以酸化玉米秆作铁肥载体矫正果树叶片黄化病

土壤中铁的有效性受pH影响很大,高价铁的沉淀是由pH决定的,可供植物吸收和生长的有效铁所需土壤pH在5.5～6.5之间,土壤pH降低一个单位,活性铁增加1000倍。因此,降低土壤pH、减少施入土壤中的铁盐被石灰性土壤固定和活化土壤中原有的铁素,是矫正果树叶片黄化病研究的主攻方向。国内外均有向土壤注入浓硫酸显著矫正果树叶片黄化病的报道,但由于浓硫酸用量大,

酸化玉米对断奶仔猪生长性能和胃肠道内环境的影响

试验旨在研究酸化玉米对仔猪生长性能和胃肠道内环境的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组设计,选取30日龄三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪72头,随机分成4组(对照组和试验1、2、3组),每组3个重复,分别饲喂含0%、1.5%、2.5%、3.5%酸化玉米的日粮,试验期5周。结果表明:试验2、3组与对照组相比日均采食量分别提高12.4%、11.35%(P<0.05),日增重分别提高15.23%、12..5%(P<0.05),试验1、2、3组与对照组相比腹泻指数分别降低了42.4%、54.4%、49.5%(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验2、3组仔猪胃pH分别降低了15.85%、15.6%(P<0.05),小肠pH分别降低了8.5%、8.2%(P<0.05);与对照组相比试验2、3组可显著降低有害菌大肠杆菌、肠球菌、梭状芽孢杆菌的数量(P<0.05),显著增加乳酸杆菌数量(P<0.05),试验1组的胃肠道内环境有所改善,但效果不明显。结果提示酸化玉米可提高断奶仔猪生产性能,改善胃肠道内环境,饲料中添加2.5%～3.5%的酸化玉米效果较理想。

复配酸化对滴灌条件下石灰性土壤pH、磷有效性及玉米吸收的影响

【目的】研究不同比例硫酸铵(生理酸性)和磷酸脲(化学酸性)在石灰性土壤上施用,对土壤酸碱度、土壤有效磷含量和玉米对磷素吸收及产量的影响。【方法】采用田间小区试验方法,模拟大田条件下复配酸化剂对作物生长发育的影响。【结果】施用硫酸铵和磷酸脲复配显著降低局部土壤pH,且随施用次数的增加,酸化效果呈现增强的趋势。在第6次施用复配酸化后酸化效果最强,土壤pH最大降幅0.35个单位,并且复配酸化显著提高了土壤有效磷含量。在等养分投入和管理水平下,施用复配酸化能增加玉米植株生物量和提高植株磷素累积量。与常规施肥处理相比,复配酸化的磷素累积量分别增加了29.86%、15.06%、11.52%,玉米产量提高了7.72%~10.58%。【结论】滴灌条件下施用复配酸化是提高石灰性土壤养分有效性和作物增产的一种有效方法。

Effects of Dilute Acid-intensified Hydrolysis on Fermentative Biohydrogen Production Capacity of Maize Stalk

[Objective] This study was to explore the effects of dilute acid hydrolysis on fermentative biohydrogen production capacity of maize stalk. [Method] Using maize stalks subjected to mechanical disintegration,steam explosion and dilute acid hydrolysis as experimental materials,we measured and analyzed the effects of different treatments and particle size of maize stalk were analyzed. [Result] The optimal fermentative biohydrogen production was found under following parameters：pretreatment of 0.8% dilute H2SO4 following steam explosion,particle size of maize stalk of 0.425-0.850 mm,liquid-solid ratio [0.8% H2SO4 （M）：stalk （W）] of 10：1. [Conclusion] Post steam explosion,dilute 0.8% dilute H2SO4 intensified hydrolysis on maize stalk could produce fermentative biohydrogen production capacity.

Production of Biotechnology Fulvic Acid from Fermented Corn Straw by Microbial Community LCM9 and Its Application Effect

[Objective] The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of biotechnology fulvic acid produced by microbial community LCM9 by the use of corn straws as substrate and its application effect.[Method]Microbial community was obtained from the nature samples,and corn straws were used as fermentation substrate.The yield of biotechnology fulvic acid and its application effect was evaluated.[Result]The yield of biotechnology fulvic acid was up to 15.7% when the water content was 75.0% and fermented after 7 d using corn straws as the only source of nutrition.After 500 mg/kg of biotechnology fulvic acid was added for 5 d,the root length and bud length could be increased by 59.1% and 97.1%,respectively.[Conclusion]A higher yield of biotechnology fulvic acid could be obtained by the method in this experiment and the product could enhance the growth of wheat seedlings.

