压力容器缺陷安全评定研究进展和衰减路径速度积方法

压力容器不断向大型化、复杂化方向发展,特别是应用于空气动力试验、核电工程、热电工程等的大型复杂压力容器,其内含缺陷具有先天性与后发性、多样性与复杂性、隐蔽性与突现性等特点,由此引起的重大安全事故多发,压力容器缺陷安全程度的研究一直是该领域关注的重点。从R6失效评定图出发,比较了国内外压力容器安全评价的研究进展,对比阐述了压力容器安全裕度研究的不同方法。针对射线法等传统评定方法对缺陷安全裕度及剩余寿命估算不能反映缺陷安全衰减路径与扩展速率的时变性问题,重点介绍了基于衰减路径速度积的新方法,并推导出速度积和安全裕度的计算公式。

平流沉淀池积泥特性与刮泥机运行模式研究

节能减排和降低成本是净水厂生产运行的重要目标,降低电耗和降低自用水量是净水厂增效降本的主要手段。通过绘制积泥曲线、计算积泥占比及积泥速度,研究沉淀池积泥规律和特点。在10~500NTU原水浊度区间,沉淀池前段积泥体积占比72%~78%,前段积泥速度在5~18m^(3)/h。根据沉淀池积泥特性,结合液压往复式刮泥机结构特点,在10~500NTU原水浊度区间,研究刮泥机最佳运行历时和停等时间,降低电耗,减少刮泥机磨损,降低生产风险,降低排泥水含水率和自用水率,提高净水厂生产效益。

基于衰减路径时变性的压力容器疲劳裂纹安全裕度研究

传统压力容器安全裕度表征模型未考虑裂纹扩展过程中的时变性,导致无法准确反映剩余安全裕度大小.为此,本文基于速度积概念建立了大型压力容器剩余安全裕度模型.裂纹扩展形式直接影响安全裕度判定,故运用Paris公式并考虑闭合效应得到裂纹扩展规律公式,并结合Newman和Raju数值计算应力强度因子的理论,得到了不同裂纹的深度和长度方向变化的关联函数.以表面裂纹为例,通过关联函数模型得到安全衰减路径,然后计算了路径速度积安全裕度模型的表征变化,从寿命安全裕度角度评价了路径速度积安全裕度模型,结果表明,随着裂纹在不同速度下的扩展变化,其安全评价结果更符合实际安全裕度变化,并为工程应用提供新思路.

含点蚀油气管道动态安全裕度表征模型

油气管道安全评价最广泛采用的美国API-579标准给出的点蚀剩余强度表征方法只能静态表征点蚀缺陷的安全程度,并未考虑点蚀深度、点蚀面积占比等参数的动态变化对点蚀缺陷剩余强度的影响。针对上述问题,在点蚀衰减路径仿真基础上,提出一种动态安全裕度表征模型。首先利用无缝表征点蚀评价函数在失效评定图中仿真获得点蚀缺陷安全衰减路径。通过衰减路径时变性分析,采用失效路径速率积分的解析方法,给出了油气管道点蚀缺陷动态安全裕度表征模型。该安全裕度模型能够表征点蚀缺陷在任意尺寸的动态安全裕度。该理论考虑实际工况中各影响因素的动态变化对点蚀缺陷安全裕度的影响,更加符合客观实际,能够为管道剩余寿命预测提供基础。

An in situ measure method to study deposition mechanism of electroless Ni-P plating on AZ31 magnesium alloy

An in situ method was designed to measure a continuous open circuit potential （OCP） curve of AZ31 magnesium alloy and to observe the morphology variation of Ni-P coating during the process of the electroless plating. The deposition mechanism of the electroless Ni-P plating on AZ31 Mg alloy was studied by OCP curve, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and energy dispersion spectroscopy （EDS）. The process of electroless Ni-P plating contains the coating formation stage and the coating growth stage. The formation stage includes three procedures, i.e., the nucleation and growth of Ni crystallites, the extension of the coating in two-dimensional （2D） direction and the coalescence of the coating along three-dimensional （3D） direction. SEM investigations demonstrate that the spherical nodules of the Ni-P coating are not only formed during the coating growth stage, but also generated in the initial deposition stage of electroless Ni-P plating. The variation of the coating rates at different deposition stages corresponds to the deposition mechanism of their respective deposition stage.

Combined migration velocity model-building and its application in tunnel seismic prediction

We propose a combined migration velocity analysis and imaging method based on Kirchhoff integral migration and reverse time migration,using the residual curvature analysis and layer stripping strategy to build the velocity model.This method improves the image resolution of Kirchhoff integral migration and reduces the computations of the reverse time migration.It combines the advantages of efficiency and accuracy of the two migration methods.Its application in tunnel seismic prediction shows good results.Numerical experiments show that the imaging results of reverse time migration are better than the imaging results of Kirchhoff integral migration in many aspects of tunnel prediction.Field data show that this method has efficient computations and can establish a reasonable velocity model and a high quality imaging section.Combination with geological information can make an accurate prediction of the front of the tunnel geological structure.

