目的分析先天性外耳道闭锁症鼓室段面神经管遮窗的原因。方法对23例先天性外耳道闭锁患儿(闭锁组)和36名正常儿童(对照组)耳部行CT扫描,测量鼓室段面神经管的宽径(Φ)、第二弯曲角度(a°)、缺裂口长度(D),神经管管壁上缘与外半规管...目的分析先天性外耳道闭锁症鼓室段面神经管遮窗的原因。方法对23例先天性外耳道闭锁患儿(闭锁组)和36名正常儿童(对照组)耳部行CT扫描,测量鼓室段面神经管的宽径(Φ)、第二弯曲角度(a°)、缺裂口长度(D),神经管管壁上缘与外半规管下缘间的距离(d_1)及前庭窗下缘与面神经水平段的垂直距离(d_2),分析各测量值与面神经管低位程度值之间的关系。结果 (1)与对照组相比,闭锁组a°和d_2变小,d_1增大[闭锁组(107.98±14.20)°、(0.64±0.45)mm、(1.25±0.32)mm,对照组(118.43±11.65)°、(0.94±0.30)mm、(1.08±0.28)mm,P均<0.05];两组Φ、D值的组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)遮窗程度d_2≤0.4 mm:闭锁组8耳(17.4%,8/46),其中2耳遮窗程度d_2≤0(4.3%,2/46);对照组遮窗程度d_2≤0.4 mm 2耳(2.8%,2/72)。(3)在闭锁组中,a°、d_1与d_2呈负相关(r分别为-0.44、-0.49,P均<0.05),Φ、D及耳部并发其他畸形的数目与d_2无明显相关性(P均>0.05)。结论先天性外耳道闭锁症面神经管低位遮窗主要因鼓室段下行所致,d_1的增大为重要征象。展开更多
In this paper the possibilities for avoiding active air conditioning by all means of the room itself （window size, glazing, shading system, natural ventilation, and furniture）, artificial light and control strategy ...In this paper the possibilities for avoiding active air conditioning by all means of the room itself （window size, glazing, shading system, natural ventilation, and furniture）, artificial light and control strategy of these systems are investigated. A very important component of the system is the user with his ability to adapt to changing conditions in his surrounding and with his possibilities to manipulate the window, the shading system, the light switch etc. All these aspects interact together. It is necessary to optimize them simultaneously. But real planning often separates them into single sections. Simulation tools also handle normally only one or a few aspects, we know for example the thermal simulation or the daylight simulation. Primero-Comfort （2009） is a simulation tool based on energy＋, what is able to consider thermal simulation as well as daylight simulation as well as user behaviour in regard to the probability of window openings. The resulting thermal comfort is rated by an adaptive comfort model, the Dutch ISSO 74 （2004）. This allows designing office rooms more realistic. And it shows that an optimized solution has to include the interactions of aU mentioned aspects. Investigations with Primero-Comfort for a moderate European climate （Hamburg） show that a very good comfort can be reached only by passive means of building design also for hot summer weather just like the summer in the year 2003. The keys for such hot-summer-robust-buildings are night ventilation with height difference, heat protection glazing and good shading system, reduced internal heat gains for artificial light by accepting a threshold of 300 lx of daylight as comfortable and a reduced window size oriented on daylighting and the view out of the window.展开更多
文摘目的分析先天性外耳道闭锁症鼓室段面神经管遮窗的原因。方法对23例先天性外耳道闭锁患儿(闭锁组)和36名正常儿童(对照组)耳部行CT扫描,测量鼓室段面神经管的宽径(Φ)、第二弯曲角度(a°)、缺裂口长度(D),神经管管壁上缘与外半规管下缘间的距离(d_1)及前庭窗下缘与面神经水平段的垂直距离(d_2),分析各测量值与面神经管低位程度值之间的关系。结果 (1)与对照组相比,闭锁组a°和d_2变小,d_1增大[闭锁组(107.98±14.20)°、(0.64±0.45)mm、(1.25±0.32)mm,对照组(118.43±11.65)°、(0.94±0.30)mm、(1.08±0.28)mm,P均<0.05];两组Φ、D值的组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)遮窗程度d_2≤0.4 mm:闭锁组8耳(17.4%,8/46),其中2耳遮窗程度d_2≤0(4.3%,2/46);对照组遮窗程度d_2≤0.4 mm 2耳(2.8%,2/72)。(3)在闭锁组中,a°、d_1与d_2呈负相关(r分别为-0.44、-0.49,P均<0.05),Φ、D及耳部并发其他畸形的数目与d_2无明显相关性(P均>0.05)。结论先天性外耳道闭锁症面神经管低位遮窗主要因鼓室段下行所致,d_1的增大为重要征象。
文摘In this paper the possibilities for avoiding active air conditioning by all means of the room itself （window size, glazing, shading system, natural ventilation, and furniture）, artificial light and control strategy of these systems are investigated. A very important component of the system is the user with his ability to adapt to changing conditions in his surrounding and with his possibilities to manipulate the window, the shading system, the light switch etc. All these aspects interact together. It is necessary to optimize them simultaneously. But real planning often separates them into single sections. Simulation tools also handle normally only one or a few aspects, we know for example the thermal simulation or the daylight simulation. Primero-Comfort （2009） is a simulation tool based on energy＋, what is able to consider thermal simulation as well as daylight simulation as well as user behaviour in regard to the probability of window openings. The resulting thermal comfort is rated by an adaptive comfort model, the Dutch ISSO 74 （2004）. This allows designing office rooms more realistic. And it shows that an optimized solution has to include the interactions of aU mentioned aspects. Investigations with Primero-Comfort for a moderate European climate （Hamburg） show that a very good comfort can be reached only by passive means of building design also for hot summer weather just like the summer in the year 2003. The keys for such hot-summer-robust-buildings are night ventilation with height difference, heat protection glazing and good shading system, reduced internal heat gains for artificial light by accepting a threshold of 300 lx of daylight as comfortable and a reduced window size oriented on daylighting and the view out of the window.
