In order to provide a new way for waste cooking oil(WCO) resource utilization, several diester derivatives were obtained from WCO through a three-step chemical modifications, viz.: transesterification, epoxidation and...In order to provide a new way for waste cooking oil(WCO) resource utilization, several diester derivatives were obtained from WCO through a three-step chemical modifications, viz.: transesterification, epoxidation and oxirane ring opening with carboxylic acids. The effects of the chain length of side chain groups on the viscosity, acid value, low temperature fluidity, thermo-oxidative stability, tribological properties and surface tension of diester derivatives were investigated. The results showed that increasing the chain length of side chain groups had a positive influence on the viscosity, viscosity index, acid value, pour point, friction coefficient and wear scar diameter along with a negative influence on the oxidation onset temperature, volatile loss, insoluble deposit, maximum non-seizure load and surface tension. These diester derivatives exhibited improved physicochemical and tribological properties that make themselves promising environmentally friendly biolubricant basestocks.展开更多
A new kind of silicon-based biological lubricating base oil with good viscosity-temperature behavior,viscosity index,thermostability,oxidation stability and wear resistance performance was synthesized as a derivative ...A new kind of silicon-based biological lubricating base oil with good viscosity-temperature behavior,viscosity index,thermostability,oxidation stability and wear resistance performance was synthesized as a derivative of methyl oleate.Trimethylsilylation reaction was introduced to further improve methyl oleate oxidation stability and lubricity after epoxidation and open-ring reactions.The order of effectiveness of acid binding agent was N,N-diisopropylethylamine(DIEA) > pyridine > diethylamine > triethylamine,and the effects of various parameters on the trimethylsilylation reaction as well as on the silicon-oxygen bond stability and reaction yield were studied.A maximum yield of 34.54%was achieved at hydroxyl/trimethyl chlorosilane/DIEA molar ratio of1:1.25:1,reaction temperature 40℃,reaction time 1.5 h.展开更多
Production of biodiesel by the transesterification process using different modified graphene‐based materials as catalysts was studied.Solid acid graphene‐based samples were prepared by grafting sulfonic or phosphate...Production of biodiesel by the transesterification process using different modified graphene‐based materials as catalysts was studied.Solid acid graphene‐based samples were prepared by grafting sulfonic or phosphate groups on the surface of thermally reduced graphene oxide.The obtained materials were thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy,X‐ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy,N2 adsorption‐desorption measurements,potentiometric titration,elemental analysis,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The prepared catalysts were tested in the transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol at 130°C under pressure,and their activities were compared to the performance of a commercially available heterogeneous acidic catalyst,Amberlyst‐15.All modified samples were active in the transesterification process;however,significant differences were observed in the yield of biodiesel,depending on the method of catalyst preparation and strength of the acidic sites.The highest yield of fatty acid methyl esters of 70%was obtained for thermally reduced graphene oxide functionalized with 4‐benzenediazonium sulfonate after 6 h of processing,and this result was much higher than that obtained for the commercial catalyst Amberlyst‐15.The results of the reusability test were also promising.展开更多
Castor oil is used to synthesize phenolic resin modified polyol. Castor oil, phenolic resin were taken in the molar ratio 0.07：0.027 and diethylene glycol （DEG） was also taken in varying hydroxyl numbers to achieve...Castor oil is used to synthesize phenolic resin modified polyol. Castor oil, phenolic resin were taken in the molar ratio 0.07：0.027 and diethylene glycol （DEG） was also taken in varying hydroxyl numbers to achieve chemical modification in the backbone of synthesized polyol. Physico-chemical properties like acid value, OH value and moisture content of the modified polyol were measured. The prepared phenolic resin blended polyol were reacted with 4, 4-methylene diisocyanate and 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate to formulate the two component polyurethane （PU） coatings. Prepared coating is used to study properties such as gel time, surface dry, tack free and hard surface drying times. It was found that phenolic resin and diethyleneglycol used in synthesizing castor oil based modified polyols show the significant changes in physico-chemical properties of synthesized polyols. The variation in physico-chemical properties of synthesized polyol provide the information for desirable curing of polyurethane systems.展开更多
