生命动力素——酒素在酒类生产和食用中的应用研究

本文根据酒素的相关机理和在酒类生产中的工艺流程及比例,得出结论:酒素将在酒类生产中得到更进一步的推广应用。

生命动力素——酒素在酒类生产和食用中的应用研究

本文介绍了酒素改变酒中水质与生态水的反应机理及酒素在酒类中催陈老熟缩短储存期的作用机理。

生命动力素——酒素在酒类生产和食用中的应用研究

本文根据酒素的相关机理和在酒类生产中的工艺流程及比例,得出结论:酒素将在酒类生产中得到更进一步的推广应用。

复合红酒素固体饮料对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的溃疡性结肠炎的预防作用

【目的】研究复合红酒素固体饮料(复红固饮)对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulphate sodium,DSS)诱导的溃疡性结肠炎的预防作用及机制。【方法】本实验采用2.5%DSS对小鼠进行溃疡性结肠炎造模,将小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、阳性药组(0.5 g/kg奥沙拉嗪)、低剂量复红固饮组(2.5 g/kg)及高剂量复红固饮组(5 g/kg)。连续灌胃给药7 d,记录小鼠体质量并观察结肠炎的症状,第8天断头取血,截取结肠并测定长度,将部分结肠用多聚甲醛固定。测定小鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)及白介素10(interleukin-10,IL-10)的含量。【结果】复红固饮组小鼠急性结肠炎的症状有所缓解,体质量减轻得到抑制,结肠萎缩程度有明显改善,且复红固饮组的血清TNF-α浓度降低,血清IL-10浓度明显升高。复红固饮对结肠黏膜上皮细胞中COX-2的表达也有抑制作用。【结论】复红固饮有明显的预防溃疡性结肠炎的作用,其机制可能与调节体内细胞因子的水平和抑制炎症反应有关。

柞蚕丝素解酒保肝功能食品解酒防醉作用的研究

为了解柞蚕丝素解酒保肝功能食品的解酒防醉效果,进行了小鼠防醉和解酒试验,观察柞蚕丝素解酒保肝功能食品对小鼠醉酒时间和睡眠时间的影响。结果表明:柞蚕丝素解酒保肝功能食品可显著延长小鼠对酒精的耐受时间,缩短醉酒的持续时间。

脱臭蒜素提取机理及脱臭蒜素原汁酒的研制

大蒜中的有效成份是大蒜素 ,它具有强烈的刺激性臭味。但鲜蒜中大蒜素是以稳定无臭的大蒜氨酸的形式存在。当大蒜受到冲击 (切片或捣碎 ) ,大蒜酶接触到空气后活化 ,大蒜氨酸转化大蒜素。根据大蒜素的理化性质 ,采用不同的反应条件进行脱臭实验。开发研制出脱臭蒜素原液、脱臭蒜素保健饮料。

百喜冰酒自吾冰；目

冰酒素有“酒中极品”之称，属于葡果酒。百喜冰酒，产于加拿大著名的冰酒之乡——安大略湖畔，由BIRCHVINEYARD制造生产，现由中加百喜(北京)商贸有限公司代理。选用雷司令、维达尔冰葡萄精心酿制而成，品质卓越，色泽金黄，澄澈清亮，口感甜蜜隽永，散发出水果的芳香，

东风桔柠檬苦素类化合物

从东风桔（Ａｔａｌａｎｔｉａｂｕｘｉｆｏｌｉａ（Ｐｏｉｒ）Ｏｌｉｖ．）根和茎得到一个新的柠檬苦素类化合物。经化学反应和波谱分析，确定其化学结构为６去氧６α乙酰氧基酒饼苦素乙酸酯。

Change of intestinal mucosa barrier function in the progress of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats

AIM: To explore the change of intestinal mucosa barrier function in the progress of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats. METHODS: Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group and model group. Rats in the control group were given normal diet, and rats in the model group were given fat-rich diet. Eight rats in each group were killed at end of the 8th and 12th wk, respectively. The levels of endotoxin, D-xylose, TG, TC, ALT and AST, intestinal tissue SOD and MDA as well as intestinal mucus secretory IgA (sIgA) were measured. The pathology of liver was observed by HE staining. RESULTS: At end of the 8th wk, there was no marked difference in the levels of endotoxin, D-xylose and sIgA between the two groups. At end of the 12th wk, rats in the model group developed steatohepatitis and had a higher serum level of endotoxin (P = 0.01) and D-xylose (P = 0.00) and a lower serum level of sIgA (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Intestinal mucosa barrier malfunction may exist in NASH rats and may be an important promoter of NASH in rats.

