以类相动——《乐道——中国古典音乐哲学论稿》之一

中国古典乐道，基于中国古典哲学“道、形、器”与“达、类、私”之基本范畴，揭示了“以类相动”、“比类成行”的音乐以其“形”之层面的、“法式”性质的“乐式”同行、同态于万事万物，“中”长宙大宇行运之“节”之行象艺术的本质属性。墨子所谓“达而类私”，正是通过特殊的具象之私，上升到一般的抽象之达；正是通过一般的抽象之达，类归特殊的具象之私；正是通过特殊的具象之器，上升到一般的抽象之道；正是通过一般的抽象之道，形范特殊的具象之器。在这里，达是以类私的面目显现的，私是以达同的属类显现的；共相是以殊相的面目显现的，殊相是以共相的例案显现的；形而上之道是以形而下之器的面目显现的，形而下之器是以形而上之道的象征显现的。而在此种种界面之中，“形”乃是其“法式”性质的中介。就音乐艺术而言，形而上的乐道是以形而下的乐象之行态显现的，形而下的乐象是以形而上的乐道之象征显现的。而在此界面之中，形之层面的“乐式”，乃是“道”、“器”之间“法式”性质的中介。

“开物成务”:《周易》的设计思想初探

《周易》作为先秦古籍蕴含着深刻的设计思想和观念。八卦符号和汉字是中国早期文明中最伟大、最成功的平面设计,《周易》中保留和揭示的象数理论折射出早期设计的思维方式及设计的基本方法、观点。本文不仅对《周易》的设计思想做了揭示,亦对"作"与"述"、"道"与"器"等概念做了新的阐释。

Process Characteristics of CO2 Absorption by Aqueous Monoethanolamine in a Microchannel Reactor

Process characteristics of CO2 absorption using aqueous monoethanolamine （MEA） in a microchannel reactor were investigated experimentally in this work. A T-type rectangular microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 408μm was used. Operating parameters, i.e. temperature, pressure and molar ratio of MEA to CO2 were studied. Under 3 MPa pressure, the mole fraction of CO2 in gaslphase could decrease from 32.3% to 300×10-6 at least when gas hourly space velocity ranged from 14400 to 68600 h- and molar ratio of MEA to CO2 was kept at 2.2. In particular, the effects of temperature on CO2 absorption flux, mass transfer driving force, gas-liquid contact time and en- hancement factor were analyzed in detail and found that mass transfer enhancement by chemical reaction was a crucial factor for the orocess of CO9 absorotion.

FREE GRAFT TWO-STAGE URETHROPLASTY FOR HYPOSPADIAS REPAIR

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of free graft transplantation two-stage urethroplasty for hypospadias repair. Methods Fifty-eight cases with different types of hypospadias including 10 subcoronal, 36 penile shaft, 9 scrotal, and 3 perineal were treated with free full-thickness skin graft or (and) buccal mucosal graft transplantation two-stage urethroplasty. Of 58 cases, 45 were new cases, 13 had history of previous failed surgeries. Operative procedure included two stages: the first stage is to correct penile curvature (chordee), prepare transplanting bed, harvest and prepare full-thickness skin graft, buccal mucosal graft, and perform graft transplantation. The second stage is to complete urethroplasty and glanuloplasty. Results After the first stage operation, 56 of 58 cases (96.6%) were successful with grafts healing well, another 2 foreskin grafts got gangrened. After the second stage operation on 56 cases, 5 cases failed with newly formed urethras opened due to infection, 8 cases had fistulas, 43 (76.8%) cases healed well. Conclusions Free graft transplantation two-stage urethroplasty for hypospadias repair is a kind of effective treatment with broad indication, comparatively high success rate, less complications and good cosmatic results, indicative of various types of hypospadias repair.

Optimal trajectory planning based on Hamiltonian function of a spherical mobile robot

Designed for planetary exploration,a spherical mobile robot BHQ-1 was briefly introduced.The mo-tion model of BHQ-1 was established and quasi-velocities were introduced to simplify some dynamic quan-tities.Based on the model,the time- and energy-based optimal trajectory of BHQ-1 was planned withHamiltonian function. The effects of three key coefficients on the shape and direction of the planned tra-jectory were discussed by simulations.Experimental result of the robot ability in avoiding an obstacle waspresented to validate the trajectory planning method.

Discrete element method analysis of lateral resistance of fouled ballast bed

The lateral resistance of sleeper plays an important role in ensuring the stability of a railway track, which may change in the operation of railway, due to the fouling in the ballast bed. In this work, discrete element method was adopted to investigate the effect of fouling on the lateral resistance of sleeper. The shape information of ballast was captured by method of three-dimensional vision reconstruction. In order to calibrate the mechanical parameters and verify the models, a lateral resistance field test was carried out by using a custom-made device. The contact force distributions in the different parts of sleeper as well as the interaction between ballast and sleeper were discussed in depth. The results show that fouling of ballast bed evidently reduces the lateral resistance of sleeper and the decreasing degree is also related to the fouled position of ballast bed, in the order of shoulder > bottom > side.Therefore, the effect of fouling, especially the fouling in the ballast shoulder, on the lateral resistance of sleeper, should be taken into account in ballast track maintenance work.