Iminodiacetic acid functionalized polyglycidyl methacrylate grafted-carbon fibers(PGMA-IDA/CFs) were prepared for Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions. The effects of solution p H value, temperature and adsorption ti...Iminodiacetic acid functionalized polyglycidyl methacrylate grafted-carbon fibers(PGMA-IDA/CFs) were prepared for Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions. The effects of solution p H value, temperature and adsorption time were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ni(II) on PGMA-IDA/CFs is 0.923 mmol·L-1· g-1at pH 5.2 and 50 °C. Kinetic data indicate that the adsorption process matches the pseudo-second-order model and Elovich kinetic model. Thermodynamic data suggest that the adsorption process is endothermic spontaneous reaction.展开更多
Solid acid catalyst plays a crucial role in the petroleum refinery industry and bio-refinery technology.In this work,p-phenolsulfonic acid(PSA)was successfully grafted onto the surface of KH560-modified zirconium phos...Solid acid catalyst plays a crucial role in the petroleum refinery industry and bio-refinery technology.In this work,p-phenolsulfonic acid(PSA)was successfully grafted onto the surface of KH560-modified zirconium phosphate(K-ZrP)in a facile routine.The structure and property of this organic-inorganic combined solid acid PSA/K-ZrP-x were characterized via XRD,FTIR,^(13)C solid-state NMR,TG,N_(2) adsorption-desorption,SEM,pyridine-adsorption FTIR and XPS technologies.The characterization results showed that KH560 can bond with ZrP and promote the grafting of PSA on the surface of K-ZrP via the condensation reaction between its epoxy ring and the phenolic hydroxyl group in PSA.Consequently,PSA/K-ZrP-2 exhibited excellent performance and stability in the transesterification between glycerol and methyl acetate among the tested H_(3)PW_(12)O_(40),Amber-lyst-45,HBEA,HZSM-5,ZrP,AlCl_(3) and FeCl_(3) catalysts.The calculated conversion of glycerol reached 81.3%with a 97.9%selectivity for monoacetin(MAG)and diacetin(DAG)with a 2.2%dosage of[H^(+)]at 100℃ for 4 h.The highest specific activity of PSA/K-ZrP-2 reached 24028.2 mg-glycerol/g-cat/h in a short reaction time(at 0.17 h),and it could be recycled five times without obvious deactivation.展开更多
Fatty acids＇ ethyl and methyl esters are not natural components of edible vegetable oils and therefore should not be present in virgin olive oils. Among the quality requirements for extra virgin olive oils, the Inter...Fatty acids＇ ethyl and methyl esters are not natural components of edible vegetable oils and therefore should not be present in virgin olive oils. Among the quality requirements for extra virgin olive oils, the International Olive Council （IOC） Norm, 2015 review, set limits for the ethyl ester content at ≤ 435 ppm for the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests and at ≤ 30 ppm for the 2016/2017 harvest. The purpose of this paper is to： （a） determine the alkyl ester content in two extra virgin olive oils （of the Arbequina and Coratina varieties） as parameters of quality at the moment of their elaboration and to assess the length of their shelf life, over a 12 month period at room temperature; （b） determine extra virgin olive oils＇ free alcohols content as these may esterify due to the free fatty acids present during storage. After 6 months of storage, the Arbequina oil＇s ethyl ester content was 32 ppm, and the Coratina＇s was 46 ppm. As a result, the shelf life for both was only about half a year （labeling usually indicates it must be consumed ＂before 1 year＂）. However, parameters related to oxidation （peroxide index, K 232, K 270 and AK） remained within the limits set by the International Olive Council （IOC） throughout the year. In conclusion： ethyl ester content is a very fine parameter for assessing the quality of extra virgin in an olive oil and determining the length of its shelf life.展开更多
The preparation of macauba fruits （Acrocomia aculeate （Jacq.） Lodd. ex Martius） both for oil extraction by continuous pressing and biodiesel production were investigated. The fruits and its pulp and kernel were ch...The preparation of macauba fruits （Acrocomia aculeate （Jacq.） Lodd. ex Martius） both for oil extraction by continuous pressing and biodiesel production were investigated. The fruits and its pulp and kernel were characterized for their resulting oils. Experimental design was carried out to study the transesterification of each oil to obtain the concentrations of ethanol and catalyst that would provide the best biodiesel yield. A higher amount of biodiesel was produced from the best conditions to evaluate some characteristics as specified by ANP （National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels）. The results showed a variation in the fruits composition and different characteristics presented by the pulp and kernel oil. It was possible to define technological steps to obtain oil from the fruits of macauba and find the optimal conditions to biodiesel production, concentration of catalyst 4.42% and 5% and 13.3：1 and 9：1 ethanol：oil molar ratio to kernel oil and pulp oil, respectively.展开更多
