利用嗜酸性硫杆菌去除制革污泥中铬的研究

本研究采用嗜酸性硫杆菌 (Thiobacillusferrooxidans和Thiobacillusthiooxidans)并添加S粉为能源物的生物淋滤技术应用于制革污泥中铬的去除 (溶出 ) .序批式试验结果表明 ,淋滤处理 8d ,Cr的溶出率可高达 10 0 % (污泥中铬的原始浓度为14 5 19mg/kg) .在能源物各种投加比例中 ,以 4 g/L的投加比例较好 .研究表明 ,生物淋滤法去除制革污泥中铬主要是通过嗜酸性硫杆菌的新陈代谢使介质酸化而实现的 .生物淋滤作用导致介质 pH下降到 2 0 ,是使制革污泥中铬大量溶出的一个临界点 ,在 pH低于这个临界点时 ,污泥中铬去除率才可迅速达到 80 %～ 10 0 % .这为重金属含量高的废弃物处理展示了一条全新的途径 .

利用嗜酸性硫杆菌的生物产酸作用处理洗毛废水

利用洗毛废水在低pH条件下,有机物絮凝沉降的特点,通过嗜酸性硫杆菌(Acidophilic thiobacillus)的产酸作用降低体系pH,破坏废水固有的稳定性,改变有机物的亲水性能,实现固液分离,达到去除COD的目的.试验结果表明,生物产酸作用能有效地去除废水COD,改善其脱水性能.当体系pH降至3.00,COD去除率达到最大值91.4%,处理后的废水有很好的机械脱水和沉降性能,比阻从大于9.81×1013m.kg-1降至5.60×1011m.kg-1.而对照处理在整个培养期内,未发生明显的改变,仅有20%的COD被去除.本研究为油脂含量高、难被生物利用的有机废水提供了一条新的处理方法.

嗜酸性硫杆菌群体感应系统研究进展

嗜酸性硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus spp.)是一类重要的极端环境微生物与工业微生物。该类细菌通过氧化硫或亚铁获得电子以固定二氧化碳进行自养生长,是驱动矿山环境酸化和重金属溶出的关键菌群,也是生物冶金等微生物浸出技术中的核心菌群。群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)系统是细菌种内及种间信息交流的重要方式,广泛分布于嗜酸性硫杆菌等化能自养微生物中,比如类似于LuxI/R的AfeI/R系统。系统介绍近年来嗜酸性硫杆菌菌体感应系统研究成果,尤其是在AfeI/R种群分布、生物学功能、调节机制及其应用研究中的新发现与新理论。讨论今后嗜酸性硫杆菌群体感应系统研究的主要方向及需要解决的关键科学问题,以促进极端微生物群体感应系统理论研究的开展与产业应用技术的开发。

初始pH对表面活性剂/嗜酸性硫杆菌处理电镀污泥脱水及去除铜的影响

以电镀污泥脱水及去除Cu为目标,通过摇瓶试验,对初始pH为3~9的电镀污泥进行为期7 d的表面活性剂/嗜酸性硫杆菌处理。结果表明,烷基糖苷(APG-10)的处理效果要优于十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)和鼠李糖脂。对于APG-10组,随着初始pH的上升,污泥中Cu的去除率先增大后减小,在初始pH为5时Cu的去除率达到最高的93.06%;残渣态Cu含量先上升后下降,氧化态Cu含量先下降后上升,可交换态、还原态Cu含量则几乎一直下降;当初始pH为5时,Cu的生物有效性最低、污泥的稳定性最强,残渣态Cu含量增加41.81%,可交换态、还原态及氧化态Cu含量分别减少15.95%、5.44%和24.13%,污泥比阻由pH为7时的1.56×10^(12) m/kg降至3.11×10^(11) m/kg,污泥由中等难度脱水状态转化为易脱水状态。

嗜酸性硫杆菌抗铜机制研究进展

嗜酸性硫杆菌是一类重要的浸矿微生物,其抗铜机制研究备受人们关注。本文在分析相关文献的基础上,从嗜酸性硫杆菌对铜的耐受能力、细胞质中铜的外排、细胞周质中铜浓度的控制、无机多聚磷酸盐参与铜的解毒、新发现的基因组岛和氧化压力应激反应等方面对当前的研究进展进行综述,并对未来相关研究方向做出展望,旨在为嗜酸性硫杆菌抗铜机制的深入研究提供参考。

