Depressions in landscapes function as buffers for water and sediment. A landscape with depressions has less runoff, less erosion and more sedimentation than that without depressions. Sinks in digital elevation models ...Depressions in landscapes function as buffers for water and sediment. A landscape with depressions has less runoff, less erosion and more sedimentation than that without depressions. Sinks in digital elevation models （DEMs） can be considered the real features that represent depressions in actual landscapes or spurious features that result from errors in DEM creation. In many hydrological and erosion models, all sinks are considered as spurious features and, as a result, these models do not deal with the sinks that represent real depressions. Consequently, the surface runoff and erosion are overestimated due to removing the depressions. Aiming at this problem, this paper presents a new method, which deal with the sinks that represent real depressions. The drainage network is extracted without changing the original DEM. The method includes four steps： detecting pits, detecting depressions, merging depressions, and extracting drainage network. Because the elevations of grid cells are not changed, the method can also avoid producing new fiat areas, which are always produced by the conventional filling methods. The proposed method was applied to the Xihanshui River basin, the upper reach of the Jialingjiang River basin, China, to automatically extract the drainage network based on DEM. The extracted drainage network agrees well with the reality and can be used for further hydrologic analysis and erosion estimation.展开更多
Psychological depression is considered a major determinant of health status in patients with heart failure （HF）. The incidence of depression in HF is four to five times higher than that in the general population.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate how Chaiyuwendan decoction(CWD)affects endocannabinoid levels in the adipose tissue of depressed rats.METHODS:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups with s...OBJECTIVE:To investigate how Chaiyuwendan decoction(CWD)affects endocannabinoid levels in the adipose tissue of depressed rats.METHODS:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups with six rats in each.One group was randomly selected as the control group.The remaining three groups were subjected to chronic stress to induce depression.Groups were randomly assigned as a model group,CWD group,and amitriptyline group.CWD was given to the CWD group once a day from the second day of modeling.The amitriptyline group was administered amitriptyline intragastrically(10 mg/kg)once a day.After treatment for 21 days,body weight and fat weight were measured and the levels of N-arachidonoylethanolamine(AEA),2-arachidonoylglycerol(2-AG),and N-palmitoylethanolamine(PEA)in adipose tissue were determined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.RESULTS:Compared with the control group,body weight,fat weight,AEA,and PEA were significantly lower,and 2-AG was higher,in the model group(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the model group,body weight,fat weight,the AEA,and PEA levels were significantly higher,and 2-AG level was significantly lower in the CWD group(P<0.05).However,the levels did not differ significantly between the CWD group and the amitriptyline group.CONCLUSION:CWD could regulate the levels of AEA,2-AG,and PEA in rats with depression induced by chronic stress.展开更多
基金supported by the Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40671025)the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-302)
文摘Depressions in landscapes function as buffers for water and sediment. A landscape with depressions has less runoff, less erosion and more sedimentation than that without depressions. Sinks in digital elevation models （DEMs） can be considered the real features that represent depressions in actual landscapes or spurious features that result from errors in DEM creation. In many hydrological and erosion models, all sinks are considered as spurious features and, as a result, these models do not deal with the sinks that represent real depressions. Consequently, the surface runoff and erosion are overestimated due to removing the depressions. Aiming at this problem, this paper presents a new method, which deal with the sinks that represent real depressions. The drainage network is extracted without changing the original DEM. The method includes four steps： detecting pits, detecting depressions, merging depressions, and extracting drainage network. Because the elevations of grid cells are not changed, the method can also avoid producing new fiat areas, which are always produced by the conventional filling methods. The proposed method was applied to the Xihanshui River basin, the upper reach of the Jialingjiang River basin, China, to automatically extract the drainage network based on DEM. The extracted drainage network agrees well with the reality and can be used for further hydrologic analysis and erosion estimation.
文摘Psychological depression is considered a major determinant of health status in patients with heart failure （HF）. The incidence of depression in HF is four to five times higher than that in the general population.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Fund of Fujian(No.13141240)a Xiamen Science and Technology Key Program Grant(No.3502Z20100006)the Undergraduate Innovative Experiment Program(No.DC2013271)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate how Chaiyuwendan decoction(CWD)affects endocannabinoid levels in the adipose tissue of depressed rats.METHODS:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups with six rats in each.One group was randomly selected as the control group.The remaining three groups were subjected to chronic stress to induce depression.Groups were randomly assigned as a model group,CWD group,and amitriptyline group.CWD was given to the CWD group once a day from the second day of modeling.The amitriptyline group was administered amitriptyline intragastrically(10 mg/kg)once a day.After treatment for 21 days,body weight and fat weight were measured and the levels of N-arachidonoylethanolamine(AEA),2-arachidonoylglycerol(2-AG),and N-palmitoylethanolamine(PEA)in adipose tissue were determined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.RESULTS:Compared with the control group,body weight,fat weight,AEA,and PEA were significantly lower,and 2-AG was higher,in the model group(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the model group,body weight,fat weight,the AEA,and PEA levels were significantly higher,and 2-AG level was significantly lower in the CWD group(P<0.05).However,the levels did not differ significantly between the CWD group and the amitriptyline group.CONCLUSION:CWD could regulate the levels of AEA,2-AG,and PEA in rats with depression induced by chronic stress.
