“禁防”与“通市”:清代中越边境政策的早期变迁与认知流变

在近代中越出入境制度形成以前,清政府视越南为'藩夷',原则上禁止内地民众擅自出边,边境设置旨在杜绝'汉奸夷匪'的潜出窜入。但自雍正初年广西禁止商民出入边境开始,滇桂粤三省在实际措施上多有不同,清政府也踌躇于'禁'与'通'之间,政策几经变动。清政府在制定相关政策时往往陷于调处'中外之防'、'藩属之义'与'民众生计'的纠结权衡中,以至于中越沿边始终难以形成连续系统且行之有效的边境管理体制,制约了近代中越边界、边务观念制度的形成与发展。

以十六大精神为指导进一步做好我市统战工作

根据全区统战部长会议精神,新一年统战工作要以十六大精神为指导,围绕我市创建绿色工业城市和全面建设小康社会这一总目标,建设两支队伍,强化三项机制,实现四项工作重点突破,具体采取五项措施.

Design and verification of an improved experimental platform for stray current in urban rail transit

With the rapid development of urban rail transit,there have been an urgent problem of excessive stray current.Because the stray current distribution is random and difficult to verify in the field,we designed an improved stray current experimental platform by replacing the simulated aqueous solution with a real soil environment and by calculating the transition resistance by measuring the soil resistivity,which makes up for the defects in the previous references.Firstly,the mathematical models of rail-drainage net and rail-drainage netground were established,and the analytical expressions of current and voltage of rail,drainage net and other structures were derived.In addition,the simulation model was built,and the mathematical analysis results were compared with the simulation results.Secondly,the accuracy of the improved stray current experimental platform was verified by comparing the measured and simulation results.Finally,based on the experimental results,the influence factors of stray current were analyzed.The relevant conclusions provide experimental data and theoretical reference for the study of stray current in urban rail transit.

弥异所047:新北市欢乐耶诞城

形式这是每年十二月在中国台湾新北市市政府广场前的拍照圣地,第十届的新北市欢乐耶诞城以"耶诞魔法城"为主题,双塔一树的镭射光雕秀,将板桥车站与新北市政府大楼结合成台湾双塔。广场上的大耶诞树有360°镭射与光雕的动画,其震撼视觉吸引民众观赏与拍照打卡,成为十二月新北市最受欢迎的打卡点。空间原为通往市政府的一个下凹形广场水池及圆锥形地标,透过360°镭射与光雕动画的结合,使得原有圆锥形建筑可变为圣诞树的造型。成为新北市中心广场的一个核心视觉点。

The comprehensive measure model for urban traffic congestion based on value function

According to the distribution characteristics of traffic congestion in time and space, a measure index system of urban traffic congestion is set up based on the spatial and temporal distribution. Based on the analysis of the main characteristics of traffic congestion and the generation process of traffic congestion, the measure model for urban traffic congestion is constructed by the value function. Moreover, based on the measure values of traffic congestion in urban road networks with defined different levels, a method to prevent and control traffic congestion is designed. The application results confirm that the proposed method is feasible in comprehensive measures for urban traffic congestion and they are consistent with the results of other methods. The measuring results can therefore reflect the actual situation. The comprehensive measure model is scientific and the process is simple, and it has wide application prospects and practical value.

Passenger flow dynamic assignment model of urban mass transit and its application during interval interrupted operation

In order to find a method which can describe the passenger flow dynamical distribution of urban mass transit during interval interrupted operation,an urban railway network topology model was built based on the travel path dual graph by considering interchange,crowd and congestion.The breadth first valid travel path search algorithm is proposed,and the multipath passenger flow distribution logit model is improved.According to the characteristics of passengers under the interruption condition,the distribution rules of different types of passenger flow are proposed.The method of calculating the aggregation number of station is proposed for the case of insufficient transport capacity.Finally,the passenger flow of Beijing urban mass transit is simulated for the case study.The results show that the relative error of most of transfer passenger flow is below 10%.The proposed model and algorithm can accurately assign the daily passenger flow,which provides a theoretical basis for urban mass transit emergency management and decision.

Review of Food Safety Supervision for the Wholesale Market of Chinese Agricultural Products

With the continuous improvement of living standards, there is an increasingly concerned about food quality and safety issues. Especially in recent years,food safety incidents, breaking out frequently, have become the focus of people＇s attention, putting forward new demands on the regulation of food safety. This paper reviewed the Food Safety Supervision in China from food safety supervision mode,regulatory system defects and circulation supervision system, and also proposed the future research trends of food safety regulations for the wholesale market of Chinese agricultural products.