Resultant linear acceleration of an instrumented head form does not differ between junior and collegiate taekwondo athletes' kicks

Objective： The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of various taekwondo kicks and age （school level） in absolute terms and relative body mass on the resultant linear acceleration （RLA） of an instrumented head form. Methods： Forty-eight male （middle school： 16; high school： 16; university： 16） taekwondo athletes were recruited for this study. Subjects performed 10 turning, 10 jump spinning hook, and 10 jump back kicks on a Hybrid II head mounted on a height-adjustable frame. Results： A 2-way （School x Kick） MANOVA was used to determine the differences in RLA between schools （age groups） by type of kick. There was no univariate School main effect for absolute RLA （η2 = 0.06） and RLA relative to body mass （η2 = 0.06）. No univariate Kick main effects were found for absolute （η2 = 0.06） and relative RLA （η2 = 0.06）. Conclusion： It is of concern that RLA did not significantly differ between school levels, implying that young taekwondo athletes generate similar forces to their adult counterparts, possibly exposing young athletes to an increased risk for head ir^iuries.

Experimental Study of Flow Field at the Outlet of Dual-Channel Burner

This paper presents an experimental study result of flow field of a dual-channel burner. In order to solve the ubiquitous problem of bad rigidity of jets in dual-channel burners, wedges with different arrangements and structural parameters were added to different positions at the outlet of the burners. Laser Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used in this study to measure the flow field to investigate influence of the wedges on flow field of the dual-channel burner. Experimental study shows that fixing wedges at both right and left sides of the burner's outlet can increase the intensity of recirculadon without changing the size of the recirculation zone and enhance the rigidity of jets via increasing speed of the two primary air jets at the outlet.

方法论四题

以农业为标尺去评估一种古文化的发育程度的理论，并不具有普遍意义。复合经济形态是文明起源的最理想的经济形态。渔猎文明、畜牧文明和农业文明是互补关系。镐京方言的句法由SOV型演变为SVO型，是商文化起了决定性作用。商族是红山文化的后代，所以红山文化的句法是SVO型。思维进化的程度和文化发展的程度是同步关系。在赵宝沟文化、红山文化的生殖崇拜中，原始思维的互渗规律表现得最是淋漓尽致。蒙古族的“白彦图儒”是保留在生殖崇拜中的互渗规律的遗迹。考古学文化可划分为“器”、“形”、“道”三个历史层面。在最高层面“道”上主要讨论了：（1）马厂类型的，是西渐的小河沿文化的因素，可能也受到苏米尔人文化东渐的影响。（2）敖汉的自然地理，使之成为东北亚古文化南渐的非常奇特的“积淀区”。在赤峰地区有可能发现距今约10000年的新石器文化，眼睛也必须首先盯在敖汉。（3）“坛、庙、冢”之后，红山文化不是“衰落”了，而是“升华”了。（4）商文化以一股新鲜血液输入中原，推进融合，奠定了中国古文化可持续发展的新格局。

Geomorphological Features of Ancient Volcanic Terrain of Mars

The article considers geological and morphological features of a volcanic relief of a surface of a planet Mars. Effusive magmatism processes at early stages of planet crust forming come out in structure of solidified relief forms of Mars. Volcanic relief of a planet represents relic ancient line oriented forms, areal and central lava flooding. Linear forms generate shield volcanoes, chains of volcanic mountains and radial-concentric faults. This article deals with geological and morphological characteristics of the volcanic terrain of Mars. Hypsometric altitude profiles of volcanoes have been built based on the MOLA （Mars orbiter laser altimeter） of the spacecraft MGS （Mars global surveyor）. The gradient of volcano flanks has been calculated. The relative age of the volcanic terrain was estimated by the classical method of counting of the density of impact craters. Names of the volcanic landforms of Mars are given in the article in accordance with the name nomenclature system approved by the International Astronomical Union. Research results make it possible to compare the scientific and technical information about the planet and analyze the materials of satellite imagery of Mars.

