tree species (Machilus yunnanensis) in Yunnan Province and the introduced tree species (Cinnamomum camphora). The leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, proline content and plasma membrane permeability for two species seedlings were measured in different soil drought conditions. The results showed that, on the 9th day of drought stress, the leaf water potential of two species decreased obviously, whereas the free proline content and plasma membrane permeability increased sharply. On the 11th day, the leaf water potential of C. camphora seedlings was lower than that of M. yunnanensis seedlings; the plasma membrane permeability in C. camphora seedling leaves increased much more than that in M. yunnanensis seedling leaves, which showed that the injury to the former by soil drought stress was more severe than that to the latter. The free proline content in M. yunnanensis seedling leaves continued to increase on the 11th day, but that in the C. camphora seedling leaves started to drop obviously, indicating that the reduction of osmotic regulation substance in C. camphora seedling leaves after the 11th day was unable to maintain the osmotic balance between the plasma system and its surroundings and the water loss occurred inevitably. Comprehensively, M. yunnanensis seedlings enhanced the drought-resistance in the course of soil drought stress by maintaining higher leaf water potential and by increasing osmotic regulation substance to promote cell plasma concentration and maintain membrane structure integrity so as to reduce water loss. The subordination function index evaluated with fuzzy mathematic theory also showed that the drought-resistant capacity of M. yunnanensis seedlings was stronger than that of C. camphora seedlings.

Ultrafiltration Enhanced with Activated Carbon Adsorption for Efficient Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution

In this study, orange G dye was efficiently removed from aqueous solution by ultraflltration （UF） membrane separation enhanced with activated carbon adsorption. The powdered activated carbon （PAC） was deposited onto the UF membrane surface, forming an intact filter cake. The enhanced UF process simultaneously exploited the high water permeation flux of porous membrane and the high adsorption ability of PAC toward dye molecules. The influencing factors on the dye removal were investigated. The results indicated that with sufficient PAC incorporation, the formation of intact PAC filtration cake led to nearly complete rejection for dye solution under opti-mized dye concentration and operation pressure, without large sacnticlng the permeation tlux ot the filtration process. Typically, the dye rejection ratio increased from 43.6% for single UF without adsorption to nearly 100% for the enhanced UF process, achieving long time continuous treatment with water permeation flux of 47 L·m^-2·h^-1. The present study demonstrated that adsorption enhanced UF may be a feasible method for the dye wastewater treatment.

Study on brackish water treatment technology

Based on the characters of deep well water quality in Fenxi Mining Group in Liulin, the feasibilities of two treatment technologies which use electrodialysis and reverse osmosis are analyzed. Through analyzing and comparing, reverse osmosis technology has several advantages, such as good treatment effect, convenient operating management and low run cost.

Fabrication of graphene oxide composite membranes and their application for pervaporation dehydration of butanol

As a new kind of2D nanomaterials, graphene oxide （GO） with 2-4 layers was fabricated rio a modified Hummers method and used for the preparation ofpervaporation （PV） membranes. Such GO membranes were prepared via a facile vacuum-assisted method on anodic aluminium oxide disks and applied for the dehydration of butanol. To obtain GO membranes with high performance, effects of pre-treatments, including high-speed centrifugal treat- ment of GO dispersion and thermal treatment of GO membranes, were investigated. In addition, effects of operation conditions on the performance of GO membranes in the PV process and the stability of GO membranes were also studied. It is of benefit to improve the selectivity of GO membrane by pre-treatment that centrifuges the GO dispersion with 10000 r· min^- 1 for 40 min, which could purify the GO dispersion by removing the large size GO sheets. As prepared GO membrane showed high separation performance for the butanol/water system. The separation factor was 230, and the permeability was as high as 3.1 kg·m^- 2·h^-1 when the PV temperature was 50 ℃ and the water content in feed was 10% （by mass）. Meanwhile, the membrane still showed good stability for the dehydration of butanol after running for 1800 min in the PV process. GO membranes are suitable candidates for butanol dehydration via PV process.

Optimized water vapor permeability of sodium alginate films using response surface methodology

The water vapor permeability （WVP） of films is important when developing pharmaceutical applications. Films are frequently used as coatings, and as such directly influence the quality of the medicine. The optimization of processing conditions for sodium alginate films was investigated using response surface methodology. Single-factor tests and Box-Behnken experimental design were employed. WVP was selected as the response variable, and the operating parameters for the single-factor tests were sodium alginate concentration, carboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） concentration and CaClz solution immersion time. The coefficient of determination （R2） was 0.97, indicating statistical significance. A minimal WVP of 0.389 8 g-mm/（m^2.h.kPa） was achieved under the optimum conditions. These were found to be a sodium alginate concentration, CMC concentration and CaCl2 solution immersion time at 8.04%, 0.13%, and 12 min, respectively. This provides a reference for potential applications in manufacturing film-coated hard capsule shells.

Pretreatment of Isopropanol Solution from Pharmaceutical Industry and Pervaporation Dehydration by NaA Zeolite Membranes

NaA zeolite membranes with 80 cm in length and 12.8 mm in outer diameter were prepared by our research group cooperating with Nanjing Jiusi Hi-Tech Co., China. The influence of dissolved inorganic salts and pH value in the feed of isopropanol （IPA） solution on NaA zeolite membranes was investigated. It was found that both factors exhibited strong influence on the stability of NaA zeolite membranes. A set of pretreatment steps such as pH adjustment and distillation of the IPA solution were proposed to improve stability for pervaporation dehydration. An industrial-scale pervaporation facility with 52 m2 membrane area was built to dehydrate IPA solution from industrial cephalosporin production. The facility was continuously operated at 368-378 K to dehydrate IPA solution from water mass content of 15%-20% to less than 2% with a feed flow rate of 400-500 L·h^-1 and an average water flux of 1-1.5 kg·m^-2·h-1. The successful application of this facility suggested a promising application of NaA zeolite mem-brane for IPA recovery from pharmaceutical production.