Changes of Nutrient in Tobacco Soils in Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province during 2011-2013

[Objective] The aim was to explore interannual changes of soil nutrients in tobacco soils in Zhaotong, in order to provide theoretical references for tobacco bal- anced fertilization in Zhaotong. [Method] The research analyzed nutrient changes in tobacco soils in Zhaotong during 2011-2013. [Result] In Zhaotong, pH value of to- bacco soils was increasing; the contents of organic matter and N, P and K contents were in the range suitable for tobacco growth; CI- content was growing in tobacco soils and reached the highest in 2013. [Conclusion] In general, soil nutrients show insignificant differences internannually in Zhaotong.

Study of macroscopic fundamental diagram on Shanghai urban expressway network in China

The macroscopic fundamental diagram（ MFD） is studied to obtain the aggregate behavior of traffic in cities. This paper investigates the existence and the characteristics of different types of daily MFD for the Shanghai urban expressway network. The existence of MFD in the Shanghai urban expressway network is proved based on two weeks＇ data.Moreover, the hysteresis phenomena is present in most days and the network exhibits different hysteresis loops under different traffic situations. The relationship between the hysteresis phenomena and the inhomogeneity of traffic distribution is verified. The MFDs in the years of 2009 and 2012 are compared. The hysteresis loop still exists in 2012, which further verifies the existence of the hysteresis phenomenon. The direct relationship between the length of the hysteresis loop（ ΔO） and the congestion is proved based on sufficient data. The width of the hysteresis loop, i. e., the drop in network flow（ ΔQ） has no relationship with the congestion, and it varies from day to day under different traffic situations.

SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOOD AND ECOLOGICAL SHELTER CONSTRUCTION IN UPPER REACHES OF CHANGJIANG RIVER——Case Study of Zhaotong of Yunnan Province

Sustainable livelihood theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the interactions between livelihoods of peasant households and regional environment change in low-income areas. Based on field survey and 946 questionnaires from peasant household conducted in the case study area of Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, the paper has analyzed the basic characteristics of the rural livelihoods, including the asset base status, the income-generating activities, the energy consumption pattern, and the fertility behavior, in the upper reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. The micro-level findings show the conflicts among extensive agricultural development models, rural energy consumption structures heavily relying on biomass and the environment protection. The conversion of cropland to forest and grass program(CCFGP) has exerted an important influence on the livelihoods of the peasant households, but its design has given little considerations to their long-term livelihood sources, which will affect its sustainability to a great extent. From the perspective of sustainable livelihoods framework, the objectives that must be addressed in the ecological shelter construction in the upper reaches of the Changjiang River should include, first, facilitating access of peasant households to credit, technology and public services, second, encouraging the peasant households to adopt agricultural technology with environmental benefits and strengthen resources-conserving investments, and third, paying close attention to the rural energy problems and the long-term livelihood sources of the households with CCFGP. Given the weak asset base and difficulties of livelihood strategies shift, ecological shelter construction in the upper reaches of the Changjiang River will take a long time.

Geographical Differences and Influencing Factors of Rural Energy Consumption in Southwest Mountain Areas in China:A Case Study of Zhaotong City

China is a mountainous country,and Southwest mountain areas cover the most mountain areas in China and have the most serious problems.Taking Zhaotong city as the study area,based on 902 rural household questionnaires of 11 villages in 2 counties and Tobit model,this paper analyzes the geographical differences and influencing factors of energy consumption for non-production purposes of rural households living in different terrain conditions.This research finds that:(1) Coal takes up the main part of energy consumption in valley areas and coal consumption is mainly affected by per capita cultivated land area,household income,proportion of rural household energy expenditure in total expenditure,coal price,and family population size.Firewood takes up the main part of energy consumption in high mountain areas and firewood consumption is mainly affected by per capita firewood forest area,distance to purchase coal,household income,electricity price,and coal price.(2) Only when the distance is greater than 20 kilometers,that is the average distance of rural households living in middle mountain areas(1,600m^1,800m) to purchase coal,the transportation condition has a significant impact on coal consumption.(3) In high mountain areas,prices of coal and electricity are the main factors influencing energy consumption choice of rural households.Too high prices of coal and electricity would to some extent lead rural households to choose firewood as the main energy consumption type.Compared to coal,rural households prefer to choose electricity.

Spatial-temporal Characteristics and Factors Influencing Commuting Activities of Middle-class Residents in Guangzhou City, China

The middle class in metropolitan Chinese cities has become an important social group. With the rapid development of urbanization and constant advancement of suburbanization, the middle class has increasingly come to influence city traffic. Research into middle-class commuting activities thus has practical significance for improving traffic congestion and reducing the commuting burden in metropolitan cities. Based on a dataset formed by 816 completed surveys, this paper analyzes the commuting mode, time and distance of middle-class residents in Guangzhou City using the descriptive statistical method. The results indicate that private cars are the main commuting mode, followed by public transport. Meanwhile, middle-class residents mainly undertake medium-short time and medium-short distance commuting. The study subsequently uses multilevel logistic regression and multiple linear regression models to analyze the factors that influence commuting mode choice, time and distance. The gender, age, number of family cars, housing source and jobs-housing balance are the most important factors influencing commuting mode choice; housing, population density, jobs-housing balance and commuting mode significantly affect commuting time; and transport accessibility, jobs-housing balance and commuting mode are the notable factors affecting commuting distance. Finally, this paper analyzes what is affecting the commuting activities of middle-class residents and determines the differences in commuting activity characteristics and influence factors between middle-class and ordinary residents. Policy suggestions to improve urban planning and urban management are also proposed.