Tung oil-based polyols were synthesized by the esterification and transesterification between Tung oilbased anhydride and butanediol. The hydroxyl values of the polyols prepared were tested and discussed. Polyurethane...Tung oil-based polyols were synthesized by the esterification and transesterification between Tung oilbased anhydride and butanediol. The hydroxyl values of the polyols prepared were tested and discussed. Polyurethane was prepared by using Tung oil-based polyols and/or poly(propylene glycol) as polyols and by using isophorone diisocyanate as isocyanate. The effect of the ratio of Tung oil-based polyols to poly(propylene glycol) on the properties of polyurethane prepared was investigated by the water resistance, alcohol resistance and hardness tests. The results show that Tung oil-based polyols are effective to improve the hardness, water resistance and alcohol resistance of polyurethane.展开更多
Poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) particles having bowl-shaped hollow structures were synthesized by swollen seed emulsion polymerization. The PS emulsion synthesized through soap-free emulsion polymerization was sw...Poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) particles having bowl-shaped hollow structures were synthesized by swollen seed emulsion polymerization. The PS emulsion synthesized through soap-free emulsion polymerization was swollen by toluene, and then the mixture of second monomers was added under polymerization condition. So a thin shell of poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) cross-linked by triethylene glycol diacrylate was formed around the swollen PS particle. The bowl-shaped particles were obtained after the collapsing of the thin shell when the toluene emanated from the particles, but the shapes were effected by the degrees of cross-linking. The shape of the particles was observed by SEM. The release behavior of solvent from the particles was examined by TG.展开更多
One population of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (CA selected) was exposed to a controlled atmosphere(CA) (35% CO 2+1% O 2, balance N 2) for 30 generations. Another population (control) was reared under natural...One population of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (CA selected) was exposed to a controlled atmosphere(CA) (35% CO 2+1% O 2, balance N 2) for 30 generations. Another population (control) was reared under natural atmospheric conditions. Reserves of triacylglycerol, polysaccharides and free amino acids were evaluated in adults of the CA selected and the control populations in generations F 15 and F 30 The utilization rate of triacylglycerol and polysaccharides in the CA exposure were also determined in generation F 30. The results indicate that the reserves of triacylglycerol and polysaccharides increased significantly during selection for CA tolerance; the higher the tolerance level, the greater the reserves. A total of 15 free amino acids constituents were detected in both populations. The total amino acid content in the CA selected population was obviously higher than that in the control population. Exposure of this population to a controlled atmosphere was associated with a steady utilization of reserves. In contrast, the unselected population responded to the controlled atmosphere by accelerated utilization of triacylglycerol and polysachharides. Comparison of utilization rates during CA exposure showed that triacylglycerol is the main energy source, and polysaccharides contribute only a small extent to the metabolic energy supply.展开更多
基金the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(Project No.cstc2014jcyj A90013)
文摘In order to provide a new way for waste cooking oil(WCO) resource utilization, several diester derivatives were obtained from WCO through a three-step chemical modifications, viz.: transesterification, epoxidation and oxirane ring opening with carboxylic acids. The effects of the chain length of side chain groups on the viscosity, acid value, low temperature fluidity, thermo-oxidative stability, tribological properties and surface tension of diester derivatives were investigated. The results showed that increasing the chain length of side chain groups had a positive influence on the viscosity, viscosity index, acid value, pour point, friction coefficient and wear scar diameter along with a negative influence on the oxidation onset temperature, volatile loss, insoluble deposit, maximum non-seizure load and surface tension. These diester derivatives exhibited improved physicochemical and tribological properties that make themselves promising environmentally friendly biolubricant basestocks.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21306088)National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2015BAD15B07)+1 种基金State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering(SKL-Ch E-13A01,Tsinghua University,China)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD,China)
文摘A new kind of silicon-based biological lubricating base oil with good viscosity-temperature behavior,viscosity index,thermostability,oxidation stability and wear resistance performance was synthesized as a derivative of methyl oleate.Trimethylsilylation reaction was introduced to further improve methyl oleate oxidation stability and lubricity after epoxidation and open-ring reactions.The order of effectiveness of acid binding agent was N,N-diisopropylethylamine(DIEA) > pyridine > diethylamine > triethylamine,and the effects of various parameters on the trimethylsilylation reaction as well as on the silicon-oxygen bond stability and reaction yield were studied.A maximum yield of 34.54%was achieved at hydroxyl/trimethyl chlorosilane/DIEA molar ratio of1:1.25:1,reaction temperature 40℃,reaction time 1.5 h.
