Field research in this paper was carried out in Baiyinxil State-owned Rangeland （SOR）, which is 55 kms southeast of Xilingol City in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region （IMAR）. The area established t...Field research in this paper was carried out in Baiyinxil State-owned Rangeland （SOR）, which is 55 kms southeast of Xilingol City in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region （IMAR）. The area established the first grassland nature reserve in China as well as the first SOR in IMAR. By reviewing its 60 years of development, the paper analyzes local herders＇ ecological ideology （the cycle made of human-grassland-livestock and none of which could be neglected） and the modern nation-state＇s policy implementation in ecological resettlement, institutional changes, and livestock cross-breeding. The purpose of the research is to discuss three pairs of socio-ecological relationships in Inner Mongolia grassland： between population flow and regional development, traditional ideology and grassland management ideology, as well as the competition between local knowledge and modern science and technology. The author argues that grassland management is a cyclical process and the deterioration of grassland ecology in IMAR is simply a reflection of the imbalance of three key elements （human-institution-cattle） in maintaining grassland ecology.展开更多
Located in Xilin Gol League of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,the Xilinhot-Abaga volcanic cluster is in the centre of the Daxing’anling-Datong volcanic eruption belt.More than 300 Quaternary basaltic volcanoes of d...Located in Xilin Gol League of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,the Xilinhot-Abaga volcanic cluster is in the centre of the Daxing’anling-Datong volcanic eruption belt.More than 300 Quaternary basaltic volcanoes of different types are developed in the volcanic eruption belt.Maars are found for the first time in the study area,with those in Haotewula in the southeast of Abagaqi,and Chelewula and Esigewula in the northwest of Abagaqi to be the most representative.They all are large in scale,with cone diameters generally 3~4km,with the largest up to 6.5km.The maars show intact structure,a similar two-ringed mountain landscape and obviously phased eruption which contained a vigorous phreatomagmatic explosion at the earlier stage,and weak magmatic explosion at the later stage,and basaltic lava effusion in the last stage.The eruption sequence reflects the interaction between magma and water,the change of intrusive speed and outflow rate of magma.The Middle Pleistocene deposits of sand and gravel in the valley are covered by basal surge deposits.The TL age of sandstone-shale 'xenolith'which was found in the spatter deposits close to the crater is( 0.112 ± 0.0096) Ma,indicating that the eruption time of the Maars was the early Late Pleistocene.展开更多
Based on archival materials discovered in America,Britain,and China,this paper carefully examines the history of the short-lived and completely overlooked Department of Physics in the Premedical School of Peking Union...Based on archival materials discovered in America,Britain,and China,this paper carefully examines the history of the short-lived and completely overlooked Department of Physics in the Premedical School of Peking Union Medical College(PUMC),and uncovers this department’s extensive interconnections with its counterpart at Yenching University.This project also looks into the Master of Science(MS)program in the Department of Physics at Yenching University,which,founded in 1927,was the first graduate program in physics in China.It was this MS program that transformed the Yenching Department from a largely premedical training center serving the PUMC into a prominent cradle of Chinese physics research.This Yenching Department,despite its small faculty and brief existence,nurtured many eminent Chinese physicists,such as Chao-Ying Meng孟昭英,Wen-Yu Chang张文裕,Ming-Chen Wang王明贞,Chia-Liu Luke Yuan袁家骝,Cheng-Shu Wang(Chang)王承书,Ho-Fu Lu卢鹤绂,Ting-Sui Ke葛庭燧,Kun Huang黄昆,and Chia-Lin Hsieh谢家麟.It would have been impossible to achieve these outstanding accomplishments without the effective leadership and pioneering work of C.H.Corbett,P.A.Anderson,Y.M.Hsieh,and W.Band—the first four Department Chairs—in combination with relatively abundant private funding,mostly from America,and extensive educational connections with Western institutions.This paper not only introduces in detail these four department heads and their contributions,but also discloses the unique role played by the Rockefeller Foundation via the China Medical Board and the PUMC in the development of the Yenching Department of Physics.展开更多
Natural grasslands are increasingly subjected to the dual stresses of grazing pressures and climate change.However,the contribution of human activities,especially grassland ecology conservation projects,to grassland i...Natural grasslands are increasingly subjected to the dual stresses of grazing pressures and climate change.However,the contribution of human activities,especially grassland ecology conservation projects,to grassland improvement remains ambiguous.Utilizing MODIS satellite data in conjunction with the VPM model,the gross primary productivity(GPP)changes in the Xilingol grassland from 2000 to 2020 were assessed.Based on GPP data derived from remote sensing,this study quantitatively assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the impacts of climate change and human activities on the productivity of grassland in the Xilingol League.From 2000 to 2020,the grasslands exhibited a greening trend characterized by a significant annual GPP increment of 2.66 gC m^(-2) yr^(-1)(P<0.05).Climate change and human activities jointly contributed to this greening trend,with relative contribution rates of 55%and 45%,respectively.However,the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to the trend of GPP varied greatly in different regions.Climate change emerged as the principal driver in the central and eastern regions of Xilingol League with robust grass growth,accounting for more than 65%of the GPP enhancement.Conversely,human activities were the dominant factors in less verdant western regions and the agro-pastoral ecotone,representing more than 60%of the GPP change.Grassland productivity was sensitive to grassland ecological restoration measures,with significant changes in the trends of grassland productivity attributed to human activities in pivotal policy implementation years such as 2005 and 2011.Specifically,measures such as the control of wind/sand sources and returning grazing land to grassland from 2000 to 2005 gradually alleviated the pressure of human activities on grassland productivity,as they significantly improved vegetation growth in high-quality grasslands.Under the forage-livestock balance policy from 2005 to 2011,inadequate compensation for grassland ecological protection led to a significant reduction in GPP,as some herders increased their livestock holdings despite grazing restrictions,and this particularly affected the high-quality grasslands.The implementation of the Grassland Ecological Protection Subsidy and Reward Program from 2011 to 2020 generally promoted the recovery of productivity in eastern and western Xilingol League grasslands,but significant ecological pressure persisted.This study provides theoretical support for optimizing grassland ecosystem management and forming a virtuous cycle of grassland conservation in pastoral areas.展开更多
Changes in soil organic carbon(SOC) in rangelands has been extensively investigated. Grazing in outlying rangeland areas has caused severe impacts on ecosystem functions. To reveal the effects of grazing on SOC, we ev...Changes in soil organic carbon(SOC) in rangelands has been extensively investigated. Grazing in outlying rangeland areas has caused severe impacts on ecosystem functions. To reveal the effects of grazing on SOC, we evaluated the grassland in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China. Grazing intensity was determined by using two image sets of vegetation index with normalized differences in grazing periods(July 12 th and 28th). The range of variation in vegetation index was then used to measure the grazing intensity. The SOC storage and density were obtained by conducting experiments on field soil samples. Results showed that 1) the grazing intensity in Xilin Gol League declined gradually from west to east; by contrast, the spatial distribution of SOC density increased gradually. 2) As grazing intensity increased, the carbon storage of rangeland decreased evidently. Minimum carbon storage was observed in grasslands classified under extreme overgrazing; by comparison, maximum values were found in areas classified under light overgrazing to moderate grazing. 3) The estimated soil carbon storage was 8.48 × 10^(11) kg, and the average carbon density was 4.08 kg/m^2. Our research demonstrated that grazing intensity likely affects soil carbon. Moderate grazing is an optimum strategy to maintain carbon storage and ensure sustainable grassland utilization.展开更多
Food safety is an important issue for the development of the national economy and society.Studying regional food supply and demand from the perspective of land resource carrying capacity can provide new references for...Food safety is an important issue for the development of the national economy and society.Studying regional food supply and demand from the perspective of land resource carrying capacity can provide new references for regional resource sustainability.This study uses the data from farmer and herdsmen household questionnaires,statistical data,land use data,and other sources to construct a land resource carrying capacity(LCC)assessment framework,targeting the food supply and demand of residents in representative areas,specifically the typical grassland pastoral areas,sandy pastoral areas and agro-pastoral areas on the Xilin Gol grassland transects.The three food nutritional indicators of calories,protein and fat were selected for analyzing the balance of land resource carrying capacity.We found that:1)Along the Xilin Gol grassland,the main local food supply showed a shift from meat and milk to grains,vegetables and fruits.2)From north to south along the grassland transects,the calorie intake increased gradually,while the intake of protein and fat was highest in pastoral areas and lowest in agricultural areas.3)The overall land resource carrying capacity of the Xilin Gol grassland transects was in a surplus state,but the land carrying capacity of typical grassland pastoral area was higher than the two other types of areas.This study provides an empirical reference for the sustainable development of regional food nutrition.展开更多
文摘Field research in this paper was carried out in Baiyinxil State-owned Rangeland （SOR）, which is 55 kms southeast of Xilingol City in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region （IMAR）. The area established the first grassland nature reserve in China as well as the first SOR in IMAR. By reviewing its 60 years of development, the paper analyzes local herders＇ ecological ideology （the cycle made of human-grassland-livestock and none of which could be neglected） and the modern nation-state＇s policy implementation in ecological resettlement, institutional changes, and livestock cross-breeding. The purpose of the research is to discuss three pairs of socio-ecological relationships in Inner Mongolia grassland： between population flow and regional development, traditional ideology and grassland management ideology, as well as the competition between local knowledge and modern science and technology. The author argues that grassland management is a cyclical process and the deterioration of grassland ecology in IMAR is simply a reflection of the imbalance of three key elements （human-institution-cattle） in maintaining grassland ecology.
基金sponsored by the Special Fund of Public Research,China Earthquake Administration(200782713)Special Fund of the Geological Heritage Protection,Department of Land and Resources,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China(20101030)
文摘Located in Xilin Gol League of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,the Xilinhot-Abaga volcanic cluster is in the centre of the Daxing’anling-Datong volcanic eruption belt.More than 300 Quaternary basaltic volcanoes of different types are developed in the volcanic eruption belt.Maars are found for the first time in the study area,with those in Haotewula in the southeast of Abagaqi,and Chelewula and Esigewula in the northwest of Abagaqi to be the most representative.They all are large in scale,with cone diameters generally 3~4km,with the largest up to 6.5km.The maars show intact structure,a similar two-ringed mountain landscape and obviously phased eruption which contained a vigorous phreatomagmatic explosion at the earlier stage,and weak magmatic explosion at the later stage,and basaltic lava effusion in the last stage.The eruption sequence reflects the interaction between magma and water,the change of intrusive speed and outflow rate of magma.The Middle Pleistocene deposits of sand and gravel in the valley are covered by basal surge deposits.The TL age of sandstone-shale 'xenolith'which was found in the spatter deposits close to the crater is( 0.112 ± 0.0096) Ma,indicating that the eruption time of the Maars was the early Late Pleistocene.
文摘Based on archival materials discovered in America,Britain,and China,this paper carefully examines the history of the short-lived and completely overlooked Department of Physics in the Premedical School of Peking Union Medical College(PUMC),and uncovers this department’s extensive interconnections with its counterpart at Yenching University.This project also looks into the Master of Science(MS)program in the Department of Physics at Yenching University,which,founded in 1927,was the first graduate program in physics in China.It was this MS program that transformed the Yenching Department from a largely premedical training center serving the PUMC into a prominent cradle of Chinese physics research.This Yenching Department,despite its small faculty and brief existence,nurtured many eminent Chinese physicists,such as Chao-Ying Meng孟昭英,Wen-Yu Chang张文裕,Ming-Chen Wang王明贞,Chia-Liu Luke Yuan袁家骝,Cheng-Shu Wang(Chang)王承书,Ho-Fu Lu卢鹤绂,Ting-Sui Ke葛庭燧,Kun Huang黄昆,and Chia-Lin Hsieh谢家麟.It would have been impossible to achieve these outstanding accomplishments without the effective leadership and pioneering work of C.H.Corbett,P.A.Anderson,Y.M.Hsieh,and W.Band—the first four Department Chairs—in combination with relatively abundant private funding,mostly from America,and extensive educational connections with Western institutions.This paper not only introduces in detail these four department heads and their contributions,but also discloses the unique role played by the Rockefeller Foundation via the China Medical Board and the PUMC in the development of the Yenching Department of Physics.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1301802)。
