略论《人物志》与“都官考课”

《人物志》的撰写与"都官考课"的制定,是刘卲一生的两大创造。"都官考课"的制定,是以理想中的汉代察举制度为蓝本的;而《人物志》所反映出的却是一种带有名士趣味的观人法则。两者旨趣的背反,与汉魏之际急剧变动的时代风气息息相关。

曹魏考课法的制定及其社会背景初探

In Caowei Dynasty, the Emperor Weiming and Wangfang of Qi State twice instructed the formulation of official inspecting law,attempting to strengthen the inspection on officials at all levels by means of law. Yet, owing to various reasons, the official inspecting law was not carried out. Official inspecting law in Cao-Wei Dynasty produced great influence on the development of the official inspecting system afterwards.

曹魏九品中正制的历史真相

曹魏时期官员的任职资格认定并非由中正所垄断,而是存在中正与行政长官两个评价系统:行政长官对官员入仕与晋升,不仅有提名权,而且评价其政绩才干;中正作资格审查时,仅给在职官员定"品",而不给察举对象定"品",仅以"辈"论。中正评价在职官员与察举对象的两种话语,在魏末改革中合二为一:中正之"品"化为"官品",而父辈官职决定子弟起家官职的选举惯例,使父辈的"官品"随之成为子弟的起家"资品",两者相差四等,是西晋"资品"与"官品"级差的来源。