Red-light-induced swelling of the protoplasts isolated from hypocotyl of etiolated mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) was observed only when Ca2+ ions were present in the medium. The optimal CaCl2 concentration was 250...Red-light-induced swelling of the protoplasts isolated from hypocotyl of etiolated mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) was observed only when Ca2+ ions were present in the medium. The optimal CaCl2 concentration was 250 μM. Swelling response declined when Ca2+ was supplied into the medium after red light irradiation. The Ca2+-chelator EGTA eliminated the red-light-induced swelling and 45Ca2+ accumulation in the protoplasts. In contrast, A23187, a Ca2+-ionophore, could mimic the effect of red light in darkness. These results indicate that Ca2+ may play a role in light signal transduction. In addition, swelling response was prevented by TFP and CPZ (both are CaM antagonists), implying the involvement of CaM in red-light-induced and Ca2+ -dependent protoplast swelling.展开更多
Trillions of microbes have evolved with and continue to live on and within human beings. A variety of environmental factors can affect intestinal microbial imbalance, which has a close relationship with human health a...Trillions of microbes have evolved with and continue to live on and within human beings. A variety of environmental factors can affect intestinal microbial imbalance, which has a close relationship with human health and disease. Here, we focus on the interactions between the human microbiota and the host in order to provide an overview of the microbial role in basic biological processes and in the development and progression of major human diseases such as infectious diseases, liver diseases, gastrointestinal cancers, metabolic diseases, respiratory diseases, mental or psychological diseases, and autoimmune diseases. We also review important advances in techniques associated with microbial research, such as DNA sequencing, metabonomics, and proteomics combined with computation-based bioinformatics.Current research on the human microbiota has become much more sophisticated and more comprehensive.Therefore, we propose that research should focus on the host-microbe interaction and on causeeffect mechanisms, which could pave the way to an understanding of the role of gut microbiota in health and disease, and provide new therapeutic targets and treatment approaches in clinical practice.展开更多
AIM： To clarify whether insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for erosive esophagitis.METHODS： A case-control study was performed using the database of the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Medical Scree...AIM： To clarify whether insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for erosive esophagitis.METHODS： A case-control study was performed using the database of the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Medical Screening Center.RESULTS： A total of 1679 cases of erosive esophagitis and 3358 randomly selected controls were included. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 21% of the cases and 12% of the controls （P 〈 0.001）. Multiple logistic regressions confirmed the association between erosive esophagitis and metabolic syndrome （Odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04-1.49）. Among the components of metabolic syndrome, increased waist circumference, elevated serum triglyceride levels and hypertension were significant risk factors for erosive esophagitis （all P 〈 0.01）. Furthermore, increased insulin resistance （Odds ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.98） and fatty liver, as diagnosed by ultrasonography （odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.20-1.60）, were also related to erosive esophagitis even afl：er adjustment for a series of confounding factors.CONCLUSION： Metabolic syndrome and increased insulin resistance are associated with an increased risk of developing erosive esophagitis.展开更多
As an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) nursing technology, moxibustion plays a unique role in improving the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The research on the mechanism of moxibustion int...As an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) nursing technology, moxibustion plays a unique role in improving the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The research on the mechanism of moxibustion intervention in AS mainly focuses on anti-inflammatory effects, immune regulation, bone metabolism regulation, intestinal flora regulation, and so on. Molecular medicine is of great significance to further clarify the mechanism of moxibustion intervention in AS. However, there are still some problems in the research on the molecular mechanism of moxibustion intervention in AS: the existing biomedical research methods only explore from a specific field and lack the exploration of moxibustion-targeted molecules based on biomedical network. In the future, the molecular network effect of moxibustion on AS can be discussed comprehensively and systematically with the help of omics technology and the construction of biological information interaction network between omics. The effect of moxibustion on upstream osteogenic transcription factors and related signaling pathways such as WNT, β-catenin, and BMP/Smads is not yet clear. Future research can focus on the relevant signal targets of bone reconstruction and clarify the mechanism of moxibustion against the new bone formation. In addition, there is a lack of research on the molecular mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of AS from the perspective of metabolites. It is necessary to further explore the mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of AS with the help of metabonomics technology.展开更多