Turbulent forced convection in a heat exchanger square channel with wavy-ribs vortex generator

Turbulent forced convective heat transfer and flow con figurations in a square channel with wavy-ribs inserted diagonally are examined numerically. The in fluences of the 30° and 45° flow attack angles for wavy-ribs, blockage ratio, R B= b/H = 0.05–0.25 with single pitch ratio, R P= P/H = 1 are investigated for the Reynolds number based on the hydraulic diameter of the square channel, Re = 3000–20000. The use of the wavy-ribs, which inserted diagonal in the square channel, is aimed to help to improve the thermal performance in heat exchange systems.The finite volume method and SIMPLE algorithm are applied to the present numerical simulation. The results are presented on the periodic flow and heat transfer pro files, flow con figurations, heat transfer characteristics and the performance evaluations. The mathematical results reveal that the use of wavy-ribs leads to a higher heat transfer rate and friction loss over the smooth channel. The heat transfer enhancements are around 1.97–5.14 and 2.04–5.27 times over the smooth channel for 30° and 45° attack angles, respectively. However, the corresponding friction loss values for 30° and 45° are around 4.26–86.55 and 5.03–97.98 times higher than the smooth square channel, respectively. The optimum thermal enhancement factor on both cases is found at R B= 0.10 and the lowest Reynolds number, Re = 3000, to be about 1.47 and 1.52, respectively, for 30° and 45° wavy-ribs.

Imaging simulation and analysis of attitude jitter effect on topographic mapping for lunar orbiter stereo optical cameras

The geometric accuracy of topographic mapping with high-resolution remote sensing images is inevita-bly affected by the orbiter attitude jitter.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct preliminary research on the stereo mapping camera equipped on lunar orbiter before launching.In this work,an imaging simulation method consid-ering the attitude jitter is presented.The impact analysis of different attitude jitter on terrain undulation is conduct-ed by simulating jitter at three attitude angles,respectively.The proposed simulation method is based on the rigor-ous sensor model,using the lunar digital elevation model(DEM)and orthoimage as reference data.The orbit and attitude of the lunar stereo mapping camera are simulated while considering the attitude jitter.Two-dimensional simulated stereo images are generated according to the position and attitude of the orbiter in a given orbit.Experi-mental analyses were conducted by the DEM with the simulated stereo image.The simulation imaging results demonstrate that the proposed method can ensure imaging efficiency without losing the accuracy of topographic mapping.The effect of attitude jitter on the stereo mapping accuracy of the simulated images was analyzed through a DEM comparison.

An Experimental Study on Transverse Hydrogen Gas Injection into Mach 1.8 Airnow Channel-The lst report:Single Circular Injector

Experimental results from a series of injection tests of pressurized H2, N2 gases into Mach 1.8 airfiows between parallel channel walls through a flush-mounted circular sonic opening have been presented.Schlieren pictures revealed complex interaction flow features including the occurrence of bow/separation shock waves due to the injection as well as the barrel shock/Mach disc structure inside the injected gas stream. The injectant penetration measured by the Mach disc height against the injection pressure showed a good agreement with the correlation curve based upon the "effective back pressure" concept. The reversed flow region beneath the separation shock wave, the injectant wake and its associated flow entraimment were also visualized by the oil paint method. Wall static pressure distributions around the injector were measured in detail, which corresponded very well to the above results of flow visualization.Gas samplings were also undertaken by using the pressure taps to confirm the presence of H2 gas in the separation region ahead of the injector. Traversing of total pressure and H2 gas concentration at the exit of the test channel showed monotonous increase of the loss while its profile was kept very similar with the injection pressure. The area indicating the loss and the presence of H2 gas almost coincided with each other, which remained to be small to indicate very slow gas mixing/diffusion with the main air flow. With the increase of airflow total temperature to 1200 K, a bulk flame was first observed at the exit section. Further increase up to 1460 K observed an ignition flame at the injector. However,the reflection of the bow shock wave was found to be a more likely trigger of the bulk flame ignition within the test section.

Multi-pulse orbits dynamics of composite laminated piezoelectric rectangular plate

The multi-pulse orbits and chaotic dynamics of a simply supported laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate under combined parametric excitation and transverse excitation are studied in detail. It is assumed that different layers are perfectly bonded to each other with piezoelectric actuator patches embedded. The nonlinear equations of motion for the laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate are derived from von Karman-type equation and third-order shear deformation plate theory of Reddy. The two-degree-of-freedom dimensionless equations of motion are obtained by using the Galerkin approach to the partial differential governing equation of motion for the laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate. The four-dimensional averaged equation in the case of primary parametric resonance and 1:3 internal resonances is obtained by using the method of multiple scales. From the averaged equation, the theory of normal form is used to find the explicit formulas of normal form. Based on the normal form obtained, the energy phase method is utilized to analyze the multi-pulse global bifurcations and chaotic dynamics for the laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate. The analysis of the global dynamics indicates that there exist multi-pulse jumping orbits in the perturbed phase space of the averaged equation. Based on the averaged equation obtained, the chaotic motions and the Shilnikov type multi-pulse orbits of the laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate are also found by numerical simulation. The results obtained above mean the existence of the chaos in the Smale horseshoe sense for the simply supported laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate.