红壤中结合态磷在酸化条件下的变化及其相互关系

以浙江沿海地区的红壤为研究对象 ,通过浸滤实验 ,研究了在酸化条件下 ,红壤中可溶性结合态磷的变化和它们之间的相关关系 .结果显示 ,红壤中可溶性Fe P比Ca P、Al P对酸度的变化更为敏感 ;当红壤中可溶性磷的原始含量较高时 ,随酸度的增强从固相中释出的趋势更明显 ;在酸化过程中 ,红壤中不同可溶性结合态磷之间呈现出不同的相关关系 。

酸化条件对膨润土结构和脱色性能的影响

本项研究对不同酸度、不同时间条件下处理的膨润土进行了脱色力、比表面积、活性膨润土中硅铝比分析及扫描电镜测试，由此，总结出控制获得高效活性膨润土的最佳条件应是使比表面积尽可能大，硅铝比尽量高。在适当控制酸度情况下，可以通过调整活化处理时间来取得较理想的性能。

模拟酸化条件下油菜根系的生理生态变化

利用土壤的模拟酸化 ,分施肥和不施肥两个平行 ,通过盆栽油菜试验研究了模拟酸化条件下油菜根系的生理生态变化。研究表明 ,无论是根生物量、根系活力、根体积、根长度 ,还是根系的营养元素吸收量均随土壤pH值的变化而发生较大差异。同时分析了施肥处理与不施肥处理对于pH变化的不同反应。

响应面法优化餐厨垃圾和牛粪混合两相厌氧发酵酸化条件

为提高废弃物厌氧发酵的利用率,开展了牛粪和餐厨垃圾混合两相厌氧发酵过程中酸化条件优化的研究,探究在酸化相中搅拌频率、搅拌速率、酸化浓度、酸化时间和酸化温度对甲烷产率的影响。单因素试验结果表明,最佳的搅拌频率、搅拌速率、酸化浓度、酸化时间和酸化温度分别为:3次·d^-1(2 min·次^-1)、50 r·min^-1、12%、8 h和35℃。在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法对发酵过程中酸化条件进行优化,以甲烷产率为响应值,选取酸化温度、酸化浓度和酸化时间3个因素研究其对发酵过程中产气率的影响。结果表明,对甲烷产率影响的大小顺序为酸化时间>酸化温度>酸化浓度。最佳的酸化条件为:酸化时间7.6 h、酸化温度35.8℃和酸化浓度10.4%;搅拌频率和搅拌速率分别为3次·d^-1(2 min·次^-1)和50 r·min^-1。采用最佳酸化条件处理后,混合原料的甲烷产率可达290.5 mL·g^-1VS,比未经酸化处理提高了17.9%。研究表明,对牛粪和餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵中酸化相的酸化条件进行优化,可提高甲烷产率、甲烷含量及VS去除率。

食品废弃物厌氧酸化的条件以及聚羟基烷酸酯的生物合成

研究了利用食品废弃物进行厌氧酸化的各种条件 .结果表明 ,当食品废弃物与水的质量比为 1 3、食品废弃物厌氧酸化液 pH值为 6 .5以及酸化温度为 30℃时 ,对酸化后废液中各有机酸的产生有利 ,酸化过程中总有机酸产量最大为 2 5～ 35g/L .特别当在食品废弃物厌氧酸化液中加入丁酸梭菌活菌制剂后 ,酸化过程发生了显著的变化 .本文还研究了真氧产碱杆菌 (Raltoniaeutropha)利用食品废弃物厌氧酸化生成的有机酸进行聚羟基烷酸酯 (polyhydrox yalkanoates)合成的摇瓶分批发酵过程 .图 5参