文摘Natural grasslands are increasingly subjected to the dual stresses of grazing pressures and climate change.However,the contribution of human activities,especially grassland ecology conservation projects,to grassland improvement remains ambiguous.Utilizing MODIS satellite data in conjunction with the VPM model,the gross primary productivity(GPP)changes in the Xilingol grassland from 2000 to 2020 were assessed.Based on GPP data derived from remote sensing,this study quantitatively assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the impacts of climate change and human activities on the productivity of grassland in the Xilingol League.From 2000 to 2020,the grasslands exhibited a greening trend characterized by a significant annual GPP increment of 2.66 gC m^(-2) yr^(-1)(P<0.05).Climate change and human activities jointly contributed to this greening trend,with relative contribution rates of 55%and 45%,respectively.However,the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to the trend of GPP varied greatly in different regions.Climate change emerged as the principal driver in the central and eastern regions of Xilingol League with robust grass growth,accounting for more than 65%of the GPP enhancement.Conversely,human activities were the dominant factors in less verdant western regions and the agro-pastoral ecotone,representing more than 60%of the GPP change.Grassland productivity was sensitive to grassland ecological restoration measures,with significant changes in the trends of grassland productivity attributed to human activities in pivotal policy implementation years such as 2005 and 2011.Specifically,measures such as the control of wind/sand sources and returning grazing land to grassland from 2000 to 2005 gradually alleviated the pressure of human activities on grassland productivity,as they significantly improved vegetation growth in high-quality grasslands.Under the forage-livestock balance policy from 2005 to 2011,inadequate compensation for grassland ecological protection led to a significant reduction in GPP,as some herders increased their livestock holdings despite grazing restrictions,and this particularly affected the high-quality grasslands.The implementation of the Grassland Ecological Protection Subsidy and Reward Program from 2011 to 2020 generally promoted the recovery of productivity in eastern and western Xilingol League grasslands,but significant ecological pressure persisted.This study provides theoretical support for optimizing grassland ecosystem management and forming a virtuous cycle of grassland conservation in pastoral areas.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41671080
文摘Changes in soil organic carbon(SOC) in rangelands has been extensively investigated. Grazing in outlying rangeland areas has caused severe impacts on ecosystem functions. To reveal the effects of grazing on SOC, we evaluated the grassland in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China. Grazing intensity was determined by using two image sets of vegetation index with normalized differences in grazing periods(July 12 th and 28th). The range of variation in vegetation index was then used to measure the grazing intensity. The SOC storage and density were obtained by conducting experiments on field soil samples. Results showed that 1) the grazing intensity in Xilin Gol League declined gradually from west to east; by contrast, the spatial distribution of SOC density increased gradually. 2) As grazing intensity increased, the carbon storage of rangeland decreased evidently. Minimum carbon storage was observed in grasslands classified under extreme overgrazing; by comparison, maximum values were found in areas classified under light overgrazing to moderate grazing. 3) The estimated soil carbon storage was 8.48 × 10^(11) kg, and the average carbon density was 4.08 kg/m^2. Our research demonstrated that grazing intensity likely affects soil carbon. Moderate grazing is an optimum strategy to maintain carbon storage and ensure sustainable grassland utilization.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41671517)The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0503700)The Strategic Priority Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20010202)
文摘Food safety is an important issue for the development of the national economy and society.Studying regional food supply and demand from the perspective of land resource carrying capacity can provide new references for regional resource sustainability.This study uses the data from farmer and herdsmen household questionnaires,statistical data,land use data,and other sources to construct a land resource carrying capacity(LCC)assessment framework,targeting the food supply and demand of residents in representative areas,specifically the typical grassland pastoral areas,sandy pastoral areas and agro-pastoral areas on the Xilin Gol grassland transects.The three food nutritional indicators of calories,protein and fat were selected for analyzing the balance of land resource carrying capacity.We found that:1)Along the Xilin Gol grassland,the main local food supply showed a shift from meat and milk to grains,vegetables and fruits.2)From north to south along the grassland transects,the calorie intake increased gradually,while the intake of protein and fat was highest in pastoral areas and lowest in agricultural areas.3)The overall land resource carrying capacity of the Xilin Gol grassland transects was in a surplus state,but the land carrying capacity of typical grassland pastoral area was higher than the two other types of areas.This study provides an empirical reference for the sustainable development of regional food nutrition.
