A modified genetic algorithm of multiple selection strategies, crossover strategies and adaptive operator is constructed, and it is used to estimate the kinetic parameters in autocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane. Th...A modified genetic algorithm of multiple selection strategies, crossover strategies and adaptive operator is constructed, and it is used to estimate the kinetic parameters in autocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane. The influences of selection strategy, crossover strategy and mutation strategy on algorithm performance are discussed. This algorithm with a specially designed adaptive operator avoids the problem of local optimum usually associated with using standard genetic algorithm and simplex method. The kinetic parameters obtained from the modified genetic algorithm are credible and the calculation results using these parameters agree well with experimental data. Furthermore, a new kinetic model of cyclohexane autocatalytic oxidation is established and the kinetic parameters are estimated by using the modified genetic algorithm.展开更多
Pharmacogenetics is the study of the association between variability in drug response and （or） drug toxicity and polymorphisms in genes. The goal of this field of science is to adapt drugs to a patient＇s specific g...Pharmacogenetics is the study of the association between variability in drug response and （or） drug toxicity and polymorphisms in genes. The goal of this field of science is to adapt drugs to a patient＇s specific genetic background and therefore make them more efficacious and safe. In this article we describe the variants in genes that influence either the efficacy or toxicity of common drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases （IBD）, ulcerative colitis （UC）, and Crohn＇s disease （CD） including sulfasalazine and mesalazine, azathioprine （AZA） and 6-mercaptopurine （6-MP）, methotrexate （MTX）, glucocorticosteroids （CSs） and infliximab. Furthermore, difficulties with pharmacogenetic studies in general and more specifically in IBD are described. Although pharmacogenetics is a promising field that already contributed to a better understanding of some of the underlying mechanisms of action of drugs used in IBD, the only discovery translated until now into daily practice is the relation between thiopurine S-methyltransferase （TPMT） gene polymorphisms and hematological toxicity of thiopurine treatment. In the future it is necessary to organize studies in well characterized patient cohorts who have been uniformly treated and systematically evaluated in order to quantitate drug response more objectively. An effort should be made to collect genomic DNA from all patients enrolled in clinical drug trials after appropriate informed consent for pharmacogenetic studies.展开更多
Beckmann rearrangement mechanism of cyclohexanone oxime, based on the characteristic of self-catalyzed reaction and polymorphism was proposed. According to the suggested mechanism, the basic approach was the rearrange...Beckmann rearrangement mechanism of cyclohexanone oxime, based on the characteristic of self-catalyzed reaction and polymorphism was proposed. According to the suggested mechanism, the basic approach was the rearrangement of OXH+ while the SO3 acts as dehydrating agent and OXSO3 can turn to CPLSO3 ultimately. Considering self-catalyzed reaction between OXSO3 and CPLH+, kinetic model for Beckmann rearrangement was established. Corresponding parameters were estimated by using float genetic algorithm （GA） and simulation results agree well with the experimental data below -19.3℃. Industrial equipment was simulated and analyzed. Effects of key process parameters such as molar ratio of sulfuric acid to oxime and circulation ratio on the residual oxime are also discussed. The results show that the caprolactam exists as CPLH+ finally in oleum and the minimum molecular ratio of sulfuric acid to oxime can be 0.5 theoretically.展开更多
Chickpea （Cicer arietinum L.） is an important cool season food legumes with indeterminate growth habit. The crop is valued for its nutritive seeds and used as animal feed in many developing countries. ...Chickpea （Cicer arietinum L.） is an important cool season food legumes with indeterminate growth habit. The crop is valued for its nutritive seeds and used as animal feed in many developing countries. The productivity of the crop is constrained by several abiotic stresses, among which drought stress is one of the key determinants of crop performance aaccounting for 40-50% yield reduction globally. The present study was conducted to screen, evaluate and select chickpea genotypes possessing high yield potential under drought stress condition at ASALs （arid and semi-arid lands） of Kenya. The experiment was conducted at Chemeron dry land and Eco-tourism Research station, Egerton University and Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute （KALRO）, Pekerra, Marigat, Baringo County. The genotypes were planted in RCBD （randomized complete block design） in three replicates at a spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm, giving a plant density of approximately 25 plants/m2. Combined analysis of variance revealed existence of highly significant differences among the tested genotypes for most of the agronomic traits. Overall, the highest grain yield was obtained from ICCV 92944 （1,173 kg/ha）, ICCV 92318 （1,103 kg/ha） and CAVIR （975 kg/ha）, ICCV 92318 （967 kg/ha）, ICCV 00108 （956 kg/ha） and ICC 4958 （921 kg/ha）： possibly due to its comparatively higher drought （and heat） tolerance, and hence could be used as sources of drought tolerance in further breeding programs. This study was carried out in few drought tolerant sites and further more sites need to be evaluated in addition to other drought and heat screening and optimization of protocols, facilities and analytical approaches to identify better genotypes that respond appropriately to climate change.展开更多
