水溶液酸度(pH)标准样品的评价

本文简单介绍了pH标准物质/标准样品的定值方法,以及标准物质/标准样品资源评价建设中水溶液酸度(pH)标准样品的评价工作,阐述了标准物质/标准样品资源评价工作的重要性和必要性。

酸度(pH)计示值误差测量结果的不确定度评定

本文详细介绍了酸度(pH)

长三角东部沿海地区气溶胶液态水含量及酸度的热力学平衡研究:以上海淀山湖为例

气溶胶液态水含量(ALWC)及酸度(pH)是表征气溶胶理化性质的重要指标,对PM_(2.5)二次颗粒生成机制及来源研究具有重要意义.本文基于国家环境保护长三角区域大气复合污染上海淀山湖科学观测研究站2020年PM_(2.5)和水溶性离子组分等在线监测数据,利用ISORROPIA-Ⅱ模型正向模式和亚稳态体系分析了ALWC和pH的昼夜、月度时间变化以及影响因素、相互关系,同时利用MeteoInfo模拟气团后向轨迹探究了高值ALWC及pH的传输来源.结果表明:①SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)对气溶胶pH的影响与其浓度、比例及ALWC有关,而NH_(4)^(+)对pH的影响有限,NH_(4)^(+)与SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)浓度均呈较强正相关,且pH越高,NH_(4)^(+)与SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)浓度越靠近拟合曲线.②PM_(2.5)浓度低于75μg/m3时ALWC较低;在相对湿度高于80%时,随着PM_(2.5)浓度升高,ALWC迅速增加.③ALWC表现为1月最高、8月最低,且一天内午后最高;当温度介于13~27℃时,ALWC受温度影响较小;当温度高于27℃时,随着温度升高,ALWC逐渐降低.④pH表现为冬季高、夏季低,且一天内午后最低,可能是由于温度升高导致ALWC和pH降低.⑤气团的来源、移动速度对ALWC和pH均存在一定程度的影响.研究显示,长三角东部沿海地区气溶胶液态水含量和酸度受气象条件影响显著,温度和相对湿度的变化是判定气溶胶理化性质演变的重要指标.研究结果可为进一步深化对长三角东部沿海地区气溶胶生成机制的认识提供数据和理论参考.

提高酸度计测量精度新方法的研究

本文从降低酸度计探头部分的系统误差、提高其测量精度的研究出发,提出了一种解决酸度计测量精度新的设计方法。而且这一新方法从理论上讲也适用于解决PH计之类的高内阻直流电压信号源的测量精度这一难题。为此,定义了一种全新的实用传感器电路类型—电荷耦合传感电路(3C电路),并用自行设计的电路证实了该方法的可行性和实用性。该新方法为大量计低成本地升级换代提供了一个新的途径,具有很大的经济和实用价值。

pH值和金属离子对尖吻蝮蛇抗凝血因子Ⅱ二级结构的影响

圆二色谱(CD谱)测量表明,尖吻蝮蛇抗凝血因子Ⅱ(ACFⅡ)与抗凝血因子Ⅰ(ACFⅠ)的二级结构十分相似,它们的主要骨架构象都为反平行β-折叠和α-螺旋结构。pH值对天然ACFⅡ的构象有一定的影响,pH值从3到10增大时,α-螺旋含量逐渐减少,反平行β-折叠含量逐渐增大。钙和其他二价金属离子对ACFⅡ的骨架结构没有明显影响。三价稀土离子使ACFⅡ的α-螺旋含量升高,同时降低其β-转角和β-折叠的含量。

灿烂甲酚蓝褪色光度法快速测定强酸的pH值

利用灿烂甲酚蓝在强酸条件下(0<pH<1.0)吸光度随溶液中H+浓度的升高而有规律的下降,提出一种快速测定溶液酸度的分光光度法。该法具有很好的精密度,10次测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.54%。与国标法(碳酸钠滴定法)相比,相对误差在2%—5%之间,具有较好的准确性。该法简单快速,消耗试剂少,成功用于浓盐酸和浓硫酸浓度的测定。

Influence of Neutral Salts and pH on Exchangeable Acidity of Red Soil and Latosol Colloids

In the present work, the exchangeable acidity of a red soilcolloid and a latosol colloid at different pH during reacting withfour neutral salts was measured. The results show that theexchangeable acidity increased with increasing amounts of the neutralsalts added, and the relation between them was almost linear. Whenthe amount of the neutral salt added was lower than a certain value,the slop of the line was high, and the slop turned low when theamount exceeded that value, so there was a turning point in eachline. The addition amounts of the neutral salts for the turningpoints were affected by the cation species of the neutral salts, butpH had less effect on them. After the turning points occurred, theexchangeable acidity of the red soil colloid still graduallyincreased with the addition amounts of the neutral salts, but that ofthe latosol colloid did not increase any more.

