Four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties ('JD 8', 'Jing 411','Centurk' and 'Tam 202') were used to study the effect of heat stress on photosynthetic characteristics of flag le...Four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties ('JD 8', 'Jing 411','Centurk' and 'Tam 202') were used to study the effect of heat stress on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf blade, nag leaf sheath, peduncle, glume, lemma and awn during grain-filling stage. The results showed that heat acclimation during grain-filling stage increased thermotolerance of wheat with significant differences among different green organs. During heat stress, the decreases of the efficiency of primary light energy conversion (F-v/F-m) of PS II and pigment (chlorophyll and carotenoid) content were much slower in peduncle, flag leaf sheath and glume than in nag leaf blade, lemma and ann; and the percentage of decrease in net photosynthetic rate (P-n) of ear was lower than that of the nag leaf blade. The measured photosynthetic parameters (F-v/F-m, P-n and pigment content) of 'JD 8', a relatively heat tolerant variety, declined more slowly than those of the other three varieties during the whole heat stress period.展开更多
The effects of acid surface dissolution on the flotation kinetics of ilmenite(IL)and its common accompanied gangue minerals including olivine-pyroxene(Ol-Px),tremolite-clinochlore(Tr-Cch)and quartz were investigated.T...The effects of acid surface dissolution on the flotation kinetics of ilmenite(IL)and its common accompanied gangue minerals including olivine-pyroxene(Ol-Px),tremolite-clinochlore(Tr-Cch)and quartz were investigated.The results show that through the surface dissolution the adsorption rate constant for ilmenite increases from 5.272 to 8.441 mol/(g·min)while it decreases for Ol-Px,Tr-Cch and quartz from 6.332,7.309 and 7.774 mol/(g·min)to 5.034,6.223 and 7.371 mol/(g·min),respectively.Also,the flotation experiments on a binary mixture of minerals indicate that after surface dissolution the values of modified rate constant for ilmenite flotation from Ol-Px,Tr-Cch and quartz are enhanced from 36.15,36.52 and 47.86 min-1 to 41.72,45.78 and 56.24 min-1,respectively.This results in the improvement of kinetic selectivity index(SI)in the separation of treated ilmenite from gangue minerals.As evidenced by ICP-MS analysis,the decrease of kinetic parameters for gangue minerals can be due to the removal of Fe^2+,Ca^2+and Mg^2+ions from their surfaces,which results in the lack of enough active sites to interact with collector species.As confirmed by contact angle measurements,this prevents the formation of a stable hydrophobic layer on the minerals surfaces for creating stable attachments between minerals and bubbles.Generally,the improvement of ilmenite flotation kinetics has a negative correlation with the iron content in its accompanied gangue minerals.展开更多
A systematic laboratory study was conducted on current efficiency and corrosion obtained in cryolite-alumina melts with SnO2-Sb203-CuO ceramic inert anodes. The current efficiency （CE） was determined by measuring th...A systematic laboratory study was conducted on current efficiency and corrosion obtained in cryolite-alumina melts with SnO2-Sb203-CuO ceramic inert anodes. The current efficiency （CE） was determined by measuring the total amount of oxygen evolved at the anode and was found to be ~ 95%. The influence of operating parameters （inter-elec- trode distance, temperature and current density） was evaluated. The quantitative interdependencies as well as the ranges of CE optima[ values were established （2-3 cm, 940-960 ℃ and 0.7-0.8 A.cm 2）. The corrosion process of these anodes was evaluated by the mass loss method. The evaluation also took care of the corrosion data, as the prob- lem of the anode corrosion appeared to be the main obstacle for the use of those anodes in the commercial cells.Low-ering of the ACD up to 2 cm did not aggravate anode corrosion.展开更多
