基于不同力模型下的乌龙茶造型过程中理化与香气品质的变化

为了深入探明颗粒形乌龙茶造型过程典型造型力的作用效果及其对乌龙茶品质形成的影响,本文设计了搓揉力+压力模型(A)和纯压力模型(B)两种力模型,研究在制叶的力学特性、微观形态、生化成分以及毛茶色泽、香气品质的影响。结果表明:两种力模型在制叶最大应力及最大应变均值达到显著差异(p <0.05);两种力模型在制叶主要生化成分总体均呈下降趋势,毛茶的茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱、黄酮含量差异显著(p <0.05);色泽方面,搓揉力与压力模型的毛茶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量均高于纯压力模型,干茶色泽也更偏绿明亮;香气方面,具花果香特征的罗勒烯、(Z)-己酸-3-己烯酯、丁酸丁酯、芳樟醇在搓揉力与压力模型中相对含量较高;感官审评中搓揉力+压力模型的毛茶品质综合表现优于纯压力模型。

造型教学之考——速写之义

速写作为造型训练的基本方法,是深化素描教学的有效方式,具有重要的现实意义。通过速写练习可以培养学生的观察力、造型力,是学生走出教室、直面生活、记录生活的“桥梁”,是艺术创作的源泉。教育应跟随时代发展的步伐,速写作为深化素描教学内容的有效方式,在教学中要得到充分重视,使学生持之以恒地加以练习。

基于形态审美的产品基因网络造型研究

目的利用产品形态审美基因网络,对台灯外轮廓曲线的相关性进行综合分析,析出产品优化与创新设计的关键要素。方法以三次贝塞尔曲线对台灯的外轮廓曲线进行基因编码,规律性调整控制点的坐标生成新曲线形态,进行曲线视觉力感知识别,挖掘曲线间的相关性;以曲线基因为节点,相关性为边构建产品形态审美基因网络,并对网络进行拓扑分析,析出关键设计节点辅助设计者进行产品设计。结果运用产品形态基因网络的理论找到原型设计的关键性节点,并进行设计优化,使产品造型设计更符合消费者的审美习惯和偏好。结论通过对台灯外轮廓线的案例实践,证实了产品形态基因网络在产品细节优化和造型创新设计方面具有实用性和可靠性,能够辅助设计者找到关键设计节点并协调设计的基因集团。

“生本理念”下小学生美术造型的培养策略

美术造型表现力是学生的一种美术核心素养。美术造型表现力不是一蹴而就所能培养出来的,也不是仅靠教师的传授所能习得的,它需要依靠学生的主动观察感悟与实践锻炼,在长期的美术活动中潜移默化地吸收与沉淀。然而,部分美术教师仍然乐于师本课堂,抑制了学生美术造型表现力的发展。笔者在多年的小学美术教学中基于'生本理念',打造'生本课堂',有效培养了学生美术造型表现力。

创造型领导力对员工突破式创新的影响研究

本文以员工的突破式创新行为机制为基点,基于社会学习理论构建了一个中介效应模型来探讨创造型领导力对员工突破式创新的影响。然后,在第一手问卷调研数据的基础上,运用回归分析的方法对提出的模型进行了实证检验。研究结果表明:创造型领导力显著促进了员工的突破式创新行为,组织创新氛围在创造型领导力促进员工突破式创新的过程中发挥了中介作用。本研究拓展了创新的相关理论,并为企业解决创新问题提供了新的视角。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy cast by metal mould and lost foam casting