Characterization of Acidity in Acid Sulphate Soils of Kerala

The acidity characteristics of acid sulphate soils of Kuttanad, Kerala, were studied in detail by collecting surface, profile and subsurface soil samples from 20 locations of six soil series viz., Ambalapuzha, Purakkad, Thotapally, Thuravur, Kallara and - Thakazhi that belonged to acid sulphate soils. The soils were extremely acidic showing a range of pH （H：O） varying from 2.5 to 5.2. Lowest pH was recorded by Thakazhi series and the highest by Thotapally. The potential acidity of soils ranged from 14.71 cmol.kg-1 to 110.5 cmol-kg1 with Thakazhi series showing the highest value. The contribution of hydrolytic acidity to potential acidity ranged from 70.2% to 97.2%. In all soil series, exchangeable A13＋ was greater than exchangeable H~. A significant correlation was observed among pH （KCI）, pH （H20） and pH （CaCI2） in all series.

Density,refractive index and liquid–liquid equilibrium data of polyethylene glycol 3000 + potassium formate + water at different pH values

New liquid-liquid equilibrium data for polyethylene glycol （PEG） 3000 ＋ CHO2K ＋ H20 systems were measured at 298.15 K and pH values of 7.95, 8.40 and 9.98. It was found that an increase in pH caused the binodal curve to be displaced downward and the two-phase region to expand. Accordingly, the binodal curve was adjusted to the Pirdashti equation and the tie-line compositions were correlated using the Othmer-Tobias, Bancroft and Hand equations. The study measured the refractive index and densities of several homogeneous binary and ternary solutions. The solutions were used for calibration within a range of 0% to 30% of the mass of the PEG and potassium formate. The density and refractive index data show a linear variation with the mass fraction of the polymer and the salt. The effect of pH on the binodal, tie-line lengths （TLL） and slope of the tie-line （STL） in the systems was exam- ined. It was found that an increase in pH increased the TLL and decreased the STL It was observed that the density of the aqueous two-phase system was influenced by the TLL The difference in density between phases （△p） increased as the TLL and pH increased. It was found that the TLL and Ap showed a linear relationship. The effective excluded volume （EEV） of the PEG was obtained and it was found that EEV also increased as the pH increased.

Effects of Temperature, Salinity, Light Intensity, and pH on the Eicosapentaenoic Acid Production of Pinguiococcus pyrenoidosus

The effects of temperature, light intensity, salinity, and initial pH on the growth and fatty acid composition of Pinguiococcus pyrenoidosus 2078 were studied for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production potential. The fatty acid composition was assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which indicated that the main fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0 and EPA. The highest EPA percentage 20.83% of total fatty acids was obtained at 20℃ with the temperature being set at 20, 24, and 28℃. Under different salinities and light intensities, the highest percentages of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and EPA were 17.82% and 31.37% of total fatty acids, respectively, which were achieved at salinity 30 and 100μmol photon m-2s-1 illumination. The highest percentages of total PUFAs and EPA were 38.75% and 23.13% of total fatty acids, respectively, which were reached at an initial pH of 6 with the test range being from 5.0 to 9.0.

污水处理模糊控制系统设计

提出了污水处理的一种模糊控制方法,通过加入污水池的碱量来动态控制污水的pH值,使污水的酸性变为弱碱性的中性溶液。

Nature of Soil Acidity in Relation to Properties and Lime Requirement of Some Inceptisols

Some Inceptisols representing the Singla catchment area in Karimgaungedistrict of Assam, India, were studied for lime requirement as influenced by the nature of soilacidity. The electrostatically bonded (EB)-H^+ and EB-Al^(3+) acidities constituted 33 and 67percent of exchangeable acidity while EB-H^+, EB-Al^(3+), exchangeable and pH-dependent aciditiescomprised 6, 14, 20 and 80 percent of total potential acidity. The pH-dependent acidity made a majorcontribution towards the total potential acidity (67%～84%). Grand mean of lime requirementdetermined by the laboratory incubation method and estimated by the methods of New Woodruff,Woodruff and Peech as expressed in MgCaCO_3 ha^(-1) was in the order: Woodruff (15.6) > New Woodruff(14.9) > Peech (5.1) > incubation (5.0). Correlations analysis among different forms of acidity andlime requirement methods with selected soil properties showed that pH in three media, namely water,1 mol L^(-1) KC1 and 0.01 mol L^(-1) CaCl_2, had a significant negative correlation with differentforms of acidity and lime requirement methods. Exchangeable Fe and Al showed significant positivecorrelations with EB-Al^(3+) acidity, exchangeable acidity, pH-dependent acidity and total potentialacidity, and also lime requirement methods. Extractable Al showed positive correlations withdifferent forms of acidity except EB-H^+ and EB-Al^(3+) acidities. The lime requirement by differentmethods depended upon the extractable aluminium. Significant positive correlations existed betweenlime requirements and different forms of acidity of the soils except EB-H^+ acidity and incubationmethod. The nature of soil acidity was mostly pH-dependent. Statistically, the Woodruff method didslightly better than the New Woodruff, incubation and Peech methods at estimating lime requirementand hence the Woodruff procedure may be recommended for routine soil testing because of its speedand simplicity.