Existence and Characteristics of Tonoplast-bound Protein Kinase in the Tip Cell of Maize Root

For understanding the function of tonoplast protein in plant cell signal pathway, we have identified an integral protein kinase activity from the highly purified tonoplast isolated from maize ( Zea mays L.) root by a new nonradioactive method in which a color labeled peptide was used as substrate. The protein kinase was Ca 2+ _dependent and CaM and phosphatidylserine_independent, like the calmodulin_like domain protein kinase (CDPK) in many plants. The optimal pH value and Ca 2+ concentration were 6.5 and 10 μmol/L, respectively. According to the optimal pH value and the effect of detergent, it could be inferred that the active site of this protein kinase is oriented toward the cytoplasm. Zn 2+ had no obvious effect on its activity, indicating that this protein kinase has no zinc_finger domain that exists in some mammalian protein kinases. At the same time, when tonoplast proteins were prephosphorylated in the presence of Ca 2+ and ATP, both the ATP_hydrolysis and the proton_transport activity of vacuolar H +_ATPase were stimulated. This stimulation could be reversed by an alkaline_phosphatase. These results indicate that a Ca 2+ _dependent protein kinase was located in the tonoplast, and a Ca 2+ _dependent phosphorylation, probably caused by this kinase, activated the vacuolar H +_ATPase activity. These results are helpful for further research on the function of CDPK in the course of signal transduction in plants.

Crop Yield,N Uptake and Nitrates in a Fluvo-Aquic Soil Profile

The effects of different chemical fertilizer combinations (N, P and K) oncrop yield, N uptake and nitrate distribution and accumulation to a depth of 100 cm were studied ina cinnamon fluvo-aquic soil profile (Beijing) with a continuous winter wheat-summer maize croppingsystem for nine years. The experiment consisted of 7 treatments: no fertilizer control (CK); Nalone, N in combination with K (NK), P (NP), and P and K (NPK and N1PK); and P and K in combinationwithout N (PK). The rate of N was 150 kg ha^(-1) for the N treatments except Treatment N1PK withhigher N rate (195 kg ha^(-1)), and the rates of P (P_2O_5) and K (K2O) were 75 and 37.5 kg ha^(-1),respectively. The applications of N combined with P and K (NK, NP and NPK) resulted in higher cropyields than a single application of N. The yields followed the order: NPK > NP > N1PK > PK > NK > N> CK for winter wheat, and NPK > N1PK > NP > NK > N > PK > CK for summer maize. Supplement of N withP or K, or both P and K resulted in a higher average N uptake of the two crops, which was in adecreasing order NPK > NP > N1PK > NK > N > PK > CK. The combinations also increased apparent Nrecovery more than N alone and CK. The nitrate content in the profile was thus reduced more in thecombination treatments. The nitrate accumulation in the soil profiles followed the order: N > NK >N1PK > NPK > NP > CK > PK. Higher N uptake by the adequately fertilized crops (Treatment NPK)reduced nitrate accumulation in the profile and thus reduced nitrate leaching. The optimum N:P:Kratio was thus of paramount importance in increasing yields and N uptake of crops and reducingnitrate leaching losses.

Cross-talk between calcium-calmodulin and nitric oxide in abscisic acid signaling in leaves of maize plants

Using pharmacological and biochemical approaches, the signaling pathways between hydrogen peroxide （H2O2）, calcium （Ca^2＋）-calmodulin （CAM）, and nitric oxide （NO） in abscisic acid （ABA）-induced antioxidant defense were investigated in leaves of maize （Zea mays L.） plants. Treatments with ABA, H2O2, and CaCl2 induced increases in the generation of NO in maize mesophyll cells and the activity of nitric oxide synthase （NOS） in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of maize leaves. However, such increases were blocked by the pretreatments with Ca^2＋ inhibitors and CaM antagonists. Meanwhile, pretreatments with two NOS inhibitors also suppressed the Ca^2＋-induced increase in the production of NO. On the other hand, treatments with ABA and the NO donor sodium nitroprusside （SNP） also led to increases in the concentration of cytosolic Ca^2＋ in protoplasts of mesophyll cells and in the expression of calmodulin 1 （CaM1） gene and the contents of CaM in leaves of maize plants, and the increases induced by ABA were reduced by the pretreatments with a NO scavenger and a NOS inhibitor. Moreover, SNP-induced increases in the expression of the antioxidant genes superoxide dismutase 4 （SOD4）, cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase （cAPX）, and glutathione reductase 1 （GR1） and the activities of the chloroplastic and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes were arrested by the pretreatments with Ca^2＋ inhibitors and CaM antagonists. Our results suggest that Ca^2＋-CaM functions both upstream and downstream of NO production, which is mainly from NOS, in ABA- and H2O2-induced antioxidant defense in leaves of maize plants.

A mutation of Aspergillus niger for hyper-production of citric acid from corn meal hydrolysate in a bioreactor

The properties of the screened mutants for hyper-production of citric acid induced by carbon （12C6＋） ion beams and X-ray irradiation were investigated in our current study. Among these mutants, mutant H4002 screened from 12C6＋ ion irradiation had a higher yield of citric acid production than the parental strain in a 250-ml shaking flash. These expanded submerged experiments in a bioreactor were also carried out for mutant H4002. The results showed that （177.7-196.0） g/L citric acid was accumulated by H4002 through exploiting corn meal hydrolysate （containing initial 200.0-235.7 g/L sugar） with the productivity of （2.96-3.27） g/（L.h）. This was especially true when the initial sugar concentration was 210 g/L, and the best economical citric acid production reached （187.5±0.7） g/L with a productivity of 3.13 g/（L.h）. It was observed that mutant H4002 can utilize low-cost corn meal as a feedstock to efficiently produce citric acid. These results imply that the H4002 strain has the industrial production potentiality for citric acid and offers strong competition for the citric acid industry.