十四岁神童玩股票

一个十四岁的小天才已靠玩股票赚到了几百万美元,尽管他至今对股票和认股证及债券的概念仍不很清楚,但帕布罗·圣地亚哥已在欧洲、英国、美国及日本的股票市场中积累了五百万美元的财富。他的律师,欧内斯托·雷耶斯说:“如果他的财富以这种速度积累,那他到二十一岁时,将成为世界首富。” 他三十五岁的父亲马蒂诺回忆说,帕布罗五岁时,曾收到他叔叔送给他的生日礼物——一头羊,它被视作是一种奖赏。

Fabrication of Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Thin Films at Low Temperature by VHF-PECVD

Using H 2 diluted silane,series of μc Si∶H films are fabricated at low temperature with VHF PECVD.The thickness measurements reveal that the deposition rates are obviously enhanced with higher plasma excitation frequency or working pressure,but increase firstly and then decrease with the increase of plasma power density.Raman spectra show that the crystallinity and the average grain sizes of the films strongly depend on the temperature of substrate and the concentration of silane.However,the plasma excitation frequency only has effect on the crystallinity,and a maximum occurs during the further increase of plasma excitation frequency.From XRD and TEM experiments,three preferential crystalline orientations (111),(220) and (311) are observed,and the average grain sizes are different for every crystalline orientation.

广东七成政府机构将上网

广东邮电管理局杨春亮副局长日前透露,明年广东数据通信的重要任务之一是政府上网工程,届时广东百分之七十地方以上的政府与主管部门都将上网。 信息产业部与国务院相关部委已确定明年为“政府上网年”。广东邮电部门表示,将以最好的网络资源、最优惠的资费、采用最好的技术、以最快速度积极帮助政府和有关部门上网,并将在2000年前实施费用全免政策。 哪些部门需要上网,这是厂商最关心的问题。其次,希望了解需要上网的各个政府部门的类型划分情况。

Mass Transfer Enhancement of Gas Absorption by Adding the Dispersed Organic Phases

Mass transfer enhancement of gas absorption by adding a dispersed organic phase has been studied in this work. Various dispersed organic phases （heptanol, octanol, isoamyl alcohol, heptane, octane, and isooctane） were tested respectively in the experiment. According to the theoretical model and experimental data, the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient and enhancement factor were obtained under different dispersed organic phase volume fraction and stirring speed. The experimental results indicate that gas-liquid mass transfer is enhanced at different level by adding a dispersed organic phase. The best performance of enhancement were achieved with the dispersed organic phase volumetric fraction of 5% and under an intermediate stirring speed of 670 r·min^-1. Among the organic phases tested in the experiment, alcohols show better performance, which gave 20% higher enhance-ment of overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient than adding alkanes.

Experimental study on gas explosion suppression based on ferrocene

In order to study the gas explosion suppression performance based on ferrocene, the self-constructed experimental facility was used to accomplish the experiment of gas explosion suppression. By means of thermogravimetric analysis, the thermal characteristics of ferrocene have been gotten and the gas explosion suppression mechanism of ferrocene has been analyzed. The results show that ferrocene had good effects on gas explosion suppression, and the explosion pressure and flame propagation speed declined obviously. When ferrocene concentration is 0.08 g/L and methane volume concentration is 9.5%, the maximum explosion overpressure and maximum flame propagation speed of methane-air respectively decreased by about 59.5% and 19.6%, respectively. TG and DSC curves showed that the mass loss of ferrocene consists of two processes, which are sublimation and lattice fracture. The temperature of mass loss ranged from 128 ℃ to 230 ℃. The results showed profoundly theoretical significance to gas explosion suppression by ferrocene in coal mines.

Considerations when using the activPAL monitor in field-based research with adult populations

Research indicates that high levels of sedentary behavior(sitting or lying with low energy expenditure) are adversely associated with health. A key factor in improving our understanding of the impact of sedentary behavior(and patterns of sedentary time accumulation) on health is the use of objective measurement tools that collect date and time-stamped activity information. One such tool is the activP AL monitor. This thigh-worn device uses accelerometer-derived information about thigh position to determine the start and end of each period spent sitting/lying, standing, and stepping, as well as stepping speed, step counts, and postural transitions. The activP AL is increasingly being used within field-based research for its ability to measure sitting/lying via posture. We summarise key issues to consider when using the activP AL in physical activity and sedentary behavior field-based research with adult populations. It is intended that the findings and discussion points be informative for researchers who are currently using activP AL monitors or are intending to use them. Pre-data collection decisions, monitor preparation and distribution, data collection considerations, and manual and automated data processing possibilities are presented using examples from current literature and experiences from 2 research groups from the UK and Australia.