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-10.1Gd-3.74Y-0.25Zr （mass fraction, %） alloy （GW104 alloy） cast by metal mould casting （MMC） and lost foam casting （LFC） were evaluated, respectively. It is revealed that different forming modes do not influence the phase composition of as-cast alloy. In the as-cast specimens, the microstructures are similar and composed of α-Mg solid solution, eutectic compound of α-Mg＋Mg 24 （Gd, Y） 5 and cuboid-shaped Mg 5 （Gd, Y） phase; whereas the average grain size of the alloy produced by metal mould casting is smaller than that by lost foam casting. The eutectic compound of the alloy is completely dissolved after solution treatment at 525 ℃for 6 h, while the Mg 5 （Gd, Y） phase still exists after solution treatment. After peak-ageing, the lost foam cast alloy exhibits the maximum ultimate tensile strength of 285 MPa, and metal mould cast specimen 325 MPa at room temperature, while the tensile yield strengths of them are comparable. It can be concluded that GW104 alloy cast by lost foam casting possesses similar microstructure and evidently lower mechanical strength compared with metal mould cast alloy, due to slow solidification rate and proneness to form shrinkage porosities during lost foam casting process.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.4Zr magnesium alloy

Influence of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.4Zr magnesium alloy was investigated,and the tensile fracture mechanisms of the studied alloys under different conditions were also discussed.The results show that the optimum T4 and T6 heat treatment conditions for the as-cast Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.4Zr alloy are 525°C,8 h and（525°C,8 h）＋（225°C,16 h）,respectively,with regard to the microstructure observation,DSC heating curve and mechanical properties.The hardness,yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.4Zr alloy treated by optimum T6 heat treatment are HV91,180 MPa,297 MPa and 7.4%,respectively.Moreover,the Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.4Zr alloys under different heat treatment conditions exhibit different tensile fracture modes.

Influence of pouring temperature on solidification behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy

Influence of the pouring temperature ranging from 680 to 780 ℃ on the solidification behavior, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy was investigated. It was found that the nucleation undercooling of the a-Mg phase increased from 2.3 to 6.3 ℃. The average a-Mg grain size increased from 44 to 71 μm, but then decreased to 46 μm. The morphology of the eutectic compound transformed from a continuous network into a discontinuous state and then subsequently into an island-like block. The volume fraction of β-Mg_24RE_5 phase increased and its morphology transformed from particle into rod-like. The increase in pouring temperature increased the solute concentration. YS increased from 138 to 151 MPa, and UTS increased from 186 to 197 MPa. The alloy poured at 750 ℃ had optimal combining strength and ductility. The fracture surface mode transformed from quasi-cleavage crack into transgranular fracture, all plus the dimple-like fracture, with the micro-porosity and the re-oxidation inclusion as major defects. The average a-Mg grain size played a main role in the YS of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy, besides other factors, i.e. micro-porosity, morphology of eutectic compounds, re-oxidation inclusion and solute concentration.

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics modeling and simulation of foundry filling process

A numerical model of foundry filling process was established based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics（SPH）method.To mimic the constraints that the solid mold prescribes on the filling fluid,a composite treatment to the solid boundaries is elaborately designed.On solid boundary surfaces,boundary particles were set,which exert Lennard-Jones force on approaching fluid particles;inside the solid mold,ghost particles were arranged to complete the compact domain of near-boundary fluid particles.Water analog experiments were conducted in parallel with the model simulations.Very good agreement between experimental and simulation results demonstrates the success of model development.

创造型领导力对下属创造力的影响研究:量表开发与验证

组织越来越重视和追求创新,领导也需要更多创造力来面对日益复杂的决策环境。本研究提出"创造型领导力"来描述工作情境中领导通过发挥自己的创造力来影响下属和组织的行为或表现,并探讨了创造型领导力对下属创造力的影响。研究一使用三个独立样本开发了创造型领导力的量表,验证性因子分析确定了创造型领导力表现的两个维度:"创造型的工作者"和"创造型的管理者"。研究二通过244份领导—下属的配对问卷检验了创造型领导力对下属创造力的影响。研究发现,创造型领导力可以通过下属的创造性自我效能和领导认同影响创造力;下属的创造力目标设定能够调节创造性自我效能和领导认同对创造力的影响。最后,本文讨论了研究的理论和实践意义。

Mechanical performance of the mixed post-installed connection in low-strength concrete