In this paper, a rate adaptive protocol AMARF (Adaptive Multirate Auto Rate Fallback) for multirate IEEE 802.11 networks is proposed. In AMARF, each data rate is assigned a unique success threshold, which is a criteri...In this paper, a rate adaptive protocol AMARF (Adaptive Multirate Auto Rate Fallback) for multirate IEEE 802.11 networks is proposed. In AMARF, each data rate is assigned a unique success threshold, which is a criterion to judge when to switch a rate to the next higher one, and the success thresholds can be adjusted dynamically in an adaptive manner according to the running conditions, such as packet length and channel parameters. Moreover, the proposed protocol can be implemented by software without any change to the current IEEE 802.11 standards. Simulation result shows that AMARF yields significantly higher throughput than other existing schemes including ARF and its variants, in various running conditions.展开更多
Conversion of SrSO4 to acidic strontium oxalate hydrate(H[Sr(C2O4)1.5(H2O)]) in aqueous H2C2O4 solutions proceeds as a consecutive reaction. In the first step of the consecutive reaction, SrSO4 reacts with H2C2O4 and ...Conversion of SrSO4 to acidic strontium oxalate hydrate(H[Sr(C2O4)1.5(H2O)]) in aqueous H2C2O4 solutions proceeds as a consecutive reaction. In the first step of the consecutive reaction, SrSO4 reacts with H2C2O4 and pseudomorphic conversion to SrC2 O4·H2O occurs. In the second step, SrC2 O4·H2O reacts with H2C2O4 to form H[Sr(C2 O4)1.5(H2O)]. Sr(HC2 O4)(C2 O4)0.5·H2 O crystallizes during cooling of the reaction mixture to room temperature if the solution reaches the saturation concentration of (H[Sr(C2O4)1.5(H2O)]. The aims of this study are the derivation of reaction rate equations and the determination of the kinetic parameters such as pre-exponential factor, apparent activation energy and order of H2C2O4 concentration for each reaction step.Fractional conversions of SrSO4 were calculated using the quantitative amounts of dissolved S and Sr. It was determined that the reaction rate increased at the initial time of reaction by increasing the temperature using solutions with approximately same H2C2O4 concentrations. The reaction extends very slowly after a certain time in solutions with low H2C2O4 concentration and ends by the formation of a protective layer of SrC2O4-H2O around the surfaces of solid particles. Fractional conversion of SrSO4 is increased by increasing concentration of H2C2O4 at constant temperature. Kinetic model equations were derived using shrinking core model for each step.展开更多
Thermo-gravimetric-analysis(TGA) was used to analyze the combustion characteristics of an oil shale and semi-cokes prepared from it.The effect of prior pyrolysis and TGA heating rate on the combustion process was stud...Thermo-gravimetric-analysis(TGA) was used to analyze the combustion characteristics of an oil shale and semi-cokes prepared from it.The effect of prior pyrolysis and TGA heating rate on the combustion process was studied.Prior pyrolysis affects the initial temperature of mass loss and the ignition temperature.The ignition temperature increases as the volatile content of the sample decreases.TG/DTG curves obtained at different heating rates show that heating rate has little effect on ignition temperature.But the peak of combustion shifts to higher temperatures as the heating rate is increased.The Coats-Redfern integration method was employed to find the combustion-reaction kinetic parameters for the burning of oil shale and oil shale semi-coke.展开更多
By rational hypothesis of fluid flow pattern, applied the law of conservation of energy and integrated the laboratory test results, finished the prediction by the theoretical model of cir-culation velocity of hydrauli...By rational hypothesis of fluid flow pattern, applied the law of conservation of energy and integrated the laboratory test results, finished the prediction by the theoretical model of cir-culation velocity of hydraulic brake which is important parameter. Thus provide the theoritical basis for hydraulic brake of bblt conveyor whose research has just been started.展开更多
