Using an analytical narrative approach to understand policy change, this paper explores the Brazilian government decision to create a digital TV policy initiating major reforms in this sector. The analysis is centered...Using an analytical narrative approach to understand policy change, this paper explores the Brazilian government decision to create a digital TV policy initiating major reforms in this sector. The analysis is centered on the actors, preferences, and choices. The article is divided into three parts： （1） We address the historical institutionalism assumptions; （2） We focus on the politics of digital TV policy in Brazil; and （3） The results are highlighted, and ＂winners＂ and ＂losers＂ are identified. Actors, preferences, and choices are historically observed and related to the government decision about rules of digital TV exploitation. It provides configurational evidence that makes it possible to associate major changes to two presidential decrees （n° 4.901/2003 and n° 5.820/2006） that reflect the preferences and behavior of the main actor （broadcasters, social movements, and federal government） around the new digital TV issues. The Brazilian case shows an institutional model in which federal government＇s decisions are strongly connected with the preferences of the actor broadcasters and goes against the actor social movements.展开更多
The paper deals with the development of digital public relations （PRs） in the Russian govemmental communications in the years of 2011-2012. Empirical study is based on the content-analysis of on-line public activiti...The paper deals with the development of digital public relations （PRs） in the Russian govemmental communications in the years of 2011-2012. Empirical study is based on the content-analysis of on-line public activities of Russian federal governmental bodies and regional governors in October-November, 2011. It has shown the coexistence of two basic models of governmental communication in the Russian Federation--old-fashioned bureaucratic and new interactive.展开更多
Fiscal decentralization in Brazil has promoted a break in the national collection system and granted greater autonomy to states and municipalities against the federal government with regard to fundraising. The theoret...Fiscal decentralization in Brazil has promoted a break in the national collection system and granted greater autonomy to states and municipalities against the federal government with regard to fundraising. The theoretical difference emerged, when one observes the greatest proliferation of local entities from the autonomy granted by the Federal Constitution （FC） from 1988 to the various levels of government, many of which almost totally depend on inter-governmental transfers. There are those who advocate the strengthening of public actions from observing the problems of small units （municipalities） and who will now have greater decision-making freedom. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the public finances of municipalities in the core theoretical （all people born in Espirito Santo） state guided by the Fiscal Responsibility Law （FRL） and fiscal decentralization in the country. For this purpose, they were taken as the time frame 2001 and 2009. Methodologically, this paper used a literature review, as well as data from the National Treasury Secretariat （STN）. In addition, authors took as a tool to help multiple regression models to strengthen the results. The principal evidence shows that, even with a slight improvement in the framework of indicators of revenue, these municipalities have proved essentially dependent on resources from the Union. Additionally, the results show a relative reduction of spending on items, such as staff costs and legislation in one year to another. In parallel, there were greater participation of the variables, costs of health and sanitation, education and culture, among others, to explain the variation of the expenditure of municipalities in Espirito Santo in the years observed. The data fit well to the model with a significance level of 1%.展开更多
This paper reports the role of national newspapers in the agenda setting process about the economical crisis in Mexico and its impact, as important mediators, in the public opinion, in a context of high social uncerta...This paper reports the role of national newspapers in the agenda setting process about the economical crisis in Mexico and its impact, as important mediators, in the public opinion, in a context of high social uncertainty. It has sought to know whether the responses of federal government economic policy have influenced the presidential level of acceptance and whether the adverse outcomes in federal elections intermediate reveal significant aspects in the electoral behavior of the population for presidential succession 2012. This involved measuring citizens perceptions and decisions before the reforms and their consequences, analyze government communication strategies to the crisis and assess the treatment and approaches news from three newspapers about the events concerning the public agenda. The analysis has focused on three states of the central-south of Mexico.展开更多
The financial crisis of 2008 left the U.S. economy in a state of severe recession, which is still being felt all over. This has also left the government in a frantic condition to rebuild the financial markets from the...The financial crisis of 2008 left the U.S. economy in a state of severe recession, which is still being felt all over. This has also left the government in a frantic condition to rebuild the financial markets from the bottom up. What started out with excessive bank lending on mortgages lead to the mortgage crisis and a ripple effect on the economy. The cancer has spread globally, affecting every major marketplace and all the major states in the U.S.. Our economy is still very fragile because of this crisis, but eventually we will recover in a few years time to achieve robust economic growth. Long standing cultural pressures in the United States maintained that home ownership was necessary to be a part of the American Dream, and this cultural stance was reinforced by Clinton in 1994, when he