文摘Production of biodiesel by the transesterification process using different modified graphene‐based materials as catalysts was studied.Solid acid graphene‐based samples were prepared by grafting sulfonic or phosphate groups on the surface of thermally reduced graphene oxide.The obtained materials were thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy,X‐ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy,N2 adsorption‐desorption measurements,potentiometric titration,elemental analysis,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The prepared catalysts were tested in the transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol at 130°C under pressure,and their activities were compared to the performance of a commercially available heterogeneous acidic catalyst,Amberlyst‐15.All modified samples were active in the transesterification process;however,significant differences were observed in the yield of biodiesel,depending on the method of catalyst preparation and strength of the acidic sites.The highest yield of fatty acid methyl esters of 70%was obtained for thermally reduced graphene oxide functionalized with 4‐benzenediazonium sulfonate after 6 h of processing,and this result was much higher than that obtained for the commercial catalyst Amberlyst‐15.The results of the reusability test were also promising.
文摘Castor oil is used to synthesize phenolic resin modified polyol. Castor oil, phenolic resin were taken in the molar ratio 0.07：0.027 and diethylene glycol （DEG） was also taken in varying hydroxyl numbers to achieve chemical modification in the backbone of synthesized polyol. Physico-chemical properties like acid value, OH value and moisture content of the modified polyol were measured. The prepared phenolic resin blended polyol were reacted with 4, 4-methylene diisocyanate and 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate to formulate the two component polyurethane （PU） coatings. Prepared coating is used to study properties such as gel time, surface dry, tack free and hard surface drying times. It was found that phenolic resin and diethyleneglycol used in synthesizing castor oil based modified polyols show the significant changes in physico-chemical properties of synthesized polyols. The variation in physico-chemical properties of synthesized polyol provide the information for desirable curing of polyurethane systems.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21076054 and U140710231)the Natural Science Important Foundation of Educational Commission of Anhui Province(2010AJZR-85,2011AJZR-87)+1 种基金Study Foundation of New Product and Technology of Anhui Economic and Information Technology Commission(2012AHST0797,2013CXSY327 and 2013CXSY366)National College Student Innovation Fund(2014CXCY321 and 2014CXCY349)
文摘Iminodiacetic acid functionalized polyglycidyl methacrylate grafted-carbon fibers(PGMA-IDA/CFs) were prepared for Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions. The effects of solution p H value, temperature and adsorption time were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ni(II) on PGMA-IDA/CFs is 0.923 mmol·L-1· g-1at pH 5.2 and 50 °C. Kinetic data indicate that the adsorption process matches the pseudo-second-order model and Elovich kinetic model. Thermodynamic data suggest that the adsorption process is endothermic spontaneous reaction.
文摘Solid acid catalyst plays a crucial role in the petroleum refinery industry and bio-refinery technology.In this work,p-phenolsulfonic acid(PSA)was successfully grafted onto the surface of KH560-modified zirconium phosphate(K-ZrP)in a facile routine.The structure and property of this organic-inorganic combined solid acid PSA/K-ZrP-x were characterized via XRD,FTIR,^(13)C solid-state NMR,TG,N_(2) adsorption-desorption,SEM,pyridine-adsorption FTIR and XPS technologies.The characterization results showed that KH560 can bond with ZrP and promote the grafting of PSA on the surface of K-ZrP via the condensation reaction between its epoxy ring and the phenolic hydroxyl group in PSA.Consequently,PSA/K-ZrP-2 exhibited excellent performance and stability in the transesterification between glycerol and methyl acetate among the tested H_(3)PW_(12)O_(40),Amber-lyst-45,HBEA,HZSM-5,ZrP,AlCl_(3) and FeCl_(3) catalysts.The calculated conversion of glycerol reached 81.3%with a 97.9%selectivity for monoacetin(MAG)and diacetin(DAG)with a 2.2%dosage of[H^(+)]at 100℃ for 4 h.The highest specific activity of PSA/K-ZrP-2 reached 24028.2 mg-glycerol/g-cat/h in a short reaction time(at 0.17 h),and it could be recycled five times without obvious deactivation.