Photodissociation dynamics of ketene at 218 nm has been investigated using the velocity map ion-imaging method. Both angular and translational energy distributions for the CO products at different rotational and vibra...Photodissociation dynamics of ketene at 218 nm has been investigated using the velocity map ion-imaging method. Both angular and translational energy distributions for the CO products at different rotational and vibrational states have been obtained. The 2＋1 REMPI spectrum of CO products is also obtained. The results are as bellow： （i） CO products in the first two vibrational states （ v＂=0 and v＂=1 ） exhibit significant rotational excitation. Furthermore the rotational excitation of CO at the v＂=0 level is noticeably higher than that at the v＂=1 level. （ii） It was found that the major photodissociation pathway of ketene at 218 nm is the CH2（ǎ^1A1）＋CO（X^1∑^＋） channel, while the CH2（b^1B1）＋CO（X^1∑^＋） channel and the CH2（X^3B1）＋CO（X^1E^＋） channel are also likely present, （iii） The anisotropy parameters β of CO different rovibronic states all appear to be larger than zero. No significant difference is observed at the two vibrational states,展开更多
文摘Four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties ('JD 8', 'Jing 411','Centurk' and 'Tam 202') were used to study the effect of heat stress on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf blade, nag leaf sheath, peduncle, glume, lemma and awn during grain-filling stage. The results showed that heat acclimation during grain-filling stage increased thermotolerance of wheat with significant differences among different green organs. During heat stress, the decreases of the efficiency of primary light energy conversion (F-v/F-m) of PS II and pigment (chlorophyll and carotenoid) content were much slower in peduncle, flag leaf sheath and glume than in nag leaf blade, lemma and ann; and the percentage of decrease in net photosynthetic rate (P-n) of ear was lower than that of the nag leaf blade. The measured photosynthetic parameters (F-v/F-m, P-n and pigment content) of 'JD 8', a relatively heat tolerant variety, declined more slowly than those of the other three varieties during the whole heat stress period.
文摘The effects of acid surface dissolution on the flotation kinetics of ilmenite(IL)and its common accompanied gangue minerals including olivine-pyroxene(Ol-Px),tremolite-clinochlore(Tr-Cch)and quartz were investigated.The results show that through the surface dissolution the adsorption rate constant for ilmenite increases from 5.272 to 8.441 mol/(g·min)while it decreases for Ol-Px,Tr-Cch and quartz from 6.332,7.309 and 7.774 mol/(g·min)to 5.034,6.223 and 7.371 mol/(g·min),respectively.Also,the flotation experiments on a binary mixture of minerals indicate that after surface dissolution the values of modified rate constant for ilmenite flotation from Ol-Px,Tr-Cch and quartz are enhanced from 36.15,36.52 and 47.86 min-1 to 41.72,45.78 and 56.24 min-1,respectively.This results in the improvement of kinetic selectivity index(SI)in the separation of treated ilmenite from gangue minerals.As evidenced by ICP-MS analysis,the decrease of kinetic parameters for gangue minerals can be due to the removal of Fe^2+,Ca^2+and Mg^2+ions from their surfaces,which results in the lack of enough active sites to interact with collector species.As confirmed by contact angle measurements,this prevents the formation of a stable hydrophobic layer on the minerals surfaces for creating stable attachments between minerals and bubbles.Generally,the improvement of ilmenite flotation kinetics has a negative correlation with the iron content in its accompanied gangue minerals.
文摘A systematic laboratory study was conducted on current efficiency and corrosion obtained in cryolite-alumina melts with SnO2-Sb203-CuO ceramic inert anodes. The current efficiency （CE） was determined by measuring the total amount of oxygen evolved at the anode and was found to be ~ 95%. The influence of operating parameters （inter-elec- trode distance, temperature and current density） was evaluated. The quantitative interdependencies as well as the ranges of CE optima[ values were established （2-3 cm, 940-960 ℃ and 0.7-0.8 A.cm 2）. The corrosion process of these anodes was evaluated by the mass loss method. The evaluation also took care of the corrosion data, as the prob- lem of the anode corrosion appeared to be the main obstacle for the use of those anodes in the commercial cells.Low-ering of the ACD up to 2 cm did not aggravate anode corrosion.