With its long-term empirical clinical practice and increasing number of health benefits reported,Chinese Materia Medica(CMM)is gaining increasing global acceptance.Importantly,the identification of chemical constituen...With its long-term empirical clinical practice and increasing number of health benefits reported,Chinese Materia Medica(CMM)is gaining increasing global acceptance.Importantly,the identification of chemical constituents in vitro and exposed forms in vivo is a prerequisite for understanding how CMM formulae prevent and treat diseases.This review systematically summarizes the exciting and magical journey of CMM components from compound formulae to where they fight,the possible structural transformation of CMM components in vitro and in vivo,and their pharmacological contribution.When a decoction is prepared,significant chemical reactions are observed,including degradation and production of polymers and self-assembling supramolecules,leading to the construction of a component library with diverse decoction structures.After ingestion,compounds pass through the intestinal and blood-brain barriers and undergo a more wonderful journey involving the gut microbiota,microbial enzymes,and endogenous drug-metabolizing enzymes(mainly liver enzymes).At this stage,they are modified and assembled into novel and complex compounds,such as newly generated metabolites,conjugates,and self-assembling superamolecules.This review might provide a strategic orientation to explore the active compounds of CMM formulae in vivo.展开更多
The role of whole-body FDG [(～(18)F)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose] positron emission tomography(PET)scan-ning as an imaging modality in the management of patients with malignancy has evolved enormously over the past two d...The role of whole-body FDG [(～(18)F)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose] positron emission tomography(PET)scan-ning as an imaging modality in the management of patients with malignancy has evolved enormously over the past two decades.FDG-PET has demonstrated signifi cant effi cacy in the staging,prognostication and detection of occult metastatic disease in malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract,in addition to assessment of the response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in a more timely manner than has traditionally been possible by more conventional imaging tools.The sensitivity and specif icity of FDG-PET for the detection and staging of malignancy depend not only on the site and size of the primary tumor and metastases,but also on histologi-cal cell type,reflecting underlying disparities in glucose metabolism.The metabolic response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy or to chemo-radiotherapy in cancers of the gastro-esophageal junction or stomach has been demonstrated in several prospective studies to correlate signifi cantly with both the histological tumor response to treatment and with consequent improvements in overall survival.This may offer a future paradigm ofpersonalized treatment based on the PET response to chemotherapy.FDG-PET has been less successful in efforts to screen for and detect recurrent upper gastro-intestinal malignancies,and in the detection of low vol-ume metastatic peritoneal disease.Efforts to improve the accuracy of PET include the use of novel radiotrac-ers such as(～(18)F)FLT(3-deoxy-3-fluorothymidine)or 11C-choline,or fusion PET-CT with concurrent high-res-olution computed tomography.This review focuses on the role of FDG-PET scanning in staging and response assessment in malignancies of the upper gastrointesti-nal tract,specif ically gastric,esophageal and pancreas carcinoma.展开更多
Bile acid（BA） is de novo synthesized exclusively in the liver and has direct or indirect antimicrobial effects. On the other hand, the composition and size of the BA pool can be altered by intestinal microbiota via ...Bile acid（BA） is de novo synthesized exclusively in the liver and has direct or indirect antimicrobial effects. On the other hand, the composition and size of the BA pool can be altered by intestinal microbiota via the biotransformation of primary BAs to secondary BAs, and subsequently regulate the nuclear farnesoid X receptor（FXR; NR1H4）. The BA-activated FXR plays important roles in BA synthesis and metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, and even hepatic autophagy. BAs can also play a role in the interplays among intestinal microbes. In this review, we mainly discuss the interactions between BAs and intestinal microbiota and their roles in regulating host metabolism, and probably the autophagic signaling pathway.展开更多
文摘Red-light-induced swelling of the protoplasts isolated from hypocotyl of etiolated mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) was observed only when Ca2+ ions were present in the medium. The optimal CaCl2 concentration was 250 μM. Swelling response declined when Ca2+ was supplied into the medium after red light irradiation. The Ca2+-chelator EGTA eliminated the red-light-induced swelling and 45Ca2+ accumulation in the protoplasts. In contrast, A23187, a Ca2+-ionophore, could mimic the effect of red light in darkness. These results indicate that Ca2+ may play a role in light signal transduction. In addition, swelling response was prevented by TFP and CPZ (both are CaM antagonists), implying the involvement of CaM in red-light-induced and Ca2+ -dependent protoplast swelling.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program, 2013CB531401）, the Major Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province （2014C03039）, and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province （R16H260001）. We acknowledge Doctors Chunlei Chen, Bo Li, Jing Guo, Ding Shi, Qiongling Bao, Silan Gu, Yanfei Chen, Kai Zhou, Qixiang Luo, Ruiqi Tang, and Xiangyang Jiang for the literature search and the preparation for the manuscript. We also thank the reviewers for their thoughtful and helpful comments.
文摘Trillions of microbes have evolved with and continue to live on and within human beings. A variety of environmental factors can affect intestinal microbial imbalance, which has a close relationship with human health and disease. Here, we focus on the interactions between the human microbiota and the host in order to provide an overview of the microbial role in basic biological processes and in the development and progression of major human diseases such as infectious diseases, liver diseases, gastrointestinal cancers, metabolic diseases, respiratory diseases, mental or psychological diseases, and autoimmune diseases. We also review important advances in techniques associated with microbial research, such as DNA sequencing, metabonomics, and proteomics combined with computation-based bioinformatics.Current research on the human microbiota has become much more sophisticated and more comprehensive.Therefore, we propose that research should focus on the host-microbe interaction and on causeeffect mechanisms, which could pave the way to an understanding of the role of gut microbiota in health and disease, and provide new therapeutic targets and treatment approaches in clinical practice.