牛粪厌氧发酵酸化处理条件的优化

在牛粪厌氧发酵过程中,高含量的木质纤维素降低了厌氧发酵的水解酸化速度,水解酸化阶段成为牛粪厌氧发酵过程的限速步骤。为提高牛粪两相厌氧发酵甲烷的产量,对酸化处理条件进行优化。利用两相厌氧发酵工艺,在35℃发酵条件下,研究牛粪酸化处理时间、搅拌频率、料液浓度和尿素添加量对甲烷总产量的影响。单因素试验结果表明,最佳的酸化时间、搅拌频率、料液浓度、尿素添加量分别为96 h、3次.24 h 1(60 r·min-1,1 min·次-1)、8.0%、1.28 g·L-1。在单因素试验基础上,选取酸化时间、料液浓度、尿素添加量为自变量,以甲烷总产量为响应值,根据中心组合设计原理设计试验。采用3因素5水平的响应面分析法,建立酸化处理条件对甲烷产量影响的回归模型,进行显著性和交互作用分析。结果表明,在35℃、搅拌频率为3次.24 h 1(60 r·min-1,1 min·次-1)酸化条件下,酸化料液浓度对甲烷产量影响最大,尿素添加量次之,酸化时间影响最小;酸化最佳处理条件为:酸化时间93.7 h、料液浓度8.3%、尿素添加量1.26 g·L-1。经过优化,甲烷含量、总产气量、挥发性固体含量(VS)和化学需氧量(COD)去除率分别比未酸化处理提高了14.3%、44.7%、41.8%和33.9%,而酸化处理对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量影响不显著。由此可见,牛粪酸化处理有利于甲烷产生,可提高甲烷含量及VS和COD去除率。

某些贻贝含抗酸化基因

新西兰考索恩研究所（Cawthron Institute）的科学家们发现,某些贻贝家族比其他家族更能在可预测的海洋酸化条件下存活,这些强大的贻贝从父母那里继承了抗海洋酸化的能力.科学家们在绿壳贻贝的海洋酸化养殖试验中发现了这些初步研究结果.

温度和污泥浓度对碱性条件下剩余污泥水解酸化的影响

挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)是脱氮除磷过程中易于利用的碳源。剩余污泥在碱性条件下发酵能产生大量的VFAs,而温度和污泥浓度是影响剩余污泥发酵的两个重要因素,为此考察了厌氧环境,温度15℃和35℃,pH为10的条件下,剩余污泥挥发性悬浮污泥浓度(VSS为1.708～11.049 g/L)对水解酸化的影响,为实现剩余污泥的资源化提供理论依据。研究得出如下结论:污泥浓度对剩余污泥溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)溶出率影响不大。低污泥浓度和高污泥浓度均不利于剩余污泥产酸,最佳产酸的污泥浓度为8.540 g/L。各污泥浓度条件下产生的6种挥发性有机酸中乙酸的比例总是最大,且低污泥浓度条件下乙酸的百分含量要高于高污泥浓度条件下。温度对高污泥浓度条件下污泥的最大SCOD溶出量影响较大,而对低污泥浓度条件下污泥最大的产酸量影响较大。无论15℃还是35℃,中等污泥浓度对氨氮的释放量影响不大,35℃条件下污泥浓度对正磷酸盐的释放要比15℃条件下大。

Optimization of Chromatographic Conditions for Detecting Ellagic Acid in Pomegranate Peels Using HPLC Method

[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the chromatographic conditions for detecting ellagic acid in pomegranate peels using HPLC method. [Method] By using 0.2 mg/ml ellagic acid standard solution, on the basis of single-factor experiment and orthogonal experiment, chromatographic conditions （mobile phase ratio, flow rate, col- umn temperature） for detecting ellagic acid using HPLC were optimized. Based on the optimal chromatographic conditions, the ellagic acid content in experimental pomegranate peels was determined. [Resull] The optimal chromatographic conditions for detecting ellagic acid in pomegranate peels using HPLC method are： 1.2% phos- phoric acid：acetonitrile=85：15, column temperature of 35 ℃, and flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The linear regression equation of ellagic acid is： y=2.9e＋0.6x＋4.4e＋5 （FF=9 999）. Ac- cording to the standard addition recovery test, the average recovery rate of ellagic acid is 98.20%, and RSD is 0.60%. Under above optimized chromatographic condi- tions, ellagic acid can be well separated from other interfering components in pomegranate peels, with shorter peak time and ideal effect, which is convenient for the detection in production practices. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for detecting ellagic acid in pomegranate peels using HPLC method.