Study on the Marine Sedimentary Environment Evolution of the Southern Laizhou Bay Under the Impact of Port Projects

The southern Laizhou Bay is mainly composed of silt-sandy coasts with diverse landforms, and its marine hydrodynamic environment is sensitive to human activities. Marine hydrodynamic and sedimentary environments of the study area have changed under the influence of large-scale port projects in recent years. In this paper, the evolution of hydrodynamic environment, deposition rate, and geochemical characteristics were studied based on sediment grain size, element analysis and ^(210)Pb dating of two cores, in order to analyze the influence of Weifang Port on marine environmental evolution, and provide theoretical and practical basis for protecting marine environment in developing marine resources reasonably. Results showed that sediments of the two cores were relatively coarser and mainly composed of silty sand. Sediments above 230 cm in core WF1 and 218 cm in core WF2 were deposited since 1855 when the Yellow River appeared to deposit its sediments within the modern active delta, and the average deposition rate was between 0.3 and 0.5 cm a^(-1). Implement of Weifang Port projects in 1997 and 2007 created great influence on the sedimentary environment evolution in the surrounding waters, and the deposition rate was significantly increased. The average annual deposition rates were 5.1 cm and 3.5 cm in WF1 and WF2 respectively between 1997 and 2007. Content of heavy metals in sediments showed no obvious change in the vertical, indicating that the heavy metals were less affected by human activity and there was no significant accumulation of such metals in the study area.

Investigation of extraction fraction in confined impinging jet reactors for tri-butyl-phosphate extracting butyric acid process

The extraction fraction E and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient kka of TBP extracting butyric acid pro- cess in confined impinging jet reactors （CIJR） with two jets were investigated. The main variables tested were the concentration of tri-butyl-phosphate （TBP） and butyric acid, the impinging velocity V, the impinging velocityratio of two phases Vorg/Vaq, the nozzle inner diameter di and the distance L between the jet axes and the top wall of the impinging chamber. The results showed that E and kLa increase with an increase of the impinging velocity V, the concentration ofTBP Corg, and the impinging velocity ratio Vor/Vaq. However, E and kta decrease with an increase of the inner diameter d1 from 1 to 2 mm, the concentration of butyric acid Caq from 0.5% （v/v） to 2% （v/v）. The factor L ranging from 3 to 11 mm has a negligible effect on E and kLa. A correlation on these variables and kLa was proposed based on the experimental data. These results indicated good mass transfer oerformance of CIJR in the extraction operation.

Tree Planting:How Fast Can It Accelerate Post-fire Forest Restoration?——A Case Study in Northern Da Hinggan Mountains,China

In 1987,a catastrophic fire burned over 1330000 ha in the densely forested area of the Da Hinggan Mountains in the northeastern China.After the fire,intensive management including burned trunk harvesting and coniferous tree planting had been conducted to accelerate forest restoration.To study the long term effect of these activities on forest recovery,we used a simulation modeling approach to study long-term(300 years) forest dynamics under current planting and natural regeneration scenarios.Results indicate that under tree planting scenario in the severely burned area,the dominant species Dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii) can reach pre-fire level(60% of the area) within 20 years and the maximum abundance can reach nearly 90% within 100 years.While under natural regeneration scenario,it needs about 250 years to reach its pre-fire level.From the perspective of timber production,tree planting can bring twice as much timber volume as that under natural regeneration within 300 years,which is the average longevity of L.gmelinii.It needs about 70 years to reach the timber volume of pre-fire level under the planting scenario,whereas it requires at least 250 years to reach the timber volume of pre-fire level under natural regeneration scenario.Another dominant species Asian White birch(Betula platyphylla) responded negatively to the planting of coniferous species.In general,tree planting of coniferous species after fire can greatly accelerate forest restoration in terms of species abundance and target timber volume,with desirable ecological and economic returns.

Tempo-spatial variations of sediment-associated nutrients and contaminants in the Ruxi tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Ruxi River is a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. This study examined the temporal and spatial dynamics in particle size characteristics and the associated nutrients and contaminants of the fluvial suspended and deposited sediments along the Ruxi River. Temporal variations in the particle size distribution of the suspended sediment are controlled mainly by differences in sediment source during different seasons. Total organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP） in the 〈 62 μm fraction of the suspended sediment exhibit considerably higher concentrations in spring, indicating high probability of algal blooms in the backwater areas. Downstream trends in the nutrient contents of 〈 62 pm deposited sediments imply the greatest potential for eutrophication in the backwater ends, where highest nutrient concentrations were detected. Assessment of metal contamination shows that the sediments deposited in the water-level fluctuation zone were moderately to strongly contaminated by Cadmium （Cd）, with a considerably high potential ecological risk. The findings reported have emphasized the impacts of reservoir impoundment on aquatic and/or terrestrial environment in this region. More information on physical, chemical and biological processes of sediment and sediment-associated materials are needed for developing ecologically sound policies management. environmentally and of water and sediment