文摘AIM： To clarify whether insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for erosive esophagitis.METHODS： A case-control study was performed using the database of the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Medical Screening Center.RESULTS： A total of 1679 cases of erosive esophagitis and 3358 randomly selected controls were included. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 21% of the cases and 12% of the controls （P 〈 0.001）. Multiple logistic regressions confirmed the association between erosive esophagitis and metabolic syndrome （Odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04-1.49）. Among the components of metabolic syndrome, increased waist circumference, elevated serum triglyceride levels and hypertension were significant risk factors for erosive esophagitis （all P 〈 0.01）. Furthermore, increased insulin resistance （Odds ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.98） and fatty liver, as diagnosed by ultrasonography （odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.20-1.60）, were also related to erosive esophagitis even afl：er adjustment for a series of confounding factors.CONCLUSION： Metabolic syndrome and increased insulin resistance are associated with an increased risk of developing erosive esophagitis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81904274).
文摘As an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) nursing technology, moxibustion plays a unique role in improving the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The research on the mechanism of moxibustion intervention in AS mainly focuses on anti-inflammatory effects, immune regulation, bone metabolism regulation, intestinal flora regulation, and so on. Molecular medicine is of great significance to further clarify the mechanism of moxibustion intervention in AS. However, there are still some problems in the research on the molecular mechanism of moxibustion intervention in AS: the existing biomedical research methods only explore from a specific field and lack the exploration of moxibustion-targeted molecules based on biomedical network. In the future, the molecular network effect of moxibustion on AS can be discussed comprehensively and systematically with the help of omics technology and the construction of biological information interaction network between omics. The effect of moxibustion on upstream osteogenic transcription factors and related signaling pathways such as WNT, β-catenin, and BMP/Smads is not yet clear. Future research can focus on the relevant signal targets of bone reconstruction and clarify the mechanism of moxibustion against the new bone formation. In addition, there is a lack of research on the molecular mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of AS from the perspective of metabolites. It is necessary to further explore the mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of AS with the help of metabonomics technology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873192 and 81202877)Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Tianjin(2021YJSB288 and YJSKC-20211004)the Science and Technology Program of Tianjin(Grant No.20ZYJDJC00070)
文摘With its long-term empirical clinical practice and increasing number of health benefits reported,Chinese Materia Medica(CMM)is gaining increasing global acceptance.Importantly,the identification of chemical constituents in vitro and exposed forms in vivo is a prerequisite for understanding how CMM formulae prevent and treat diseases.This review systematically summarizes the exciting and magical journey of CMM components from compound formulae to where they fight,the possible structural transformation of CMM components in vitro and in vivo,and their pharmacological contribution.When a decoction is prepared,significant chemical reactions are observed,including degradation and production of polymers and self-assembling supramolecules,leading to the construction of a component library with diverse decoction structures.After ingestion,compounds pass through the intestinal and blood-brain barriers and undergo a more wonderful journey involving the gut microbiota,microbial enzymes,and endogenous drug-metabolizing enzymes(mainly liver enzymes).At this stage,they are modified and assembled into novel and complex compounds,such as newly generated metabolites,conjugates,and self-assembling superamolecules.This review might provide a strategic orientation to explore the active compounds of CMM formulae in vivo.
文摘The role of whole-body FDG [(～(18)F)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose] positron emission tomography(PET)scan-ning as an imaging modality in the management of patients with malignancy has evolved enormously over the past two decades.FDG-PET has demonstrated signifi cant effi cacy in the staging,prognostication and detection of occult metastatic disease in malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract,in addition to assessment of the response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in a more timely manner than has traditionally been possible by more conventional imaging tools.The sensitivity and specif icity of FDG-PET for the detection and staging of malignancy depend not only on the site and size of the primary tumor and metastases,but also on histologi-cal cell type,reflecting underlying disparities in glucose metabolism.The metabolic response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy or to chemo-radiotherapy in cancers of the gastro-esophageal junction or stomach has been demonstrated in several prospective studies to correlate signifi cantly with both the histological tumor response to treatment and with consequent improvements in overall survival.This may offer a future paradigm ofpersonalized treatment based on the PET response to chemotherapy.FDG-PET has been less successful in efforts to screen for and detect recurrent upper gastro-intestinal malignancies,and in the detection of low vol-ume metastatic peritoneal disease.Efforts to improve the accuracy of PET include the use of novel radiotrac-ers such as(～(18)F)FLT(3-deoxy-3-fluorothymidine)or 11C-choline,or fusion PET-CT with concurrent high-res-olution computed tomography.This review focuses on the role of FDG-PET scanning in staging and response assessment in malignancies of the upper gastrointesti-nal tract,specif ically gastric,esophageal and pancreas carcinoma.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31322053)the Hubei Province Distinguished Young Scholar(No.2012FFA015)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2013PY056 and 2013JQ001),China
文摘Bile acid（BA） is de novo synthesized exclusively in the liver and has direct or indirect antimicrobial effects. On the other hand, the composition and size of the BA pool can be altered by intestinal microbiota via the biotransformation of primary BAs to secondary BAs, and subsequently regulate the nuclear farnesoid X receptor（FXR; NR1H4）. The BA-activated FXR plays important roles in BA synthesis and metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, and even hepatic autophagy. BAs can also play a role in the interplays among intestinal microbes. In this review, we mainly discuss the interactions between BAs and intestinal microbiota and their roles in regulating host metabolism, and probably the autophagic signaling pathway.
