The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann...The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann and Komen and the other provided by Tsagareli and Babanin. The solution adopted for our study was presented by Song for the wave-modifi ed Ekman current model that included the Stokes drift, wind input, and wave dissipation with eddy viscosity increasing linearly with depth. Using the Combi spectrum with tail effects, the solutions are calculated using two formulations for wind input and wave dissipation, and compared. Differences in the results are not negligible. Furthermore, the solution presented by Song and Xu for the eddy viscosity formulated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme under wind input and wave dissipation given by Tsagareli and Babanin is compared with that obtained for a depth-dependent eddy viscosity. The solutions are further compared with the available well-known observational data. The result indicates that the Tsagareli and Babanin scheme is more suitable for use in the model when capillary waves are included, and the solution calculated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme agrees best with observations.展开更多
The determination of allocable water is one of the most important stages during the process of formulating water allocation scheme.The selection of appropriate allocable water is the prerequisite and fundament for dev...The determination of allocable water is one of the most important stages during the process of formulating water allocation scheme.The selection of appropriate allocable water is the prerequisite and fundament for developing a reasonable water allocation scheme.Based on the summary and analysis of international water allocation practice,this paper has distilled three attention-worth issues concerning the determination of allocable water.In addition,this paper has also proposed a general method for the determination of allocable water and illustrated this method in detail.It is hoped that through providing a general and feasible method for determining allocable water,a fundament could be established for the consultation of water allocation process among different stakeholders,promoting the integrated management of river basins.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： To explore the regulatory effects of es- tablished Chinese herbal formulas on inflammatory mediators released during asthma attacks, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine...OBJECTIVE： To explore the regulatory effects of es- tablished Chinese herbal formulas on inflammatory mediators released during asthma attacks, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of asthma. METHODS： Seventy-five asthmatic children were randomly divided into a Chinese medication group （45 cases） and a Western medication control group （30 cases）. Patients in the Chinese medication group were treated with a series of established Chi- nese herbal formulas, whereas the Western medica- tion control group received a leukotriene receptor antagonist and a bronchial relaxant. Real-time PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of interleukin （IL）-4, cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 （CysLTR1）, and interferon （IFN）-γ in peripheralblood mononuclear cells before and after treat- ment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the peripheral blood levels of IL-4, leukotriene （LTE）-4, and INF-γ before and after treat- ment. RESULTS： After treatment, the mRNA expression levels of 11-4 and CysLTR1 were down-regulated （P〈 0.01） and the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ were up-regulated （P〈0.05） in the Chinese medication and Western medication groups; no significant dif- ference was found between the two groups. In the Chinese medication group, IL-4 blood level was de- creased and it was significantly different from that in the Western medication group （P〈0.05）; there was also a significant increase in IFN-γ blood levels after treatment with Chinese medica- tion （P〈0.05）. There were no significant differenc- es in LTE-4 blood levels between the two groups before and after treatment （P〉0.05）. CONCLUSION： Chinese medication has a regulato- ry effect on leukotriene receptor gene expression and the imbalance of Th1/Th2 immune cells dur- ing asthma attacks in pediatric patients.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41176016)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(Nos.2012CB417402,2011CB403501)the Fund for Creative Research Groups by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41121064)
文摘The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann and Komen and the other provided by Tsagareli and Babanin. The solution adopted for our study was presented by Song for the wave-modifi ed Ekman current model that included the Stokes drift, wind input, and wave dissipation with eddy viscosity increasing linearly with depth. Using the Combi spectrum with tail effects, the solutions are calculated using two formulations for wind input and wave dissipation, and compared. Differences in the results are not negligible. Furthermore, the solution presented by Song and Xu for the eddy viscosity formulated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme under wind input and wave dissipation given by Tsagareli and Babanin is compared with that obtained for a depth-dependent eddy viscosity. The solutions are further compared with the available well-known observational data. The result indicates that the Tsagareli and Babanin scheme is more suitable for use in the model when capillary waves are included, and the solution calculated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme agrees best with observations.
文摘The determination of allocable water is one of the most important stages during the process of formulating water allocation scheme.The selection of appropriate allocable water is the prerequisite and fundament for developing a reasonable water allocation scheme.Based on the summary and analysis of international water allocation practice,this paper has distilled three attention-worth issues concerning the determination of allocable water.In addition,this paper has also proposed a general method for the determination of allocable water and illustrated this method in detail.It is hoped that through providing a general and feasible method for determining allocable water,a fundament could be established for the consultation of water allocation process among different stakeholders,promoting the integrated management of river basins.
基金Supported by Major Research Project of Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Three-year Action Plan(ZYSNXD-CC-ZDYJ034)Shanghai Science and Technology Research Grant Program(No.12401905500)Shanghai Health Bureau Medical Research Fund Grant Program(No.2006L032A)
文摘OBJECTIVE： To explore the regulatory effects of es- tablished Chinese herbal formulas on inflammatory mediators released during asthma attacks, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of asthma. METHODS： Seventy-five asthmatic children were randomly divided into a Chinese medication group （45 cases） and a Western medication control group （30 cases）. Patients in the Chinese medication group were treated with a series of established Chi- nese herbal formulas, whereas the Western medica- tion control group received a leukotriene receptor antagonist and a bronchial relaxant. Real-time PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of interleukin （IL）-4, cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 （CysLTR1）, and interferon （IFN）-γ in peripheralblood mononuclear cells before and after treat- ment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the peripheral blood levels of IL-4, leukotriene （LTE）-4, and INF-γ before and after treat- ment. RESULTS： After treatment, the mRNA expression levels of 11-4 and CysLTR1 were down-regulated （P〈 0.01） and the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ were up-regulated （P〈0.05） in the Chinese medication and Western medication groups; no significant dif- ference was found between the two groups. In the Chinese medication group, IL-4 blood level was de- creased and it was significantly different from that in the Western medication group （P〈0.05）; there was also a significant increase in IFN-γ blood levels after treatment with Chinese medica- tion （P〈0.05）. There were no significant differenc- es in LTE-4 blood levels between the two groups before and after treatment （P〉0.05）. CONCLUSION： Chinese medication has a regulato- ry effect on leukotriene receptor gene expression and the imbalance of Th1/Th2 immune cells dur- ing asthma attacks in pediatric patients.