复合硫杆菌生物浸出污泥中重金属的效果及与pH和ORP的关系

利用复合嗜酸性硫杆菌(氧化硫硫杆菌和氧化亚铁硫杆菌)在不同接种量下(5%,10%,20%)对城市污泥进行生物沥浸,探讨了沥浸过程中不同重金属的浸出效果及其与pH值和氧化还原电位(ORP)的相关关系.结果表明,该方法能有效地浸出污泥中的重金属,生物沥浸处理10d后,污泥中Cu、Zn和Ni的浸出率可分别达到98%、99%和90%,硫杆菌接种量越大,沥浸反应速率越快,20%接种处理>10%接种处理>5%接种处理>未接种处理.污泥生物沥浸过程中pH的下降和ORP的上升,是促进污泥重金属溶出的主要驱动力,但其中Cu的浸出同时受pH下降和ORP上升的双重影响,而Zn和Ni的浸出则主要受pH影响.污泥中Cu、Zn和Ni开始大幅度浸出的pH阈值大约为4、5和5左右.研究还发现,生物沥浸处理虽可使污泥中有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量有所下降,但并不影响其农业利用价值.

生物炭协同微生物修复四川某铜矿选冶渣重金属复合污染研究

为了解决四川某选冶渣多重金属复合污染问题,采用生物炭固化微生物试验和吸附动力学试验,研究生物炭与微生物的协同作用对多种重金属的修复效果、多种重金属在生物炭表面的吸附动力学行为。使用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)与扫描电镜(SEM),探究生物炭基团强化微生物修复重金属的界面机理。结果表明,在厌氧气氛下,硫酸盐还原菌(SBR)和嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(At.f,pH=5.0)以体积比3∶2混合,接种量为20%,生物炭添加量10%,固化30 d后,选冶渣中铁、锌、铜、铅和铬的生物有效性降低率分别为98.37%、90.32%、90.81%、96.52%和100%,吸附动力学试验表明反应过程是化学反应。傅里叶红外光谱与扫描电镜分析表明,重金属与生物炭表面羟基和羧基等基团反应,以沉淀的形式将Zn、Cu等重金属固化/稳定化,降低其生物有效性。

固体浓度对生物淋滤法去除制革污泥中铬的影响

采用序批式摇床培养,研究了含固率为2%～10%的污泥浓度对生物淋滤法去除制革污泥中重金属Cr效果的影响.结果表明,淋滤处理8d,不同浓度处理Cr的去除率均达95%以上;污泥浓度越低,则污泥中Cr的去除率相对越高,去除速率也越快.如含固率在6%以下的污泥其Cr的去除率在第6d时就达100%. 6%的污泥浓度在实际应用中较为合适.在相同的pH值条件下不同含固率的污泥均有相似的Cr去除率.Cr大量溶出时,具有明显的pH临界点.当pH＜2时污泥中Cr的去除率才可达到80%以上.

生物淋滤法脱除城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属:底物浓度的影响

通过接种嗜酸性硫杆菌复合菌株(氧化亚铁硫杆菌与氧化硫硫杆菌)并采用序批式试验,研究了底物浓度(硫粉投加比例)对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属生物淋滤脱除效果的影响.结果表明,5g/L的硫粉投加比例对重金属的去除与底物利用最为有利.在此条件下淋滤处理飞灰15d,Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb的去除率分别可达到89.7%、81.8%、72.6%、29.3%,硫粉的利用率达到65.2%.TLCP毒性试验表明,飞灰的重金属毒性被有效脱除.飞灰中重金属的去除或溶出主要依赖于硫杆菌生物氧化S0所导致的浆液酸化.

