Generalized multi-layered granulations and approximations based on neighborhood systems under incomplete information systems

A generalized multi-layered granulation structure used by neighborhood systems is proposed. With granulated views, the concepts of approximations under incomplete information systems are studied, which are represented by covering of the universe. With respect to different levels of granulations, a pair of lower and upper approximations is defined and an approximation structure is investigated, which lead to a more general approximation structure. The generalized multi-layered granulation structure provides a basis of the proposed framework of granular computing. Using this framework, the interesting and useful results about information granulation and approximation reasoning can be obtained. This paper presents some useful explorations about the incomplete information systems from information views.

Effect of Application of Pipe Roof Method by Using Pipe Jacking on Behavior of Surrounding Soil

Tunnels in an urban area, in many cases, are constructed in soft ground which contains underground water, near existing facilities and structures. Structural stability for the tunnel and also the nearby structures and facilities is vital in this kind of work. Slurry pipe jacking was firmly established as a special method for the non-disruptive construction of underground pipelines of sewage systems. This method utilizes mud slurry that is formed around the pipes in order to stabilize the surrounding soil. In the pipe roof method the tubing elements that are constructed by slurry pipe jacking are near each other longitudinally, and create a rigid and stable lining before the excavation of the main tunnel. This paper discusses ＇the application of a slurry pipe jacking system on ＇the pipe roof method by means of numerical analysis. Because of the rigid behavior of the lining, the results show little subsidence, making this method a reliable method of constructing large tunnels with small cover in an urban area.

Nutritional Contribution Model of Litterfall for Adjacent Areas According to the Distance of Forest

The goal of this study is to evaluate the drift of litterfall from forest to adjacent areas, validate a method to estimate the drift with water balance, direction and speed of winds and quantify the nutrients of litterfall in nearby area of the forest patch as function of distance. This phenomenon can be considered an ecosystem service to improve soil quality of the agriculture crops around the forests by nutrient input coming from the litterfall. The experiment was installed in adjacent areas of the tropical forest at central region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The branches, reproductive material and leaves which fell were measured for three years into the forest and adjacents areas. The sampled nets were located on edge and equal distances from the edge. It＇s analyzed and estimated the contribution of the litterfall components to adjacent areas by air. The quantity of litterfall by distance had large variation between adjacent areas. And it was confirmed that model estimated the leaf drift by distance with good precision.

Agroforestry Suggestions Based on Climatic Modeling

Indigenous agroforestry systems have been practiced for centuries in the Himalaya Mountains and adjoining regions.With the increase of climate change associated risks,enhanced understanding of the impact of climate change and related phenomena on the potential distribution of agroforestry is increasingly useful and necessary,for both maintaining and improving yield and ecosystem function.In particular,

Maximum Relative Displacement of Adjacent Buildings During Ground Motions

In order to give the reasonable width of seismic gaps to prevent the structural pounding during ground motions,the maximum relative displacement of adjacent structures is studied in this paper.The factors that may have effects on the maximum relative displacement are discussed.As for multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF) systems,they can be equivalent to single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF) systems with the influences of high modes neglected.The results show that the period ratio,height ratio and peak ground acceleration are the main factors that have great effects on the maximum relative displacement of adjacent structures.The maximum relative displacement of MDOF systems can be obtained from calculating the maximum relative displacement of the equivalent SDOF systems.

Acoustic higher-order topology derived from first-order with built-in Zeeman-like fields

Higher-order topological insulators(HOTIs),with topological corner or hinge states,have emerged as a thriving topic in the field of topological physics.However,few connections have been found for HOTIs with well-explored first-order topological insulators.Recently a proposal asserted that a significant bridge can be established between the HOTIs and Z2 topological insulators.When subjected to an inplane Zeeman field,corner states,the signature of the HOTIs,can be induced in a Z2 topological insulator.Such Zeeman fields can be produced,for example,by the ferromagnetic proximity effect or magnetic atom doping,which drastically increases the experimental complexity.Here,we show that a phononic crystal,designed as a bilayer of coupled acoustic cavities,exactly hosts the Kane-Mele model with built-in in-plane Zeeman fields.The helical edge states along the zigzag edges are gapped,and the corner states,localized spatially at the corners of the samples,appear in the gap.This verifies the Zeeman field induced higher-order topology.We further demonstrate the intriguing contrast properties of the corner states at the outer and inner corners in a hexagonal ring-shaped sample.