Evaluation of Catalysts and Optimization of Reaction Conditions for the Dehydration of Methyl Lactate to Acrylates

The production of acrylates from biomass-originated lactic acid is of extraordinary importance, to overcome the increasing worldwide shortage of petroleum. In this study, the catalytic dehydration of methyl lactate over a calcium sulfate catalyst, with various promoters, has been carried out to identify potential catalyst/promoter combinations for acrylate production. The best catalyst for methyl acrylate formation in this study has been calcium sulfate, with cupric sulfate and phosphates as promoters. The optimal mass ratio of m（CaSOa） ： m（CuSOa） ： m（Na2HPO4） ： m（KH2PO4） is 150.0 ： 13.8 ： 2.5 ： 1.2. Effects of carrier gas, reaction temperature, feed concentration as well as contact time on the dehydration of methyl lactate have been investigated. With nitrogen as a carrier gas, a combined yield of acrylic acid and methyl acrylate is 63.9% from 60% （by mass） methyl lactate at 400℃ with 7.7 seconds contact time.

Measurement of Trace Manganese(Ⅱ) by the Catalytic Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method

A new kinetic spectrophotometric method is developed for the measurement of manganese(Ⅱ) in water. The method is based on the catalytic effect of manganese(Ⅱ) with the oxidation of weak acid brilliant blue dye(RAWL) by KIO4 using the Nitrilo triacetic acid(NTA) as an activation reagent. The optimum conditions obtained are 40 mgL-1 RAWL,1×10-4molL-1 KIO4,2×10-4 molL-1 Nitrilo triacetic acid(NTA),pH = 5.8,the reaction time of 3.00 min and the temperature of 20.0 ℃. Under the optimum conditions,the proposed method allows the measurement of manganese(Ⅱ) in a range of 0-50.0 ng mL-1 and with a detection limit of down to 0.158 ng mL-1. The recovery efficiency in measuring the standard manganese(Ⅱ) solution is in a range of 98.5%-102%,and the RSD is in a range of 0.76%-1.25%. The new method has been successfully applied to the measurement of manganese(Ⅱ) in both fresh water and seawater samples with satisfying results. Moreover,few cations and anions interfere with the measurement of manganese(Ⅱ). Compared with other kinetic catalytic methods and instrumental methods,the proposed method shows fairly good selectivity and sensitivity,low cost,cheapness,low detection limit and rapidity. It can be applied on boats easily.

Optimization of Extraction Technology of Ellagic Acid from Pomegranate Peels with Orthogonal Experiment

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal condition for extrac- tion of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels. [Method] With ellagic acid yield as an indicator, ultrasound extraction method was adopted to extract the ellagic acid from pomegranate peels, and the concentration of ellagic acid was measured by using ul- traviolet spectrophotometry; L9（34） orthogonal experiment was designed with four fac- tors at three levels, to investigate the effect of extraction temperature, extraction du- ration, solid-liquid ratio and ultrasound power on extraction rate of ellagic acid. [Re- sult] The optimal extraction condition for ellagic acid is extraction temperature of 30 ~C, solid-liquid ratio of 1：200, extraction duration of 20 min, and ultrasound power of 50 W. The relationship between primary and secondary factors affecting experimental indicators was solid-liquid ratio 〉 extraction duration 〉 ultrasound power 〉 extraction temperature. [Conclusion] Solid-liquid ratio has the maximum effect on extraction rate of ellagic acid. The ellagic acid extraction technology identified in this study is rea- sonable and feasible.

Preparation,Characterization of Dawson-type Heteropoly Acid Cerium（Ⅲ） Salt and Its Catalytic Performance on the Synthesis of n-Butyl Acetate

A novel cerium(Ⅲ) salt of Dawson type tungstophosphoric acid(Ce2P2W18O62·16H2O) was prepared by doping cerous nitrate in H6P2W18O62·13H2O powder and characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses(TG/DTA),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray powder diffraction(XRD),pyridine infrared spectroscopy(Py-IR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Its catalytic activity was evaluated by the probe reaction of synthesis of n-butyl acetate with acetic acid and n-butanol.The effects of various parameters such as molar ratio of n-butanol to acetic acid,reaction temperature,reaction time,and catalyst amount have been studied by single factor experiment.The results show that Ce2P2W18O62·16H2O behaved as an excellent heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of n-butyl acetate.The optimum synthetic conditions were determined as follows︰molar ratio of n-butanol to acetic acid at 2.0︰1.0,mass of the catalyst being 1.44% of the total reaction mixture,reaction temperature of 120 ℃ and reaction time of 150 min.Under above conditions,the conversion of acetic acid was above 97.8%.The selectivity of n-butyl acetate based on acetic acid was,in all cases,nearly 100%.The catalysts could be recycled and still exhibited high catalytic activity with 90.4% conversion after five cycles of reaction.It was found by means of TG-DTA and Py-IR that the catalyst deactivation was due to the adsorption of a complex of by-product on the active sites on catalysts surface or the catalyst loss in its separation from the products.Compared with using sulfuric acid as catalyst,the present procedure with Ce2P2W18O62·16H2O is a green productive technology due to simple process,higher yield,catalyst recycling and no corrosion for the production facilities.