We analyzed the survival data of the offspring from 21 sires and 42 dams of turbot. The results show that the cumulative survival rates for turbot from 2 to 18 months range from 17.5% to 28.5% main mortality occurred ...We analyzed the survival data of the offspring from 21 sires and 42 dams of turbot. The results show that the cumulative survival rates for turbot from 2 to 18 months range from 17.5% to 28.5% main mortality occurred during months 2-5; and the highest survival rates of families were 97.9%, 98.8%, 99.4%, 99.7% during months 2-5, 5-6, 6-8, 8-11, and ll-18, respectively, and 99.5%, being 53.5%, 23.8%, 19.5%, 14.9%, and 13.2% higher, respectively, than the mean values in each period. In all periods, the estimated heritabilities for survival were very low without significant difference from zero （P〉0.05） （values ranged from 0.06 to 0.12）, indicating low additive genetic effects. The genetic correlations of survival among families in different periods were all positive, but low in magnitude （values range from 0.03 to 0.31）. Genetic correlations between long-term survival and other periods＇ survival had negative values （-0.06 and -0.15） and three positive values （0.16, 0.12 and 0.14）. Genetic correlations between survival and weight were all positive, except for survival at months 2-5 and weight at 18 months, which was not significantly negative （-0.18）.展开更多
Through studying several kinds of chaotic mappings' distributions of orbital points, we analyze the capability of the chaotic mutations based on these mappings. Numerical experiments support our conclusions very w...Through studying several kinds of chaotic mappings' distributions of orbital points, we analyze the capability of the chaotic mutations based on these mappings. Numerical experiments support our conclusions very well. The capability analysis also led to a self-adaptive mechanism of chaotic mutation. The introducing of the self-adaptive chaotic mutation can improve the performance of genetic algorithm very prominently.展开更多
The Shanxi reservoir earthquakes are significant seismic events in southern Zhejiang Province in recent years, an area with fewer and weaker earthquakes. The seismicity showed an intermittent characteristic and group ...The Shanxi reservoir earthquakes are significant seismic events in southern Zhejiang Province in recent years, an area with fewer and weaker earthquakes. The seismicity showed an intermittent characteristic and group distribution. The epicenters located by the seismic network did not show a predominant direction and the seismogenic structure is not clear. In the study, the nonlinear imaginary wave travel time equation was linearized and solved, and the source position, initial imaginary velocity and travel time residuals were obtained. Then by doubling the standard deviation as time residuals, the maximum error generated from longitude, latitude, depth and imaginary velocity was calculated. The genetic population was structured using the maximum error and the end result of earthquake location was obtained by genetic algorithm. The result of relocation of the Shanxi reservoir earthquakes with this method shows that earthquakes are largely concentrated on a near-vertical, northwest oriented fault plane, and the included angles between the normal of the plane and the due north, due east and vertical directions are 46~, 44~, and 87~, respectively. The result is in agreement with that of comprehensive fault plane solutions of small earthquakes. The average depth of the earthquakes was 4.7km, the maximum depth 9.5kin, and the minimum depth 1.7km. The epicenters showed a northwestward narrow banded distribution, and the focal depth increased along the northwest direction. There was a discontinuous seismic gap of about 3.5km long at the northwest end of the strip. The characteristics of source parameters obtained by using the Borun model were not significantly different from that of tectonic earthquakes. Seismic stress drop was about 0.33MPa, and the average stress drop was 0.88MPa. According to the stress drop＇ spatial distribution, the seismic discontinuities segment at the northwest end of the strip is in a low stress drop zone.展开更多
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis liberates glucocorticoids, which provides an acute indication of an individual＇s response to stressors. The heritability of the stress response in wild ma...Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis liberates glucocorticoids, which provides an acute indication of an individual＇s response to stressors. The heritability of the stress response in wild mammals, however, remains poorly documented. We quantified the cortisol stress response of female Richardson＇s ground squirrels （RGSs） to handling and physical restraint, testing for： （1） the effects of individual age, time of day, and sample latency; （2） repeatability within individuals; （3） narrow-sense heritability; and （4） differences among individuals owing to potential genetic and/or environmental effects. We detected a positive linear relationship between baseline plasma cortisol （BL-cortisol） concentration and stress-induced plasma cortisol （Sl-cortisol） concentration that defined each individual＇s cortisol stress response. BL-cortisol, SI-cortisol, and stress response did not differ according to the time the sample was taken, or by subject age. Cortisol stress response was highly repeatable within individuals, had a mother-offspring heritability of h2 =0.40 ± 0.24 （mean ±SE）, full-sibling heritability of h2s = 0.37 ± 0.71, and half-sibling heritabil- ity of hHS^2 = 0.75 ± 1.41. Stress responses of sibling groups, immediate-family groups, and squir- rels within a given area did not differ, whereas those of individuals from more distantly related matrilines did. Our results highlight the natural variability in HPA axis reactivity among individuals by quantifying both BL- and SI-cortisol levels, demonstrate partial heritability of the stress response that is not attributable to environmental variation, and suggest that at least part of an indi- vidual＇s stress response can be accounted for by differences in matrilineal history.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20176046).