文摘In this paper, a rate adaptive protocol AMARF (Adaptive Multirate Auto Rate Fallback) for multirate IEEE 802.11 networks is proposed. In AMARF, each data rate is assigned a unique success threshold, which is a criterion to judge when to switch a rate to the next higher one, and the success thresholds can be adjusted dynamically in an adaptive manner according to the running conditions, such as packet length and channel parameters. Moreover, the proposed protocol can be implemented by software without any change to the current IEEE 802.11 standards. Simulation result shows that AMARF yields significantly higher throughput than other existing schemes including ARF and its variants, in various running conditions.
基金the financial support of the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University (Project number: 17344 and 31088)
文摘Conversion of SrSO4 to acidic strontium oxalate hydrate(H[Sr(C2O4)1.5(H2O)]) in aqueous H2C2O4 solutions proceeds as a consecutive reaction. In the first step of the consecutive reaction, SrSO4 reacts with H2C2O4 and pseudomorphic conversion to SrC2 O4·H2O occurs. In the second step, SrC2 O4·H2O reacts with H2C2O4 to form H[Sr(C2 O4)1.5(H2O)]. Sr(HC2 O4)(C2 O4)0.5·H2 O crystallizes during cooling of the reaction mixture to room temperature if the solution reaches the saturation concentration of (H[Sr(C2O4)1.5(H2O)]. The aims of this study are the derivation of reaction rate equations and the determination of the kinetic parameters such as pre-exponential factor, apparent activation energy and order of H2C2O4 concentration for each reaction step.Fractional conversions of SrSO4 were calculated using the quantitative amounts of dissolved S and Sr. It was determined that the reaction rate increased at the initial time of reaction by increasing the temperature using solutions with approximately same H2C2O4 concentrations. The reaction extends very slowly after a certain time in solutions with low H2C2O4 concentration and ends by the formation of a protective layer of SrC2O4-H2O around the surfaces of solid particles. Fractional conversion of SrSO4 is increased by increasing concentration of H2C2O4 at constant temperature. Kinetic model equations were derived using shrinking core model for each step.
基金Project CPEUKF08-04 support by the Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education of China
文摘Thermo-gravimetric-analysis(TGA) was used to analyze the combustion characteristics of an oil shale and semi-cokes prepared from it.The effect of prior pyrolysis and TGA heating rate on the combustion process was studied.Prior pyrolysis affects the initial temperature of mass loss and the ignition temperature.The ignition temperature increases as the volatile content of the sample decreases.TG/DTG curves obtained at different heating rates show that heating rate has little effect on ignition temperature.But the peak of combustion shifts to higher temperatures as the heating rate is increased.The Coats-Redfern integration method was employed to find the combustion-reaction kinetic parameters for the burning of oil shale and oil shale semi-coke.
文摘By rational hypothesis of fluid flow pattern, applied the law of conservation of energy and integrated the laboratory test results, finished the prediction by the theoretical model of cir-culation velocity of hydraulic brake which is important parameter. Thus provide the theoritical basis for hydraulic brake of bblt conveyor whose research has just been started.
基金This work is suppotted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Ministry of Science and Technology,and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Photodissociation dynamics of ketene at 218 nm has been investigated using the velocity map ion-imaging method. Both angular and translational energy distributions for the CO products at different rotational and vibrational states have been obtained. The 2＋1 REMPI spectrum of CO products is also obtained. The results are as bellow： （i） CO products in the first two vibrational states （ v＂=0 and v＂=1 ） exhibit significant rotational excitation. Furthermore the rotational excitation of CO at the v＂=0 level is noticeably higher than that at the v＂=1 level. （ii） It was found that the major photodissociation pathway of ketene at 218 nm is the CH2（ǎ^1A1）＋CO（X^1∑^＋） channel, while the CH2（b^1B1）＋CO（X^1∑^＋） channel and the CH2（X^3B1）＋CO（X^1E^＋） channel are also likely present, （iii） The anisotropy parameters β of CO different rovibronic states all appear to be larger than zero. No significant difference is observed at the two vibrational states,