enacted a program to raise home ownership to more than two-thirds of all adults. With the tacit blessing of the Federal Government, many mortgage companies sprung up, that catered to those in lower income brackets, offering them the mortgages that many did not have the financial sophistication to understand and deliver. Coupled with the skyrocketing costs of property taxes, insurance, and maintenance costs, many homeowners found themselves unable to pay their mortgages. The whole industry tanked, causing displacement of people and increased unemployment. The lenders of these mortgages sold the notes to investment bankers, and they were sold as high-quality investment grade securities. The major rating agencies were complacent in this tactic, causing rapid default rates on these mortgages; many commercial and investment banks got caught in this crisis. The prices of homes continue to decline, and many homeowners find themselves under water on their mortgages. It was found that in 2010, the U.S. government was responsible for nine out of every ten mortgages issued, which caused further problems with Fanny Mae and Freddie Mac. The crisis is still continuing, with no end in sight. The analysis was based on the data analysis and readings from the journal, as well as various Wall Street commentaries.展开更多
The financial crisis in 2008 dragged the U.S. economy into the dilemma of imbalanced and sluggish growth. Thus, the federal government carried out the sustainable and balanced growth strategy. This paper draws the fra...The financial crisis in 2008 dragged the U.S. economy into the dilemma of imbalanced and sluggish growth. Thus, the federal government carried out the sustainable and balanced growth strategy. This paper draws the framework of U.S. new growth strategy and summarizes the main measures applied in last five years. Further, it assesses the comprehensive strategic effects on economy and finally discusses the future challenges for the U.S..展开更多
For some critics, the publication of Milton＇s Paradise Lost in 1667 suggests his taking religious retreat from his previous political investment in both the Commonwealth Government （1649-1653） and Oliver Cromwell＇...For some critics, the publication of Milton＇s Paradise Lost in 1667 suggests his taking religious retreat from his previous political investment in both the Commonwealth Government （1649-1653） and Oliver Cromwell＇s Protectorate that was abnegated by the return of King Charles II in 1660. Not to mention that Milton＇s flamboyant portrayal of Satan appears to be a critique of republicanism： Just as the republicans who revolted against the monarchy, Satan tempts other angels to rebel against the omnipotent God and gain their freedom. This transgressive betrayal fails and is punished in Paradise Lost. However, when the strict censorship of the writings of Milton＇s contemporaries is taken into account, the strategies employed in Milton＇s Paradise Lost become clearer： It may be read as a veiled critique of kingship hiding behind the facade of a criticism of republicanism so as to circumvent censorship. In other words, the work may have surreptitiously conveyed a hidden message for his English citizens. That message may be indirectly delivered through Milton＇s innovative elaboration of the fall of Man, which is roughly described in the Genesis. Therefore, this essay argues that Milton veils the seed of political reform in the moral lessons conveyed in his presentation of the psychological dynamic of Adam and Eve＇s fall. In addition, this essay further explores how Milton endeavors to re-shape the national consciousness of the 17th century English people through alternate historical awareness.展开更多
A very rare and serious complication of shoulder dislocation is a lesion to the axillary artery in the elderly population, whose vascular structures have become less flexible. Axillary artery injury secondary to anter...A very rare and serious complication of shoulder dislocation is a lesion to the axillary artery in the elderly population, whose vascular structures have become less flexible. Axillary artery injury secondary to anteroinferior shoulder dislocation is much rarer, especially in the young people. Proper recognition and treatment of this entity of- fers a full recovery to the patient. Present report highlights the possibility of axillary artery injury with anteroinferior shoulder dislocation. A few case reports and small case se- ries of this injury have been reviewed. And recommenda- tions for management have been brought up to date, in line with current thinking.展开更多
文摘Using an analytical narrative approach to understand policy change, this paper explores the Brazilian government decision to create a digital TV policy initiating major reforms in this sector. The analysis is centered on the actors, preferences, and choices. The article is divided into three parts： （1） We address the historical institutionalism assumptions; （2） We focus on the politics of digital TV policy in Brazil; and （3） The results are highlighted, and ＂winners＂ and ＂losers＂ are identified. Actors, preferences, and choices are historically observed and related to the government decision about rules of digital TV exploitation. It provides configurational evidence that makes it possible to associate major changes to two presidential decrees （n° 4.901/2003 and n° 5.820/2006） that reflect the preferences and behavior of the main actor （broadcasters, social movements, and federal government） around the new digital TV issues. The Brazilian case shows an institutional model in which federal government＇s decisions are strongly connected with the preferences of the actor broadcasters and goes against the actor social movements.
文摘The paper deals with the development of digital public relations （PRs） in the Russian govemmental communications in the years of 2011-2012. Empirical study is based on the content-analysis of on-line public activities of Russian federal governmental bodies and regional governors in October-November, 2011. It has shown the coexistence of two basic models of governmental communication in the Russian Federation--old-fashioned bureaucratic and new interactive.