文摘A modified genetic algorithm of multiple selection strategies, crossover strategies and adaptive operator is constructed, and it is used to estimate the kinetic parameters in autocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane. The influences of selection strategy, crossover strategy and mutation strategy on algorithm performance are discussed. This algorithm with a specially designed adaptive operator avoids the problem of local optimum usually associated with using standard genetic algorithm and simplex method. The kinetic parameters obtained from the modified genetic algorithm are credible and the calculation results using these parameters agree well with experimental data. Furthermore, a new kinetic model of cyclohexane autocatalytic oxidation is established and the kinetic parameters are estimated by using the modified genetic algorithm.
文摘Pharmacogenetics is the study of the association between variability in drug response and （or） drug toxicity and polymorphisms in genes. The goal of this field of science is to adapt drugs to a patient＇s specific genetic background and therefore make them more efficacious and safe. In this article we describe the variants in genes that influence either the efficacy or toxicity of common drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases （IBD）, ulcerative colitis （UC）, and Crohn＇s disease （CD） including sulfasalazine and mesalazine, azathioprine （AZA） and 6-mercaptopurine （6-MP）, methotrexate （MTX）, glucocorticosteroids （CSs） and infliximab. Furthermore, difficulties with pharmacogenetic studies in general and more specifically in IBD are described. Although pharmacogenetics is a promising field that already contributed to a better understanding of some of the underlying mechanisms of action of drugs used in IBD, the only discovery translated until now into daily practice is the relation between thiopurine S-methyltransferase （TPMT） gene polymorphisms and hematological toxicity of thiopurine treatment. In the future it is necessary to organize studies in well characterized patient cohorts who have been uniformly treated and systematically evaluated in order to quantitate drug response more objectively. An effort should be made to collect genomic DNA from all patients enrolled in clinical drug trials after appropriate informed consent for pharmacogenetic studies.
基金Project(20233040) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and SI NOPEC
文摘Beckmann rearrangement mechanism of cyclohexanone oxime, based on the characteristic of self-catalyzed reaction and polymorphism was proposed. According to the suggested mechanism, the basic approach was the rearrangement of OXH+ while the SO3 acts as dehydrating agent and OXSO3 can turn to CPLSO3 ultimately. Considering self-catalyzed reaction between OXSO3 and CPLH+, kinetic model for Beckmann rearrangement was established. Corresponding parameters were estimated by using float genetic algorithm （GA） and simulation results agree well with the experimental data below -19.3℃. Industrial equipment was simulated and analyzed. Effects of key process parameters such as molar ratio of sulfuric acid to oxime and circulation ratio on the residual oxime are also discussed. The results show that the caprolactam exists as CPLH+ finally in oleum and the minimum molecular ratio of sulfuric acid to oxime can be 0.5 theoretically.
文摘Chickpea （Cicer arietinum L.） is an important cool season food legumes with indeterminate growth habit. The crop is valued for its nutritive seeds and used as animal feed in many developing countries. The productivity of the crop is constrained by several abiotic stresses, among which drought stress is one of the key determinants of crop performance aaccounting for 40-50% yield reduction globally. The present study was conducted to screen, evaluate and select chickpea genotypes possessing high yield potential under drought stress condition at ASALs （arid and semi-arid lands） of Kenya. The experiment was conducted at Chemeron dry land and Eco-tourism Research station, Egerton University and Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute （KALRO）, Pekerra, Marigat, Baringo County. The genotypes were planted in RCBD （randomized complete block design） in three replicates at a spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm, giving a plant density of approximately 25 plants/m2. Combined analysis of variance revealed existence of highly significant differences among the tested genotypes for most of the agronomic traits. Overall, the highest grain yield was obtained from ICCV 92944 （1,173 kg/ha）, ICCV 92318 （1,103 kg/ha） and CAVIR （975 kg/ha）, ICCV 92318 （967 kg/ha）, ICCV 00108 （956 kg/ha） and ICC 4958 （921 kg/ha）： possibly due to its comparatively higher drought （and heat） tolerance, and hence could be used as sources of drought tolerance in further breeding programs. This study was carried out in few drought tolerant sites and further more sites need to be evaluated in addition to other drought and heat screening and optimization of protocols, facilities and analytical approaches to identify better genotypes that respond appropriately to climate change.