Tolerance of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi to Soil Acidity

A 45-day greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine effect of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi on colonization rate, plant height, plant growth, hyphae length, total Al in the plants, exchangeable Al in the soil and soil pH by comparison at soil pH 3.5, 4.5 and 6.0. Plant mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) and crotalaria (Crotalaria mucronata Desv.) were grown with and without VA mycorrhizal fungi in pots with red soil. Ten VA mycorrhizal fungi strains were tested, including Glomus epigaeum (No. 90001), Glomus caledonium (No. 90036), Glomus mosseae (No. 90107), Acaulospora spp. (No. 34), Scutellospora heterogama (No. 36), Scutellospora calospora (No. 37), Glomus manihotis (No. 38), Gigaspora spp. (No. 47), Glomus manihotis (No. 49), and Acaulospora spp. (No. 53). Being the most tolerant to acidity, strain 34 and strain 38 showed quicker and higher-rated colonization without lagging, three to four times more in number of nodules, two to four times more in plant dry weight, 30% to 60% more in hyphae length, lower soil exchangeable Al, and higher soil pH than without VA mycorrhizal fungi (CK). Other strains also could improve plant growth and enhance plant tolerance to acidity, but their effects were not marked. This indicated that VA mycorrhizal fungi differed in the tolerance to soil acidity and so did their inoculation effects. In the experiment, acidic soil could be remedied by inoculation of promising VA mycorrhizal fungi tolerant of acidity.

Sensitivity to Acidification of Forest Soils in Two Watersheds with Contrasting Hydrological Regimes in the Oil Sands Region of Alberta

Input of large amounts of N and S compounds into forest ecosystems through atmospheric deposition is a significant risk for soil acidification in the oil sands region of Alberta.We evaluated the sensitivity of forest soils to acidification in two watersheds(Lake 287 and Lake 185)with contrasting hydrological regimes as a part of a larger project assessing the role of N and S cycling in soil acidification in forest ecosystems.Fifty six forest soil samples were collected from the two watersheds by horizon from 10 monitoring plots dominated by either jack pine(Pinus banksiana)or aspen(Populus tremuloides).Soils in the two watersheds were extremely to moderately acidic with pH(CaCl_2)ranging from 2.83 to 4.91.Soil acid-base chemistry variables such as pH,base saturation,Al saturation,and acid-buffering capacity measured using the acetic acid equilibrium procedure indicated that soils in Lake 287 were more acidified than those in Lake 185. Acid-buffering capacity decreased in the order of forest floor>subsurface mineral soil>surface mineral soil.The most dramatic differences in percent Ca and Al saturations between the two watersheds were found in the surface mineral soil horizon.Percent Ca and Al saturation in the surface mineral soil in Lake 287 were 15% and 70%,respectively;the percent Ca saturation value fell within a critical range proposed in the literature that indicates soil acidification.Our results suggest that the soils in the two watersheds have low acid buffering capacity and would be sensitive to increased acidic deposition in the region.

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(N-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidone/Itaconic Acid) Hydrogel

With N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) and itaconic acid(IA), poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone/itaconic acid)[P(NVP/IA)] hydrogel was synthesized by free radical solution polymerization. The structure of this (P(NVP/IA)) was characterized by IR. Effects of concentration of itaconic acid, amount of cross-link agent, N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide, reaction temperature, and time on properties of swelling ratio(SR) of the hydrogel were investigated.The results show that the best swelling property of the hydrogel is obtained at 50 ℃ and 1.5 h. pH sensitivity increases as the concentration of itaconic acid in the hydrogel system increases. Swelling ratio of the hydrogel decreases as the amount of cross-link agent increases.

Ferronickel preparation using Ni-Fe co-deposition process

Nucleation mechanism and technological process for Ni-Fe co-deposition with a relatively high Fe^(2+)concentration surrounded were described,and the effects of Fe^(2+) concentration,solution pH,temperature,and sodium dodecyl sulfonate concentration were investigated.Electrochemical experiments demonstrate that iron's electrodeposition plays a leading role in the Ni-Fe co-deposition process,and the co-deposition nucleation mechanism accords with a progressive nucleation.Temperature increase does favor in increasing nickel content in the ferronickel(Ni-Fe co-deposition products),while Fe^(2+) concentration increase does not.When solution pH is higher than 3.5,nickel content in the ferronickel decreases with pH because of the hydrolysis of Fe^(2+).With the current density of 180 A/m^2,Na_2SO_4 concentration of 100 g/L and Ni^(2+) concentration of 60 g/L,a smooth ferronickel deposit containing 96.21% Ni can be obtained under the conditions of temperature of 60 °C,Fe^(2+) concentration of 0.3 g/L,solution pH of 3 and sodium dodecyl sulfonate concentration of 40 mg/L.