文摘Fiscal decentralization in Brazil has promoted a break in the national collection system and granted greater autonomy to states and municipalities against the federal government with regard to fundraising. The theoretical difference emerged, when one observes the greatest proliferation of local entities from the autonomy granted by the Federal Constitution （FC） from 1988 to the various levels of government, many of which almost totally depend on inter-governmental transfers. There are those who advocate the strengthening of public actions from observing the problems of small units （municipalities） and who will now have greater decision-making freedom. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the public finances of municipalities in the core theoretical （all people born in Espirito Santo） state guided by the Fiscal Responsibility Law （FRL） and fiscal decentralization in the country. For this purpose, they were taken as the time frame 2001 and 2009. Methodologically, this paper used a literature review, as well as data from the National Treasury Secretariat （STN）. In addition, authors took as a tool to help multiple regression models to strengthen the results. The principal evidence shows that, even with a slight improvement in the framework of indicators of revenue, these municipalities have proved essentially dependent on resources from the Union. Additionally, the results show a relative reduction of spending on items, such as staff costs and legislation in one year to another. In parallel, there were greater participation of the variables, costs of health and sanitation, education and culture, among others, to explain the variation of the expenditure of municipalities in Espirito Santo in the years observed. The data fit well to the model with a significance level of 1%.
文摘This paper reports the role of national newspapers in the agenda setting process about the economical crisis in Mexico and its impact, as important mediators, in the public opinion, in a context of high social uncertainty. It has sought to know whether the responses of federal government economic policy have influenced the presidential level of acceptance and whether the adverse outcomes in federal elections intermediate reveal significant aspects in the electoral behavior of the population for presidential succession 2012. This involved measuring citizens perceptions and decisions before the reforms and their consequences, analyze government communication strategies to the crisis and assess the treatment and approaches news from three newspapers about the events concerning the public agenda. The analysis has focused on three states of the central-south of Mexico.
文摘The financial crisis of 2008 left the U.S. economy in a state of severe recession, which is still being felt all over. This has also left the government in a frantic condition to rebuild the financial markets from the bottom up. What started out with excessive bank lending on mortgages lead to the mortgage crisis and a ripple effect on the economy. The cancer has spread globally, affecting every major marketplace and all the major states in the U.S.. Our economy is still very fragile because of this crisis, but eventually we will recover in a few years time to achieve robust economic growth. Long standing cultural pressures in the United States maintained that home ownership was necessary to be a part of the American Dream, and this cultural stance was reinforced by Clinton in 1994, when he enacted a program to raise home ownership to more than two-thirds of all adults. With the tacit blessing of the Federal Government, many mortgage companies sprung up, that catered to those in lower income brackets, offering them the mortgages that many did not have the financial sophistication to understand and deliver. Coupled with the skyrocketing costs of property taxes, insurance, and maintenance costs, many homeowners found themselves unable to pay their mortgages. The whole industry tanked, causing displacement of people and increased unemployment. The lenders of these mortgages sold the notes to investment bankers, and they were sold as high-quality investment grade securities. The major rating agencies were complacent in this tactic, causing rapid default rates on these mortgages; many commercial and investment banks got caught in this crisis. The prices of homes continue to decline, and many homeowners find themselves under water on their mortgages. It was found that in 2010, the U.S. government was responsible for nine out of every ten mortgages issued, which caused further problems with Fanny Mae and Freddie Mac. The crisis is still continuing, with no end in sight. The analysis was based on the data analysis and readings from the journal, as well as various Wall Street commentaries.
文摘The financial crisis in 2008 dragged the U.S. economy into the dilemma of imbalanced and sluggish growth. Thus, the federal government carried out the sustainable and balanced growth strategy. This paper draws the framework of U.S. new growth strategy and summarizes the main measures applied in last five years. Further, it assesses the comprehensive strategic effects on economy and finally discusses the future challenges for the U.S..
文摘For some critics, the publication of Milton＇s Paradise Lost in 1667 suggests his taking religious retreat from his previous political investment in both the Commonwealth Government （1649-1653） and Oliver Cromwell＇s Protectorate that was abnegated by the return of King Charles II in 1660. Not to mention that Milton＇s flamboyant portrayal of Satan appears to be a critique of republicanism： Just as the republicans who revolted against the monarchy, Satan tempts other angels to rebel against the omnipotent God and gain their freedom. This transgressive betrayal fails and is punished in Paradise Lost. However, when the strict censorship of the writings of Milton＇s contemporaries is taken into account, the strategies employed in Milton＇s Paradise Lost become clearer： It may be read as a veiled critique of kingship hiding behind the facade of a criticism of republicanism so as to circumvent censorship. In other words, the work may have surreptitiously conveyed a hidden message for his English citizens. That message may be indirectly delivered through Milton＇s innovative elaboration of the fall of Man, which is roughly described in the Genesis. Therefore, this essay argues that Milton veils the seed of political reform in the moral lessons conveyed in his presentation of the psychological dynamic of Adam and Eve＇s fall. In addition, this essay further explores how Milton endeavors to re-shape the national consciousness of the 17th century English people through alternate historical awareness.
文摘A very rare and serious complication of shoulder dislocation is a lesion to the axillary artery in the elderly population, whose vascular structures have become less flexible. Axillary artery injury secondary to anteroinferior shoulder dislocation is much rarer, especially in the young people. Proper recognition and treatment of this entity of- fers a full recovery to the patient. Present report highlights the possibility of axillary artery injury with anteroinferior shoulder dislocation. A few case reports and small case se- ries of this injury have been reviewed. And recommenda- tions for management have been brought up to date, in line with current thinking.