Associations between walking parameters and subsequent sleep difficulty in older adults: A 2-year follow-up study

Purpose: This 2-year follow-up study aimed to examine the associations between total volume, frequency, duration, and speed of walking with subsequent sleep difficulty in older adults.Methods: A total of 800 older adults aged 65 years and over participated in the first survey in 2012 and 511 of them were followed 2 years later.The 5-item Athens Insomnia Scale(AIS-5) was used to measure sleep difficulty. Frequency, duration, and speed of outdoor walking were self-reported. Walking speed was assigned a metabolic equivalent value(MET) from 2.5 to 4.5. Total walking volume in MET-h/week was calculated as frequency × duration × speed. Negative binomial regressions were performed to examine the associations between volume and components of walking with subsequent sleep difficulty with covariates of age, sex, education, marital status, living arrangement, smoking, alcohol consumption, mental health, Charlson Index, exercise(excluding walking), and sleep difficulty at baseline.Results: Participants with low walking volume had a higher level of sleep difficulty 2 years later compared with those with high walking volume(incident rate ratios = 1.61, p = 0.004). When speed, frequency, and duration of walking were simultaneously entered into 1 model, only walking speed was significantly associated with subsequent sleep difficulty(after the model was adjusted for covariates and baseline sleep difficulty).Sensitivity analyses showed that walking duration emerged as a significant predictor among 3 walking parameters, with 2-year changes of sleep scores as dependent variable.Conclusion: Total amount of walking(especially faster walking and lasting for more than 20 min) is associated with less subsequent sleep difficulty after 2 years among older adults.

Numerical Simulation of Seaplane Wave Ground Effect with Crosswind

Under the absolute coordinate system, the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)equations and the k-ω SST turbulence model are solved using the finite volume method to simulate the aerodynamic characteristics of large seaplane flying with the ground-effect above wavy surface. The velocity inlet wave-making method and the volume of fluid model are used to accurately simulate the linear regular waves and to precisely capture the free surface. This paper studies the influence of the sideslip angle on the aerodynamic characteristics of large seaplane when it is cruising above wavy water. The results show that the wave surface mainly affects the pressure distribution on the lower surface of the wing. When the sideslip angle varies from 0° to 8°,the varying of frequency of aerodynamic forces is consistent with the wave encounter frequency,and both periods are 0.6 s. With the increase of the sideslip angle,the lift coefficient and the pitching moment coefficient decrease. However,when the sideslip angle is smaller than 4°,the decrease amplitude is small,and the significant decrease occurs above 4° and during the whole process of the change of sideslip angle,the aerodynamic fluctuation amplitude is almost unchanged. As the drag coefficient increases with the increase of sideslip angle,significant increase also occurs when the value is greater than4°,and the fluctuation amplitude does not show any correlations. The rolling moment coefficient and yaw moment coefficient increase with the increase of the sideslip angle,and the fluctuation amplitudes of both increase linearly with the increase of the sideslip angle.

Numerical simulation on boiling heat transfer of evaporation cooling in a billet reheating furnace

The boiling heat transfer of evaporation cooling in a billet reheating furnace was simulated.The results indicate that the bubbles easily aggregate inside of the elbow and upper side of the horizontal regions in theπshaped support tubes.The circulation velocity increasing helps to improve the uniformity of vapor distribution and decrease the difference of vapor volume fraction between upper and down at end of the horizontal sections.With the increase of circulation velocity,the resistance loss and the circulation ratio both increase,but the former will decrease with the increase of work pressure.

Study on the Rainfall and Aftershock Threshold for Debris Flow of Post-earthquake

Due to the special condition of provenance and disaster environment after "5·12" Earthquake, the probability and conditions of the occurrence of gully debris flow change greatly after the event, which make it difficult to prevent disaster effectively. In this study the hydrological model of ground water table in loose sediment is established. According to infinite slope theory, the safety factor of deposits is defined as the ratio of resistance force to driving force. The starting condition of post-earthquake gully debris flow is clearly studied by analyzing the effects of rainfall intensity, seismic strength, slope gradient and mechanical properties on the balance of accumulation body. Then the formulas of rainfall and aftershock threshold for starting of gully debris flow are proposed, and an example is given to illustrate the effect of rainfall, aftershocks and their coupling action on a debris flow. The result shows the critical rainfall intensity decreases as the lateral seismic acceleration and channel gradient increases, while the critical intensity linearly increases as the friction angle increases.