Study on Direct Synthesis of Diphenyl Carbonate with Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction (V) Screening Catalysts and Optimizing Synthesis Conditions

Pd/LaxPbyMnOz, Pd/C, Pd/molecular sieve and Pd-heteropoly acid catalysts for direct synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by heterogeneous catalytic reaction were compared and the results of DPC synthesis indicated that the catalyst Pd/LaxPbyMnOz had higher activity. The Pd/LaxPbyMnOz catalyst and the support was characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM, the main phase was Lao.szPbo.asMnOa and the average diameter could be about 25.4nm. The optimuna conditions for synthesis of DPC with Pd/LasPbyMnOz were determined by orthogonal experiments and the experimental results showed that reaction temperature was the first factor of effect on the selectivity and yield of DPC, and the concentration of O2 in gas phase also had significant effect on selectivity of DPC. The optimum reaction conditions were catalyst/phenol mass ratio l to 50, pressure 4.5MPa, volume concentration of O2 25%, reaction temperature 60℃ and reaction time 4 h. The maximum yield and average selectivity could reach 13% and 97% respectively in the batch operation.

Influences of operating conditions on biocatalytic activity and reusability of Novozym 435 for esterification of free fatty acids with short-chain alcohols:A case study of palm fatty acid distillate

In the present study, the effects of operating conditions on biocatalytic activity and stability of Novozym 435 for repeated-batch biodiesel production from free fatty acid （FFA） were investigated. Thermal deactivation caused by increased operating temperature from 45 to 50 ℃ could seriously affect the reusability of Novozym 435. The deactivation of Novozym 435 during the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol tended to be stronger than that in the system with methanol. Under the optimal conditions, considering both biocatalytic activity and stability of the enzyme, Novozym 435 could be reused for 13 cycles for biodiesel productions from oleic acid and absolute alcohols （methanol and ethanol） with FFA conversions of at least 90%. The presence of 4%-5% water in ethanol significantly affected the reusability of Novozym 435. Changes in the surface morphology of Novozym 435 during the esterification with various conditions were observed. It was revealed that the reduction in catalytic activity was related to the swelling degree of the catalyst surface, Additionally, biodiesel production from low cost renewable feedstocks, such as palm fatty acid distillate （PFAD） and 95% ethanol was examined, The esterification of PFAD with 95% ethanol catalyzed by Novozym 435 in 10-repeated batch operation showed the similar results in FFA conversion as compared to those using oleic acid. Novozym 435 remained active and could maintain 97.6% of its initial conversion after being used for 10 hatches.

Experimental research on oxidation of phenol by activated persulfate

In this paper, the optimum process parameters were obtained through treating phenol of simulated semi-coking wastewater using heat, Fe2＋, Fe^0 and semi-coke to catalyze persulfate. The results of phenol decomposition using PS catalyzed by heating, Fe2＋, Fe^0 and semi-coke were compared for selecting a better activating way. The article investigated the effects of temperature, catalyzer dosage, pH value and reaction time. The experiment showed the four methods can all catalyzed the process. Under the experimental conditions of heating, Fe2＋, Fe^0 and semi-coke degradation rate could reach to 20.7%, 75.1%, 94.5% and 40.0%, respectively. On this basis, this study established an Lt6（45） table to analyze the main influencing factors in semi-coke/Fe^0 catalyzing system. Under the optimum conditions, the degradation rate of Phenol reached to 93.6%. However, the PS dosage was reduced by 14.4%.