基金Supported by the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System (No Nycytx-50)National Sustain Plan of China (No2006BAD01A12012)+1 种基金Agriculture Commonweal Scientific Research Plan (NoNyhyzx07-046)the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Scientific and Research Fund (No 2009-ts-11)
文摘We analyzed the survival data of the offspring from 21 sires and 42 dams of turbot. The results show that the cumulative survival rates for turbot from 2 to 18 months range from 17.5% to 28.5% main mortality occurred during months 2-5; and the highest survival rates of families were 97.9%, 98.8%, 99.4%, 99.7% during months 2-5, 5-6, 6-8, 8-11, and ll-18, respectively, and 99.5%, being 53.5%, 23.8%, 19.5%, 14.9%, and 13.2% higher, respectively, than the mean values in each period. In all periods, the estimated heritabilities for survival were very low without significant difference from zero （P〉0.05） （values ranged from 0.06 to 0.12）, indicating low additive genetic effects. The genetic correlations of survival among families in different periods were all positive, but low in magnitude （values range from 0.03 to 0.31）. Genetic correlations between long-term survival and other periods＇ survival had negative values （-0.06 and -0.15） and three positive values （0.16, 0.12 and 0.14）. Genetic correlations between survival and weight were all positive, except for survival at months 2-5 and weight at 18 months, which was not significantly negative （-0.18）.
文摘Through studying several kinds of chaotic mappings' distributions of orbital points, we analyze the capability of the chaotic mutations based on these mappings. Numerical experiments support our conclusions very well. The capability analysis also led to a self-adaptive mechanism of chaotic mutation. The introducing of the self-adaptive chaotic mutation can improve the performance of genetic algorithm very prominently.
基金supported by the Science andTechnology Project of Zhejiang Province(2007C330060)the Special Research Fund for Seismic Industry of China Seismological Bureau(200808068)
文摘The Shanxi reservoir earthquakes are significant seismic events in southern Zhejiang Province in recent years, an area with fewer and weaker earthquakes. The seismicity showed an intermittent characteristic and group distribution. The epicenters located by the seismic network did not show a predominant direction and the seismogenic structure is not clear. In the study, the nonlinear imaginary wave travel time equation was linearized and solved, and the source position, initial imaginary velocity and travel time residuals were obtained. Then by doubling the standard deviation as time residuals, the maximum error generated from longitude, latitude, depth and imaginary velocity was calculated. The genetic population was structured using the maximum error and the end result of earthquake location was obtained by genetic algorithm. The result of relocation of the Shanxi reservoir earthquakes with this method shows that earthquakes are largely concentrated on a near-vertical, northwest oriented fault plane, and the included angles between the normal of the plane and the due north, due east and vertical directions are 46~, 44~, and 87~, respectively. The result is in agreement with that of comprehensive fault plane solutions of small earthquakes. The average depth of the earthquakes was 4.7km, the maximum depth 9.5kin, and the minimum depth 1.7km. The epicenters showed a northwestward narrow banded distribution, and the focal depth increased along the northwest direction. There was a discontinuous seismic gap of about 3.5km long at the northwest end of the strip. The characteristics of source parameters obtained by using the Borun model were not significantly different from that of tectonic earthquakes. Seismic stress drop was about 0.33MPa, and the average stress drop was 0.88MPa. According to the stress drop＇ spatial distribution, the seismic discontinuities segment at the northwest end of the strip is in a low stress drop zone.
文摘Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis liberates glucocorticoids, which provides an acute indication of an individual＇s response to stressors. The heritability of the stress response in wild mammals, however, remains poorly documented. We quantified the cortisol stress response of female Richardson＇s ground squirrels （RGSs） to handling and physical restraint, testing for： （1） the effects of individual age, time of day, and sample latency; （2） repeatability within individuals; （3） narrow-sense heritability; and （4） differences among individuals owing to potential genetic and/or environmental effects. We detected a positive linear relationship between baseline plasma cortisol （BL-cortisol） concentration and stress-induced plasma cortisol （Sl-cortisol） concentration that defined each individual＇s cortisol stress response. BL-cortisol, SI-cortisol, and stress response did not differ according to the time the sample was taken, or by subject age. Cortisol stress response was highly repeatable within individuals, had a mother-offspring heritability of h2 =0.40 ± 0.24 （mean ±SE）, full-sibling heritability of h2s = 0.37 ± 0.71, and half-sibling heritabil- ity of hHS^2 = 0.75 ± 1.41. Stress responses of sibling groups, immediate-family groups, and squir- rels within a given area did not differ, whereas those of individuals from more distantly related matrilines did. Our results highlight the natural variability in HPA axis reactivity among individuals by quantifying both BL- and SI-cortisol levels, demonstrate partial heritability of the stress response that is not attributable to environmental variation, and suggest that at least part of an indi- vidual＇s stress response can be accounted for by differences in matrilineal history.