Cyclooxygenase 2 in liver dysfunction and carcinogenesis: Facts and perspectives

The biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes has been a focus of interest in the management of many liver diseases.Cyclooxygenases are the enzymes involved in the first step of the biosynthesis of these lipid mediators and selective inhibitors for these isoenzymes as well as pharmacological analogues of prostaglandins have been developed and are currently applied therapeutically.Here we discuss the implications of these enzymes in the onset of metabolic and lipid disorders in the liver and their potential role in the progression of the diseases towards fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

Inhibition of hepatic interleukin-18 production by rosiglitazone in a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM:To investigate the effects of rosiglitazone(RGZ) on expression of interleukin-18(IL-18) and caspase-1 in liver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) rats.METHODS:Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into control,NAFLD,and RGZ treated NAFLD groups.A NAFLD rat model of NAFLD was established by feeding the animals with a high-fat diet for 12 wk.The NAFLD animals were treated with RGZ or vehicle for the last 4 wk(week 9-12) and then sacrificed to obtain liver tissues.Histological changes were analyzed with HE,oil red O and Masson's trichrome staining.Expressions of IL-18 and caspase-1 were detected using immunohistochemical staining and semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analysis.RESULTS:The expression levels of both IL-18 and caspase-1 were higher in the liver of NAFLD group than in the control group.Steatosis,inflammation and fibrosis,found in the liver of NAFLD rats,were significantly improved 4 wk after RGZ treatment.The elevated hepatic IL-18 and caspase-1 expressions in NAFLD group were also significantly attenuated after RGZ treatment.CONCLUSION:RGZ treatment can ameliorate increased hepatic IL-18 production and histological changes in liver of NAFLD rats.The beneficial effects of RGZ on NAFLD may be partly due to its inhibitory effect on hepatic IL-18 production.

Association of keratin 8/18 variants with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in Chinese patients: A case-control study

AIM To test the hypothesis that K8/K18 variants predispose humans to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) progression and its metabolic phenotypes. METHODS We selected a total of 373 unrelated adult subjects from our Physical Examination Department, including 200 unrelated NAFLD patients and 173 controls of both genders and different ages. Diagnoses of NAFLD were established according to ultrasonic signs of fatty liver. All subjects were tested for population characteristics, lipid profile, liver tests, as well as glucose tests. Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood with a DNeasy Tissue Kit. K8/K18 coding regions were analyzed, including 15 exons and exon-intron boundaries. RESULTS Among 200 NAFLD patients, 10(5%) heterozygouscarriers of keratin variants were identified. There were 5 amino-acid-altering heterozygous variants and 6 non-coding heterozygous variants. One novel aminoacid-altering heterozygous variant(K18 N193S) and three novel non-coding variants were observed(K8 IVS5-9A→G, K8 IVS6+19G→A, K18 T195T). A total of 9 patients had a single variant and 1 patient had compound variants(K18 N193S+K8 IVS3-15C→G). Only one R341 H variant was found in the control group(1 of 173, 0.58%). The frequency of keratin variants in NAFLD patients was significantly higher than that in the control group(5% vs 0.58%, P = 0.015). Notably, the keratin variants were significantly associated with insulin resistance(IR) in NAFLD patients(8.86% in NAFLD patients with IR vs 2.5% in NAFLD patients without IR, P = 0.043).CONCLUSION K8/K18 variants are overrepresented in Chinese NAFLD patients and might accelerate liver fat storage through IR.

Risk factors and prediction score for chronic pancreatitis: A nationwide population-based cohort study

AIM To explore the risk factors of developing chronic pan-creatitis （CP） in patients with acute pancreatitis （AP） and develop a prediction score for CP.METHODS Using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan, we obtained large, population-based data of 5971 eligible patients diagnosed with AP from 2000 to 2013. After excluding patients with obstructive pancreatitis and biliary pancreatitis and those with a follow-up period of less than 1 year, we conducted a multivariate analysis using the data of 3739 patients to identify the risk factors of CP and subsequently develop a scoring system that could predict the development of CP in patients with AP. In addition, we validated the scoring system using a validation cohort.RESULTS Among the study subjects, 142 patients （12.98%） developed CP among patients with RAP. On the other hand, only 32 patients （1.21%） developed CP among patients with only one episode of AP. The multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of recurrent AP （RAP）, alcoho-lism, smoking habit, and age of onset of 〈 55 years were the four important risk factors for CP. We developed a scoring system （risk score 1 and risk score 2） from the derivation cohort by classifying the patients into low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk categories based on similar magnitudes of hazard and validated the performance using another validation cohort. Using the prediction score model, the area under the curve （AUC） [95% confdence interval （CI）] in predicting the 5-year CP incidence in risk score 1 （without the number of AP episodes） was 0.83 （0.79, 0.87）, whereas the AUC （95%CI） in risk score 2 （including the number of AP episodes） was 0.84 （0.80, 0.88）. This result demonstrated that the risk score 2 has somewhat better prediction performance than risk score 1. However, both of them had similar performance between the derivation and validation cohorts.CONCLUSIONIn the study,we identifed the risk factors of CP and devel-oped a prediction score model for CP.

Effect of insulin-sensitizing agents in combination with ezetimibe, and valsartan in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM： To assess whether treatment with insulinsensitizing agents （ISAs） in combination with ezetimibe and valsartan have greater effect on hepatic fat content and lipid peroxidation compared to monotherapy in the methionine choline-deficient diet （MCDD） rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD）. METHODS： Rats （n = 6 per group） were treated with different drugs, including MCDD only, MCDD diet with either metformin （200 mg/kg）, rosiglitazone （3 mg/kg）, metformin plus rosiglitazone （M＋R）, ezetimibe （2 mg/ kg）, valsartan （2 mg/kg）, or combination of all drugs for a total of 15 wk. Liver histology, lipids, parameters of oxidative stress and TNF-alpha were measured. RESULTS： Fatty liver （FL） rats demonstrated severe hepatic fatty infiltration （〉 91% fat）, with an increase in hepatic TG （＋1263%, P 〈 0.001）, hepatic cholesterol （＋245%, P 〈 0.03）, hepatic MDA levels （＋225%, P 〈 0.001）, serum TNF-alpha （17.8 ＋ 10 vs 7.8 ＋ 0.0, P 〈 0.001）, but a decrease in hepatic alpha tocopherol （-74%, P 〈 0.001） as compared to the control rats. Combination therapy with all drugs produced a significant decrease in liver steatosis （-54%）, hepatic TG （-64%）, hepatic cholesterol （-31%） and hepatic MDA （-70%）, but increased hepatic alpha tocopherol （＋443%） as compared to FL rats. Combination therapy with ISA alone produced a smaller decrease in liver steatosis （-32% vs -54%, P 〈 0.001） and in hepatic MDA levels （-55% vs -70%, P 〈 0.01）, but a similar decrease in hepatic lipids when compared with the all drugs combination. TNF-alpha levels decreased significantly in all treatment groups except in ISA group. CONCLUSION： Combination therapies have a greater effect on liver fat content as compared to monotherapy. Rosiglitazone appears to improve hepatic steatosis to a greater extent than metformin.

Role of iron in hepatic fibrosis: One piece in the puzzle

Iron is an essential element involved in various biological pathways. When present in excess within the cell, iron can be toxic due to its ability to catalyse the formation of damaging radicals, which promote cellular injury and cell death. Within the liver, iron related oxidative stress can lead to fibrosis and ultimately to cirrhosis. Here we review the role of excessive iron in the pathologies associated with various chronic diseases of the liver. We also describe the molecular mechanism by which iron contributes to the development of hepatic fibrosis.

Visceral fat and insulin resistance as predictors of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

AIM： To examine whether visceral fat is associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）, to assess for parameters associated with visceral adiposity and to investigate for factors associated with fibrotic severity in NASH. METHODS： Thirty NASH and 30 control subjects underwent biochemical tests, anthropometric assessment, bioelectrical impedance, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal fat study by CT scan. Liver biopsies were graded according to the Brunt criteria. RESULTS： NASH subjects had elevated blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio. A greater number of diabetes rnellitus, impaired glucose tolerance test and HOMA-IR 〉 3.5 were found in NASH patients. HOMA-IR 〉 2.8 （OR 20.98, 95% CI 3.22-136.62; P 〈 0.001） and visceral fat area 〉 158 cm^2 （OR 18.55, 95% CI 1.60-214.67; P = 0.019） were independent predictors for NASH. Advanced stage of NASH was found in 15 （50%） patients. HOMA-IR 〉 3.5 （OR 23.12, 95% CI 2.00-266.23; P = 0.012） and grading of portal inflammation （OR 7.15, 95% CI 1.63-31.20; P = 0.009） were determined as independent risk factors for advanced stage of NASH. CONCLUSION： Obesity （especially central obesity） and metabolic syndrome are common in Thai NASH. Insulin resistance and elevated visceral fat are risk factors for the presence of NASH. The advanced stage of thedisease is related to insulin resistance.