文摘Fatty acids＇ ethyl and methyl esters are not natural components of edible vegetable oils and therefore should not be present in virgin olive oils. Among the quality requirements for extra virgin olive oils, the International Olive Council （IOC） Norm, 2015 review, set limits for the ethyl ester content at ≤ 435 ppm for the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests and at ≤ 30 ppm for the 2016/2017 harvest. The purpose of this paper is to： （a） determine the alkyl ester content in two extra virgin olive oils （of the Arbequina and Coratina varieties） as parameters of quality at the moment of their elaboration and to assess the length of their shelf life, over a 12 month period at room temperature; （b） determine extra virgin olive oils＇ free alcohols content as these may esterify due to the free fatty acids present during storage. After 6 months of storage, the Arbequina oil＇s ethyl ester content was 32 ppm, and the Coratina＇s was 46 ppm. As a result, the shelf life for both was only about half a year （labeling usually indicates it must be consumed ＂before 1 year＂）. However, parameters related to oxidation （peroxide index, K 232, K 270 and AK） remained within the limits set by the International Olive Council （IOC） throughout the year. In conclusion： ethyl ester content is a very fine parameter for assessing the quality of extra virgin in an olive oil and determining the length of its shelf life.
文摘The preparation of macauba fruits （Acrocomia aculeate （Jacq.） Lodd. ex Martius） both for oil extraction by continuous pressing and biodiesel production were investigated. The fruits and its pulp and kernel were characterized for their resulting oils. Experimental design was carried out to study the transesterification of each oil to obtain the concentrations of ethanol and catalyst that would provide the best biodiesel yield. A higher amount of biodiesel was produced from the best conditions to evaluate some characteristics as specified by ANP （National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels）. The results showed a variation in the fruits composition and different characteristics presented by the pulp and kernel oil. It was possible to define technological steps to obtain oil from the fruits of macauba and find the optimal conditions to biodiesel production, concentration of catalyst 4.42% and 5% and 13.3：1 and 9：1 ethanol：oil molar ratio to kernel oil and pulp oil, respectively.
文摘Tung oil-based polyols were synthesized by the esterification and transesterification between Tung oilbased anhydride and butanediol. The hydroxyl values of the polyols prepared were tested and discussed. Polyurethane was prepared by using Tung oil-based polyols and/or poly(propylene glycol) as polyols and by using isophorone diisocyanate as isocyanate. The effect of the ratio of Tung oil-based polyols to poly(propylene glycol) on the properties of polyurethane prepared was investigated by the water resistance, alcohol resistance and hardness tests. The results show that Tung oil-based polyols are effective to improve the hardness, water resistance and alcohol resistance of polyurethane.
文摘Poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) particles having bowl-shaped hollow structures were synthesized by swollen seed emulsion polymerization. The PS emulsion synthesized through soap-free emulsion polymerization was swollen by toluene, and then the mixture of second monomers was added under polymerization condition. So a thin shell of poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) cross-linked by triethylene glycol diacrylate was formed around the swollen PS particle. The bowl-shaped particles were obtained after the collapsing of the thin shell when the toluene emanated from the particles, but the shapes were effected by the degrees of cross-linking. The shape of the particles was observed by SEM. The release behavior of solvent from the particles was examined by TG.
文摘One population of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (CA selected) was exposed to a controlled atmosphere(CA) (35% CO 2+1% O 2, balance N 2) for 30 generations. Another population (control) was reared under natural atmospheric conditions. Reserves of triacylglycerol, polysaccharides and free amino acids were evaluated in adults of the CA selected and the control populations in generations F 15 and F 30 The utilization rate of triacylglycerol and polysaccharides in the CA exposure were also determined in generation F 30. The results indicate that the reserves of triacylglycerol and polysaccharides increased significantly during selection for CA tolerance; the higher the tolerance level, the greater the reserves. A total of 15 free amino acids constituents were detected in both populations. The total amino acid content in the CA selected population was obviously higher than that in the control population. Exposure of this population to a controlled atmosphere was associated with a steady utilization of reserves. In contrast, the unselected population responded to the controlled atmosphere by accelerated utilization of triacylglycerol and polysachharides. Comparison of utilization rates during CA exposure showed that triacylglycerol is the main energy source, and polysaccharides contribute only a small extent to the metabolic energy supply.