Adsorption Characteristics of Remazol Black B on Anoxic Sludge

The adsorption characteristics of Remazol Black B on anoxic sludge were investigated.The parameters,such as initial pH,sulphate concentration,and temperature,affecting the dye adsorption were studied.The adsorption data were analyzed with three adsorption isotherm models,namely Langmuir,Freudlich,and linear partition.The results showed that adsorption of Remazol Black B on the sterilized sludge reached equilibrium in 4 h.It also indicated that pH had significant effect on anoxic sludge adsorption behavior.The adsorption capacity of anoxic sludge decreased with the increase of pH value and the maximum adsorption capacity of dyes occurred at pH=3.The adsorptive capacities increased with the decrease of temperature and increase of sulphate concentration.Results also indicated that the adsorption equilibrium of Remazol Black B on anoxic sludge could be well fitted by Freundlich model.

Development Trends and Evaluation of Egbe Reservoir Water Nutrient Status in Ekiti State, Nigeria

A study about some physicochemical parameters of Egbe reservoir was carried out from September 2005 to December 2006. The parameters include mean temperature, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, TSS, TDS, DO and BOD which have values of 28.7±0.9 ℃ ; 8.3±0.3; 831±172.5 μS/cm; 165.4±18.3 mg/L; 0.06±0.1 mg/L; 0.4±0.6 mg/L; 7.8±2.4 mg/L and 5.2±1.6mg/L, respectively. Temperature and pH were measured in the field using mercury-in-glass thermometer calibrated in degrees Celsius and pH meter, respectively. TSS and TDS were measured by grayimetric methods, while alkalinity was measured titrimetrically and DO and BOD were measured by Winkler＇s method. For the nutrients, nitrate was measured color±metrically, phosphate by Stannous Chloride method and sulphate by turbidimetric method. Mean concentration of nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate were 15.6±8.6 rag/L; 42.5±19.4 mg/L and 72.3±14.7 mg/L respectively. Nowadays, eutrophication of natural waters is one of the most significant causes of deterioration of water quality, and nitrates and phosphates are probably the key nutrients in controlling the growth of aquatic plants. Though the mean concentration of nitrates and phosphates in the reservoir water were within the acceptable limit, yet their concentrations in some locations of reservoir were high enough to encourage the growth of aquatic macrophytes which would increase productivities. Hence, it is necessary to check their further increase, and periodic monitoring and preventive measures must be adopted to save the reservoir from eutrophication.

Surface Amendments Can Ameliorate Subsoil Acidity in Tea Garden Soils of High-Rainfall Environments

Strongly acidic soils （pH 〈 5.0） are detrimental to tea （Camellia sinensis） production and quality. Little information exists on the ability of surface amendments to ameliorate subsoil acidity in the tea garden soils. A 120-d glasshouse column leaching experiment was conducted using commonly available soil ameliorants. Alkaline slag （AS） and organic residues, pig manure （PM） and rapeseed cake （RC） differing in ash alkalinity and C/N ratio were incorporated alone and in combination into the surface （0-15 cm） of soil columns （10 cm internal diameter x 50 cm long） packed with soil from the acidic soil layer （15-30 cm） of an Ultisol （initial pH -- 4.4）. During the 120-d experiment, the soil columns were watered （about 127 mm over 9 applications） according to the long-term mean annual rainfall （1 143 mm） and the leachates were collected and analyzed. At the end of the experiment, soil columns were partitioned into various depths and the chemical properties of soil were measured. The PM with a higher C/N ratio increased subsoil pH, whereas the RC with a lower C/N ratio decreased subsoil pH. However, combined amendments had a greater ability to reduce subsoil acidity than either of the amendments alone. The increases in pH of the subsoil were mainly ascribed to decreased base cation concentrations and the decomposition of organic anions present in dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and immobilization of nitrate that had been leached down from the amended layer. A significant （P 〈 0.05） correlation between alkalinity production （reduced exchangeable acidity - N-cycle alkalinity） and alkalinity balance （net alkalinity production - N-cycle alkalinity） was observed at the end of the experiment. Additionally, combined amendments significantly increased （P ~ 0.05） subsoil cation concentrations and decreased subsoil A1 saturation （P 〈 0.05）. Combined applications of AS with organic amendments to surface soils are effective in reducing subsoil acidity in high-rainfall areas. Further investigations under field conditions and over longer timeframes are needed to fully understand their practical effectiveness in ameliorating acidity of deeper soil layers under naturally occurring leaching regimes.