试论美国国家主义的确立

从独立战争开始,到邦联的建立,美国国家主义彰显。但在赢得独立战争之后,美国邦联体制的弊端日益显露,其国家主义原则受到严重削弱,并使新生的合众国处于内外交困的境地。联邦宪法的签署与生效,标志着美国国家主义的确立和巩固。

美国制宪之前的各州政治联合

美国联邦体制是根深蒂固的民主意识和国家利益需要共同作用的结果。地方自治的民主观念为适应反英斗争的需要而形成了初步联合的邦联体制,邦联体制又不足以应对客观的危机,联邦制因而在两方博弈的基础上形成为联邦制。本文是对联邦制形成的历史条件之一——各州政治联合作一简单探讨。

Policy Developments and Politics in Brazil： The Digital TV Decision-Making Process

Using an analytical narrative approach to understand policy change, this paper explores the Brazilian government decision to create a digital TV policy initiating major reforms in this sector. The analysis is centered on the actors, preferences, and choices. The article is divided into three parts： （1） We address the historical institutionalism assumptions; （2） We focus on the politics of digital TV policy in Brazil; and （3） The results are highlighted, and ＂winners＂ and ＂losers＂ are identified. Actors, preferences, and choices are historically observed and related to the government decision about rules of digital TV exploitation. It provides configurational evidence that makes it possible to associate major changes to two presidential decrees （n° 4.901/2003 and n° 5.820/2006） that reflect the preferences and behavior of the main actor （broadcasters, social movements, and federal government） around the new digital TV issues. The Brazilian case shows an institutional model in which federal government＇s decisions are strongly connected with the preferences of the actor broadcasters and goes against the actor social movements.

通向费城的道路——麦迪逊的“新政治科学”

波托马克河发源于阿巴拉契亚山脉西麓,河道向东穿越蓝脊山脉,先后流经弗吉尼亚州、马里兰州、华盛顿特区,最终汇入大西洋的切萨皮克湾。我们的美国宪法之旅不妨从这条美国南北交接处的界河开始。将时间拉回一七八五年,独立战争结束后。