Always-optimally-coordinated candidate selection algorithm for peer-to-peer files sharing system in mobile self-organized networks

In order to improve the performance of peer-to-peer files sharing system under mobile distributed en- vironments, a novel always-optimally-coordinated （AOC） criterion and corresponding candidate selection algorithm are proposed in this paper. Compared with the traditional min-hops criterion, the new approach introduces a fuzzy knowledge combination theory to investigate several important factors that influence files transfer success rate and efficiency. Whereas the min-hops based protocols only ask the nearest candidate peer for desired files, the selection algorithm based on AOC comprehensively considers users＇ preferences and network requirements with flexible balancing rules. Furthermore, its advantage also expresses in the independence of specified resource discovering protocols, allowing for scalability. The simulation results show that when using the AOC based peer selection algorithm, system performance is much better than the rain-hops scheme, with files successful transfer rate improved more than 50% and transfer time re- duced at least 20%.

Relationship between adipose tissue dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide.Its pathogenesis is complex and not yet fully understood.Over the years many studies have proposed various pathophysiological hypotheses,among which the currently most widely accepted is the"multiple parallel hits"theory.According to this model,lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes and insulin resistance increase the vulnerability of the liver to many factors that act in a coordinated and cooperative manner to promote hepatic injury,inflammation and fibrosis.Among these factors,adipose tissue dysfunction and subsequent chronic low grade inflammation play a crucial role.Recent studies have shown that vitamin D exerts an immune-regulating action on adipose tissue,and the growing wealth of epidemiological data is demonstrating that hypovitaminosis D is associated with both obesity and NAFLD.Furthermore,given the strong association between these conditions,current findings suggest that vitamin D may be involved in the relationship between adipose tissue dysfunction and NAFLD.The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recent advances in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in relation to adipose tissue dysfunction,and in the pathophysiology linking vitamin D deficiency with NAFLD and adiposity,together with an overview of the evidence available on the clinical utility of vitamin D supplementation in cases of NAFLD.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of lycopene on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rat

AIM To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of lycopene(Ly) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in rat. METHODS A rat model of NAFLD was first established by feeding a high-fat diet for 14 wk. Sixty-five rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group and Ly treatment groups. Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol(TC) in serum and low density lipoproteincholesterol(LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C), free fatty acid(FFA), malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione(GSH) in liver tissue were evaluated, respectively. While the hepatoprotective effect was also confirmed by histopathological analysis, the expression levels of TNF-α and cytochrome P450(CYP) 2E1 in rat liver were determined by immunohistochemistry analysis.RESULTS A significant decrease was observed in the levels of serum AST(2.07-fold), ALT(2.95-fold), and the blood lipid TG(2.34-fold) and TC(1.66-fold) in the dose of 20 mg/kg Ly-treated rats(P < 0.01), compared to the model group. Pretreatment with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of Ly significantly raised the levels of antioxidant enzyme SOD in a dose-dependent manner,to 90.95 ± 9.56, 109.52 ± 11.34 and 121.25 ± 10.68(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), as compared with the model group. Similarly, the levels of GSH were significantly increased(P < 0.05, P < 0.01) after the Ly treatment. Meanwhile, pretreatment with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of Ly significantly reduced MDA amount by 30.87, 45.51 and 54.49% in the liver homogenates, respectively(P < 0.01). The Ly treatment group showed significantly decreased levels of lipid products LDL-C(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), improved HDL-C level and significantly decreased content of FFA, compared to the model group(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the Ly-treated group also exhibited a down-regulated TNF-α and CYP2E1 expression, decreased infiltration of liver fats and reversed histopathological changes, all in a dosedependent manner(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study suggests that Ly has a protective effect on NAFLD, down-regulates expression of TNF-α, and that CYP2E1 may be one of the action mechanisms for Ly.