Bloom Forming Species of Phytoplankton in Two Coastal Waters in the Southeast Coast of India

The results of an investigation carried out during June 2005 to May 2007 on bloom-forming phytoplankton species composition and abundance in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters （Southeast coast of India） are reported. Air and surface water temperatures （℃） varied from 25.1 to 30.1 and 24.5 to 28.5, respectively, in the former waters and from 25.5 to 31.2 and 25.0 to 29.3 in the latter waters. The respective salinities varied from 6.0 to 28.5 and 5.0 to 33.1 and the respective pH ranged between 7.0 and 8.3 and 7.2 and 8.3. Correspondingly, the dissolved oxygen content varied from 3.1 to 7.5 and 3.1 to 7.9 mgL1 while the light extinction coefficient （LEC） values ranged between 3.1 and 10.1 and 1.8 and 11.0. The content ranges of inorganic nutrients, i.e., nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate （μmolL^-1）, in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters were： 6.5- 27.0; 1.0- 8.9; 0.1-3.0 and 15.0 -140 and 10.1-23.4; 1.2-8.9; 0.2-3.1 and 55-125 respectively. The chlorophyll α contents in both waters ranged from 2.0-7.5 μgL^-1. Presently, 124 phytoplankton species representing different classes were recorded in the Coleroon coast, viz, Bacillariophyceae （77）; Dinophyceae （19）; Cyanophyceae （15）; Chlorophyceae （10） and Chrysophyceae （3）, whereas 117 phytoplankton species were recorded in the Parangipettai coast, viz, Bacillariophyceae （66）; Dinophyceae （22）; Cyanophyceae （19）; Chlorophyceae （7） and Chrysophyceae （3）. The phytoplankton cell abundance in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters varied from 290 to 111662 and 140 to 132 757 cells L^-1, respectively, with peak diversity （3.38 and 3.52 bits indl.） recorded in summer. The maximum abundance occurred in summer coinciding with the stable hydrographical conditions. The seasonal distribution and abundance of phytoplankton are discussed in relation to hydrographical parameters. Totally 31 and 24 species of phytoplankton were found to be bloom-forming in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters, respectively. Presently Trichodesmium bloom was also observed, which appeared at the 10 fathom level of the coastal water and quickly spread to the marine zone of the Vellar estuary and near the mouth region of the mangrove waters. The Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters are subject to long term fluctuations in physico-chemical conditions depending upon the seasonal tidal range and freshwater influx, resulting in a continuous exchange of organic, inorganic, plant and animal matters.

Preparation of chemical manganese dioxide from manganese sulfate

Chemical Manganese Dioxide （CMD） was prepared by an alkali-oxidation method. There are several virtues to this environmental friendly and clean process, including the nontoxic and harmless reagents and products, easy operations, no pollutants, easily obtained raw materials and moderate reaction conditions. The synthesized manganese dioxide was characterized by XRD and SEM. The particles were small, consisting primarily of α-MnO2 and γ-MnO2. Experimental results showed that the optimum conditions were： MnSOa.H20 to NaOH ratio, 1.0：2.4; catalyst concentration （catalyst TF-2）, 6% of the MnSO4; initial solution pH, 11; reaction time and temperature, 20 min and 80 ℃; air flow, 0.20 m3/h; and, agitation rate, 700 r/rain. The conversion of MnSO4 can exceed 80% under these optimum conditions.

One-pot Synthesis of 6-Hydroxyhexanoic Acid from Cyclohexanone Catalyzed by Dealuminated HBEA Zeolite with Aqueous 30% H_2O_2 Solution

The one-pot synthesis of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid from cyclohexanone via the integrated Baeyer-Villiger oxida-tion and ring opening reaction catalyzed by dealuminated HBEA zeolite has been developed. Under optimized conditions,the cyclohexanone conversion and 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid selectivity are over 95%, respectively. The excellent catalyticperformance is attributed to the activation of carbonyl group of cyclohexanone and the fast hydrolysis and ring opening ofs-caprolactone by both Lewis acid and Br0nsted acid sites under aqueous conditions.

Oxidation of Lingwu Coal Extraction Residue in Aqueous Sodium Hypochlorite under Mild Conditions

To investigate the structural features and provide an alternative method for high value-added utilization of coal, Lingwu coal was first extracted with organic solvent at room temperature. Then its extraction residue was oxidized in aqueous sodium hypochlorite(ASHC) under mild conditions. The effects of oxidation conditions, such as temperature, reaction time, the ratio of Lingwu coal extraction residue(LCER, g) to ASHC(m L) and p H value, on the product distributions and compositions were investigated. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) suggested that 53 kinds of methyl esterified products were detected in total, and benzene carboxylic acids were the main oxidation products, while chloro-substituted benzene carboxylic acids were the main by-products. Higher yield and fewer kinds of organic acids could be obtained at lower p H value, especially for the main objective product, benzene carboxylic acids.