缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层酸液流动反应建模

塔里木盆地缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层常采用酸化去除近井地带污染、提高单井产能,其改造效果受酸液在储层中流动、反应、缝洞溶蚀规律影响,但目前缝洞型储层中酸液流动反应规律还未系统研究过。针对该问题,本文进行缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层酸化数学建模研究,首先利用序贯高斯模拟方法生成基质孔隙、溶洞孔隙空间分布,其次利用概率分布函数生成符合地质统计规律的天然裂缝分布,将三者结合得到缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的基质、溶洞、天然裂缝空间分布。然后与双重尺度蚓孔扩展模型结合形成缝洞型储层酸液流动、酸岩反应、孔缝演化数学模型,并进行数值求解、编制模拟程序。基于数值模型,进行了酸化模拟,分析了孔缝演化规律、溶蚀形态以及酸液流动距离。研究结果表明,天然裂缝分布对酸液流向影响显著,酸液沿部分天然裂缝流动,在裂缝中流动较快,可以短时间内到达较远距离。溶洞内孔隙度、渗透率高,当酸液遇到溶洞时,酸液在溶洞内铺展开,形成片状溶蚀,降低了酸液前进速度,溶蚀形态不同于天然裂缝或基质中形成的细长蚓孔。基质孔渗远远低于天然裂缝、溶洞,酸液很少进入基质。天然裂缝分布对酸液作用距离影响较大,文中模拟条件下预测的作用距离达到25 m+。本文建立的模型为缝洞型储层酸化提供了优化模拟工具,为现场施工方案设计提供了理论依据。

Solubilization of Rock Phosphate in Liquid Culture by Fungal Isolates from Rhizosphere Soil

Rock phosphate （RP） is a low efficiency P fertilizer that is directly applied to the soil and can be solubilized by phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms （PSMs） in fermentation or soil conditions. This study investigated dynamic solubilization of 2 concentrations of rock phosphate in a liquid culture with different dosages of glucose by two fungal isolates,Aspergillus niger P39 and Penicillium oxalicum P66, from soybean and wheat rhizosphere soil. Although during the 20 day culture period A. niger P39 had a stronger ability to acidify the culture media than P. ozalicum P66, soluble P concentrations at glucose dosages of 30 and 50 g L^-1 with RP of 15 g L^-1 in the culture solution were much higher by P. oxalicum P66. The greater effectiveness of P. oxalicum P66 compared to A. niger P39 in the solubilization of RP was strongly associated with the production of organic acids. This study suggested that for RP solubilization the type rather than the concentration of PSM-produced organic acids was more important.

Rock chemical weathering by sulfuric acid: pathway, method and prospect

To investigate the role of sulfuric acid-based carbonate weathering in global CO_2 sequestration of climate changes, we systematically discussed the pathway of sulfuric acid in rock chemical weathering and its feedback mechanism for global warming. We showed the methods used to determine the accurate amount of sulfate flux,accounting for the sulfuric acid resulted from sulfide oxidation. Finally, we pointed out some prospects for further detailed work on the exact calculation of the sulfate fluxes for the CO_2 net-release.

Role of Organic Matter and Carbonates in Soil Aggregation Estimated Using Laser Diffractometry

>Aggregation in many soils in semi-arid land is affected by their high carbonate contents.The presence of lithogenic and/or primary carbonates can also inffuence the role of soil organic matter(SOM) in aggregation.The role of carbonates and SOM in aggregation was evaluated by comparing the grain-size distribution in two carbonate-rich soils(15% and 30% carbonates) under conventional tillage after different disaggregating treatments.We also compared the effect of no-tillage and conventional tillage on the role of these two aggregating agents in the soil with 30% of carbonates.Soil samples were treated as four different ways:shaking with water(control),adding hydrochloric acid(HCl) to remove carbonates,adding hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) to remove organic matter,and consecutive removal of carbonates and organic matter(HCl + H2O2),and then analyzed by laser diffraction grain-sizing.The results showed that different contributions of carbonates and SOM to aggregate formation and stability depended not only on their natural proportion,but also on the soil type,as expressed by the major role of carbonates in aggregation in the 15% carbonate-rich soil,with a greater SOC-to-SIC(soil organic C to soil inorganic C) ratio than the 30% carbonate-rich soil.The increased organic matter stocks under no-tillage could moderate the role of carbonates in aggregation in a given soil,which meant that no-tillage could affect the organic and the inorganic C cycles in the soil.In conclusion,the relative role of carbonates and SOM in aggregation could alter the aggregates hierarchy in carbonate-rich soils.

Diagenetic fluid evolution and water-rock interaction model of carbonate cements in sandstone: An example from the reservoir sandstone of the Fourth Member of the Xujiahe Formation of the Xiaoquan-Fenggu area, Sichuan Province, China

Carbonate cement is the most abundant cement type in the Fourth Member of the Xujiahe Formation in the Xiaoquan-Fenggu area of the West Sichuan Depression. Here we use a systematic analysis of carbonate cement petrology, mineralogy, carbon and oxygen isotope ratios and enclosure homogenization temperatures to study the precipitation mechanism, pore fluid evolu- tion, and distribution of different types of carbonate cement in reservoir sand in the study area. Crystalline calcite has relatively heavy carbon and oxygen isotope ratios （δ13C = 2.14%o, 8180 = -5.77‰）, and was precipitated early. It was precipitated di- rectly from supersaturated alkaline fluid under normal temperature and pressure conditions. At the time of precipitation, the fluid oxygen isotope ratio was very light, mainly showing the characteristics of a mixed meteoric water-seawater fluid（ δ180 = -3‰）, which shows that the fluid during precipitation was influenced by both meteoric water and seawater. The calcite cement that fills in the secondary pores has relatively lighter carbon and oxygen isotope ratios （δ13C = -2.36%0, 8180 = -15.68‰）. This cement was precipitated late, mainly during the Middle and Late Jurassic. An important material source for this carbonate cement was the feldspar corrosion process that involved organic matter. The Ca2＋, Fe3＋ and Mg2＋ ions released by the clay mineral transformation process were also important source materials. Because of water-rock interactions during the buri- al process, the oxygen isotope ratio of the fluid significantly increased during precipitation, by about 3‰. The dolomite ce- ments in calcarenaceous sandstone that was precipitated during the Middle Jurassic have heavier carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, which are similar to those of carbonate debris in the sandstone （δ13C = 1.93%o, δ180 = -6.11‰）, demonstrating that the two are from the same source that had a heavier oxygen isotope ratio （δ180 of about 2.2‰）. The differences in fluid oxygen isotope ratios during cement precipitation reflect the influences of different water-rock interaction systems or different wa- ter-rock interaction strengths. This is the main reason why the sandstone containing many rigid particles （lithic quartz sand- stone） has a relatively negative carbon isotope ratio and why the precipitation fluid in calcarenaceous sandstone has a relatively heavier oxygen isotope ratio.