Genes encoding Wnt ligands, which have important roles in cell communication and organ development, are restricted to multicellular animals. We systematically studied W nt genes from eumetazoan genomes, with emphasis ...Genes encoding Wnt ligands, which have important roles in cell communication and organ development, are restricted to multicellular animals. We systematically studied W nt genes from eumetazoan genomes, with emphasis on the poorly studied superphylum Lophotrochozoa(four annelids, seven mollusks, eight platyhelminths, one bdelloid rotifer, and one brachiopod species). Between 3 and 39 W nt loci were identified in each genome, and the protostome-specific loss of Wnt3 genes was confirmed. We identified gastropod-specific loss of Wnt8, refining the previously proposed mollusk-specific loss. Some duplicated Wnt genes belonging to a same subfamily or closely related subfamilies showed tandem distribution in the lophotrochozoan genomes, indicating tandem duplication events during Wnt family evolution. Members of the conserved Wnt10-Wnt6-Wnt1-Wnt9 cluster showed highly correlated expression patterns over time in two assayed lophotrochozoans, the oyster C rassostrea gigas and the brachiopod L ingula anatina, reflecting the possible similar function of the clustered W nt genes.展开更多
A multiple watermarking algorithm is presented according to the multiple accessing technique of the code division multiple access （CDMA） system. Multiple watermarks are embedded into digital images in the wavelet tr...A multiple watermarking algorithm is presented according to the multiple accessing technique of the code division multiple access （CDMA） system. Multiple watermarks are embedded into digital images in the wavelet transform domain. Each of the watermarks is embedded and extracted independently without impacts to each other. Multiple watermarks are convolution encoded and block interleaved, and the orthogonal Gold sequences are used to spread spectrum of the copyright messages. CDMA encoded water-mark messages are embedded into the wavelet sub-bands excluding the wavelet HH1 sub-bands. The embedment amplitude is decided by Watson＇ s perceptual model of wavelet transform domain, and the embedmeut position in the selected wavelet sub-bands is decided randomly by a pseudo-random noise （PN） sequence. As a blind watermm＇king algorithm, watermarks are extracted without original image. The watermarking capacity of proposed algorithm is also discussed. When two watermarks are embedded in an image at the same time, the capacity is larger than the capacity when a single watermark is embedded, and is smaller than the sum of the capacity of two separately embedded watermarks. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves the detection bits error rate （BER） observably, and the multiple watermarks have a preferable robustness and invisibility.展开更多
A quantum secure direct communication scheme using dense coding is proposed.At first,the sender (Alice)prepares four-particle genuine entangled states and shares them with the receiver (Bob) by sending two particles i...A quantum secure direct communication scheme using dense coding is proposed.At first,the sender (Alice)prepares four-particle genuine entangled states and shares them with the receiver (Bob) by sending two particles in eachentangled state to him.Secondly,Alice encodes secret information by performing the unitary transformations on herparticles and transmits them to Bob.Finally,Bob performs the joint measurements on his particles to decode the secretinformation.The two-step security test guarantees the security of communication.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31402285,31530079)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project financially supported by the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(No.2015ASKJ02)the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System(No.CARS-48)
文摘Genes encoding Wnt ligands, which have important roles in cell communication and organ development, are restricted to multicellular animals. We systematically studied W nt genes from eumetazoan genomes, with emphasis on the poorly studied superphylum Lophotrochozoa(four annelids, seven mollusks, eight platyhelminths, one bdelloid rotifer, and one brachiopod species). Between 3 and 39 W nt loci were identified in each genome, and the protostome-specific loss of Wnt3 genes was confirmed. We identified gastropod-specific loss of Wnt8, refining the previously proposed mollusk-specific loss. Some duplicated Wnt genes belonging to a same subfamily or closely related subfamilies showed tandem distribution in the lophotrochozoan genomes, indicating tandem duplication events during Wnt family evolution. Members of the conserved Wnt10-Wnt6-Wnt1-Wnt9 cluster showed highly correlated expression patterns over time in two assayed lophotrochozoans, the oyster C rassostrea gigas and the brachiopod L ingula anatina, reflecting the possible similar function of the clustered W nt genes.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Programme of China(No 2006AA01Z407,No.2007AA01Z478)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(No.20070420707)
文摘A multiple watermarking algorithm is presented according to the multiple accessing technique of the code division multiple access （CDMA） system. Multiple watermarks are embedded into digital images in the wavelet transform domain. Each of the watermarks is embedded and extracted independently without impacts to each other. Multiple watermarks are convolution encoded and block interleaved, and the orthogonal Gold sequences are used to spread spectrum of the copyright messages. CDMA encoded water-mark messages are embedded into the wavelet sub-bands excluding the wavelet HH1 sub-bands. The embedment amplitude is decided by Watson＇ s perceptual model of wavelet transform domain, and the embedmeut position in the selected wavelet sub-bands is decided randomly by a pseudo-random noise （PN） sequence. As a blind watermm＇king algorithm, watermarks are extracted without original image. The watermarking capacity of proposed algorithm is also discussed. When two watermarks are embedded in an image at the same time, the capacity is larger than the capacity when a single watermark is embedded, and is smaller than the sum of the capacity of two separately embedded watermarks. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves the detection bits error rate （BER） observably, and the multiple watermarks have a preferable robustness and invisibility.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10704011the Research Programs of the Educational Office of Liaoning Province under Grant No.2008006
文摘A quantum secure direct communication scheme using dense coding is proposed.At first,the sender (Alice)prepares four-particle genuine entangled states and shares them with the receiver (Bob) by sending two particles in eachentangled state to him.Secondly,Alice encodes secret information by performing the unitary transformations on herparticles and transmits them to Bob.Finally,Bob performs the joint measurements on his particles to decode the secretinformation.The two-step security test guarantees the security of communication.