Due to inadequate bearing capacity of the chemically-planted steel bar in low-strength concrete, a new mixed post-installed connection is proposed using small diameter anchoring steel bars and grouting materials together to anchor the main steel bar. To investigate the feasibility of the proposed post-installed connections, a series of pull-out tests with different anchors were conducted for comparison,including fully adhesive anchors, partially adhesive anchors,grouting material anchoring connection and the new mixed post-installed connection. The experimental results of the single steel bar pull-out test show that the mixed post-installed connection can effectively enhance the bearing capacity of post-installed steel bars in low-strength concrete. The bearing capacity is increased by nearly two times with no cone-type concrete failure compared with the fully adhesive anchor. The results show that adopting the new mixed post-installed connection can ensure that joint performance meets the requirements if the space dimension is available.

Effect of complex melt-refining treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg–10Gd–3Y–0.5Zr alloy

The effect of complex melt-refining treatment （melt flux incorporating with rotating gas bubble stirring） on microstructure and mechanical behavior of the sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy was investigated. In addition, the melt purifying mechanism of the complex melt-refining treatment for the sand-cast alloy was discussed systematically. The results show that the new melt-refining method can significantly improve melt quality and mechanical behavior of the tested alloy, i.e., compared to the reference unpttdfied alloy, the volume fraction of inclusions decreased from 0.47% to 0.28%, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation for T6-treated alloy increased from 245 MPa and 0.7% to 312 MPa and 4.5%, respectively. Especially, combining 1% flux with rotating gas bubble stirring can get even better purifying effectiveness than conventional sole 2% flux purification; the use of melt flux decreased by 50% and significantly reduced environmental pollution.

New Cutting Force Modeling Approach for Flat End Mill

A new mechanistic cutting force model for flat end milling using the instantaneous cutting force coefficients is proposed. An in-depth analysis shows that the total cutting forces can be separated into two terms: a nominal component independent of the runout and a perturbation component induced by the runout. The instantaneous value of the nominal component is used to calibrate the cutting force coefficients. With the help of the perturbation component and the cutting force coefficients obtained above, the cutter runout is identified. Based on simulation and experimental results, the validity of the identification approach is demonstrated. The advantage of the proposed method lies in that the calibration performed with data of one cutting test under a specific regime can be applied for a great range of cutting conditions.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 thixoformed alloys in comparison with gravity cast ones using new criterion

The effect of thixoforming process on morphologies of silicon particles that affect fracture mode of A356 alloy was investigated.Microstructure and fracture surfaces of thixoformed samples were investigated by image analyzing technique and scanning electron microscopy.A new combination parameter, called silicon density ratio (SDR) index, was introduced.SDR index approximates the collective effects of morphological characteristics of silicon particles on microstructure transparency of alloy in crossing the dislocation.It is suggested that samples with lower SDR index have superior mechanical properties, especially elongation, and consequently intergranular fracture mode.On the contrary, samples with higher SDR index have inferior mechanical properties and fracture path tends to propagate along the cell boundaries leading to transgranular fracture.

Outburst control in soft and outburst prone coal seam using the waterjet slotting technique from modeling to field work

The paper discussed a comprehensive numerical simulation and field work by the usage of waterjet slotting tech- nique to prevent the occurrence of outbursts in soft and outburst prone coal seams. This was based on the geological and ge- omechanical conditions of Jinjiachong Colliery, Guizhou Province, associated with varied waterjet slotting parameters such as slotting penetration, slotting thickness and slotting distance along the length of borehole. Also, to understand the variation of internal stress of coal seams after waterjet slotting application, the internal stress levels were compared with and without slot- ting application, and the results indicate that the internal effective stress levels can be reduced to 70% and 45% for the vertical and horizontal stresses, respectively, and the gas concentration can be increased up to 5 times when the waterjet slotting is ap- plied.

Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment Method to Determine Tectonic Stress Patterns

The tectonic stress patterns were determined by a fuzzy comprehensive assessment method. Data of in-situ survey and fault information were utilized in the method. First, by making pressure and tension in the directions of along-river, cross-river, shear clockwise, and shear counterclockwise , 26 types of tectonic stress patterns were presented. And the stress vector of each pattern was obtained with FE software by taking unit displacement as boundary load. Then, by taking the 26 types of tectonic stress patterns as index set and 3 main stresses as factor set and choosing various operators, comparison of directions of computational stress vector and survey stress vector was made and the most possible tectonic stress pattern was obtained. Taking the 26 types of tectonic stress patterns as index set and strike angle as factor set, comparison of relationships between formation of fault and tectonic stress was made,and the tectonic stress patterns were assessed with known fault information. By summarizing the above assessment results, the most impossible tectonic stress pattern was obtained . Finally an engineering case was quoted to validate that the method is more feasible and reliable than traditional empirical method.

Geometry effect on mechanical properties of woven fabric composites

The effects of geometry on mechanical properties in woven fabric composites were explored. Two types of composites, including one-layered and two-layered composites, were designed and studied. For one-layered composites, inter-strand gap effects on the mechanical properties were studied, while three cases of geometries with inter-strand gaps in two-layered composites were evaluated. A woven fiber micromechanics analytical model called MESOTEX was employed for theoretical simulation. The predicted results show that the inter-strand gap and simple variation of the strand positions in a repeating unit cell significantly affect the mechanical properties of woven fabric composites.

Thermal Entangled Quantum Refrigerator Working with Three-Qubit Heisenberg XX Model

An entangled quantum refrigerator working with a three-qubit one-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg XX model in a constant external magnetic field is constructed in this paper. Based on the quantum first law of thermodynamics, the expressions for several basic thermodynamic quantities such as the heat transferred, the net work and the coefficient of performance are derived. Moreover, the influence of the thermal entanglement on the basic thermodynamic quantities is investigated. Several interesting features of the variation of the basic thermodynamic quantities with the thermal entanglement in zero and nonzero magnetic field are obtained.

The step-by-step CFD design method of pressure-compensating emitter

In order to improve the design and research and development (R & D) efficiency of the pressure- compensating drip irrigation emitter,a step-by-step computational fluid dynamics (CFD) design method was proposed based on CFD theory combined with the finite element method. By analyzing its hydraulic performance through the step-by-step CFD method,the prediction pressure-flow curve(p-Q curve) of the pressure-compensating emitter was obtained. Then the test samples were fabricated using rapid prototype and manufacturing(RP & M) technology. The emitters' hydraulic performance experiment was carried out and the experimental p-Q curve was obtained. The step-by-step CFD design method was verified by comparing the experimental p-Q curve with the prediction values,which showed that the prediction values met the experimental results well within the normal range of the emitter's working pressure. On this basis,the effect of the emitter structure on its pressure-compensating performance was studied,which showed that the height of the pressure-compensating region had significant effects on the emitter's pressure-compensating performance. Series products of the pressure-compensating emitter could be designed by changing the region's height.

Innovation for Multinational Corporations

Growth, innovation, and strategic focus are vital for long-term success of multinational corporations （MNCs）. MNCs must create the organizational culture and process for increased competitiveness to sustain better market shares and profits. Towards this end, MNCs should develop a comprehensive innovation strategy. Innovation is a way of life and the spirit of innovation, like the spirit of entrepreneurship, must be sustained. The goal should be continuous growth with competitiveness. And towards this purpose, organizations must innovate. The article draws from innovation concepts as they would lead to organizational growth and competitiveness. MNC international structure, culture, and leadership style have an influence on the innovation culture and creativity process in the MNC organization. The article sets forth a model for MNC decision-making structure and organizational culture for facilitating the innovative fervor and capability to be more favorable to the MNC. The models presented here are meaningful in the quest for greater MNC innovativeness and creativity.