Urban transport policy response to global climate change in China

Accompanying with the economic development and the process of industrialization and urbanization in China, the energy consumption and greenhouse gases emission of transport sector increased rapidly. From the viewpoint of how the urban traffic management department should cope with the global climate change, based on the economy, institutional reform, planning and policies in China, the paper analyzed the main important problems and obstacles in the development of urban transport, put forward the corresponding policy recommendations which could lead the urban transport system transform to low carbon emission and become more suitable to the climate change.

Tri-level programming model for combined urban traffic signal control and traffic flow guidance

In order to balance the temporal-spatial distribution of urban traffic flow, a model is established for combined urban traffic signal control and traffic flow guidance. With consideration of the wide use of fixed signal control at intersections, traffic assignment under traffic flow guidance, and dynamic characteristics of urban traffic management, a tri-level programming model is presented. To reflect the impact of intersection delay on traffic assignment, the lower level model is set as a modified user equilibrium model. The middle level model, which contains several definitional constraints for different phase modes, is built for the traffic signal control optimization. To solve the problem of tide lane management, the upper level model is built up based on nonlinear 0-1 integer programming. A heuristic iterative optimization algorithm(HIOA) is set up to solve the tri-level programming model. The lower level model is solved by method of successive averages(MSA), the middle level model is solved by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA II), and the upper level model is solved by genetic algorithm(GA). A case study is raised to show the efficiency and applicability of the proposed modelling and computing method.

An Overview of Smart City in China

The year of 2013 is considered the first year of smart city in China. With the development of informationization and urbanization in China, city diseases(traffic jam, medical problem and unbalanced education) are more and more apparent. Smart city is the key to solving these diseases. This paper presents the overall smart city development in China in term of market scale and development stages, the technology standards, and industry layout. The paper claims that the issues and challenges facing smart city development in China and proposes to make polices to support smart city development.

Multi-level CO_(2) fluxes over Beijing megacity with the eddy covariance method

Based on five years of eddy covariance measurements at multiple levels(47,140,and 280 m)of Beijing's 325-m meteorological tower,the exchange process of CO_(2) fluxes between the atmosphere and urban surface were investigated.As a result of the total vehicle control policy from 2011 in Beijing,the growth rate of annual total CO_(2) flux at 140 m is 7.8% from 2008-2010 but 2.3%from 2010-2012.With the minimum vegetation cover and largest population density,the 5-yr average annual total CO_(2) flux at 140 m is largest(6.41 kg C m^(−2) yr^(−1)),compared with that at 47 m(5.78 kg C m^(−2) yr^(−1))and 280 m(3.99 kg C m^(−2) yr^(−1)).With regards to annual total CO_(2) fluxes in Beijing,vehicle numbers and population are the main controlling factors.The measured CO_(2) fluxes were highly dependent on land cover/use in the prevailing wind direction.The CO_(2) fluxes at three layers all correlated positively with road fraction,with the R2 values being 0.69,0.57,and 0.54(P<0.05),respectively.The decreasing fraction of vegetation caused an increasing of the annual total CO_(2) flux,and there was an exponential relationship between them.The annual total CO_(2) fluxes were larger with higher population density.

Dynamic Routing Combined to Forecast the Behavior of Traffic in the City of Sao Paulo Using Neuro Fuzzy Network

The challenge of keeping and getting new customers drives the development of new practices to meet the consumption needs of increasingly tends to micro-segmentation of product and consumer market. The new consumption habits of brazilians brought new prospects for market. The objective of this paper is to develop of a dynamic vehicle routing system supported by the behavior of urban traffic in the city ofSao Paulo using Neuro Fuzzy Network. The methodology of this paper consists in the capture of relevant events that interfere with the flow of traffic of the city of Sao Paulo and implementation of a Fuzzy Neural Network trained with these events in order to foresee the traffic behavior. The system offers three labels of hierarchical routing, thus is possible to consider not only the basic factors of routing, but too external factors that directly influence on the flow of traffic and the disruption which may be avoided in large cities, through alternative routes （dynamic vehicle routing）. Predicting the behavior of traffic represents the strategic level routing, dynamic vehicle routing is the tactical level, and routing algorithms to the operational level. This paper will not be discussed the operational level.