温度对制革污泥的生物淋滤除铬效果的影响

温度对利用嗜酸性硫杆菌脱除污泥中重金属的生物淋滤技术有着重要影响．本试验采用序批式摇床培养，在12～36℃范围内，研究温度对生物淋滤法脱除制革污泥中重金属铬效果的影响．结果表明，随着温度升高，污泥pH值下降以及ORP和SO4^2-上升的速率均显著提高，污泥中Cr的溶出率相应加快．反应温度在28～36℃时，制革污泥中接种嗜酸性硫杆菌同时添加4g／L的S粉作为能源物质，生物淋滤反应8d，Cr的溶出率可高达100％．控温在28℃较适宜今后的工程应用。

多级驯化嗜酸菌淋滤电子废弃物拆解地土壤重金属的效果

冶金用嗜酸性硫杆菌的驯化材料多为单一重金属,为了解决驯化后菌种在处理多种类重金属污染的土壤时存在效果不佳的问题,将电子废弃物拆解地实际污染的土壤作为驯化材料,分析了不同驯化周期内嗜酸性硫杆菌对污染土壤中重金属的去除效果。结果表明,电子废弃物拆解地土壤以Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Ni污染为主。经不同代时的驯化,嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxi-dans,A. f菌)和嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxi-dans,A. t菌)的生长pH值下降幅度不同,培养液中氧化还原电位(φ)均有所上升,表明其生物活性有所提高。重金属质量比对菌种的生物活性和产酸能力有一定的影响,多级驯化可提高菌种对重金属的去除能力。A. f菌对Zn、Ni、Cd、Cu、As的去除率均优于A. t菌,其中A. f菌对Cd的去除率高于A. t菌2倍以上,为79. 2%,但A. t菌对Pb的去除率优于A. f菌,可达66. 6%。

Comparative study on effects of Tween-80 and sodium isobutyl-xanthate on growth and sulfur-oxidizing activities of Acidithiobacillus albertensis BY-05

Effects of two typical surfactants, Tween-80 and sodium isobutyl-xanthate (NaIBX), with different concentrations on the growth and sulfur-oxidizing activities of a new strain Acidithiobacillus albertensis BY-05, an acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, were investigated. The results indicate that both surfactants can enhance the growth and sulfur-oxidizing activities of A. albertensis BY-05 only at some special concentrations, e.g., 10-4-10-8 g/L for NaIBX and lower than 10-8 g/L for Tween-80, but were inhibited and even harmful at higher concentrations. Both surfactants can not be metabolized by A. albertensis BY-05. The contact between the bacteria and the sulfur particles may be dependent upon both the extracellular substance and the surfactants, both of which provide the amphiphilic environment improving the attachment for bacteria to the sulfur particles surface. These data could be significant for enlarging the applications of both A. albertensis BY-05 and some typical surfactants for industrial bioleaching of sulfides minerals.

Preservation efficiency of new cryoprotectant used for Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in liquid nitrogen

The efficiency of a new cryoprotectant,GP,for the preservation of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans（A.ferrooxidans） strain DC in liquid nitrogen was investigated.The optimal concentration of this new cryoprotectant for the maximal viable cell recovery and the highest ferrous ion oxidation activity was determined.The results show that 30%（volume fraction） GP is optimal for the cryopreservation with 84.4% of cells surviving,completely oxidizing ferrous ions within 120 h,and growing to a final density of 5.8×107 cell/mL after 6 d in the culture.Furthermore,the optimal residual GP concentration for viable cell recovery after culture of thawed cells in 9K medium for 6 d is 0.6%（volume fraction）.At this concentration,strain DC completely oxidizes ferrous ions within 108 h and grows to a final cell density of 6.8×107 mL-1.Thus,GP is a simple,effective cryoprotectant for the preservation of A.ferrooxidans strain DC in liquid nitrogen.

Isolation and characterization of Acidithiobacillus caldus from several typical environments in China

Six strains of moderately thermophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were isolated from several different typical environments in China. The identities of the isolates were confirmed by analyses of their 16S rRNA genes, and some key physiological traits. The isolates are Gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria, their optimal temperature and pH value for growth are 45-50℃ and 2.5-3.5 respectively. They are autotrophic and used elemental sulfur, sodium thiosulfate and potassium tetrathionate as electron donor, while a little glucose stimulated their growth. 16S rDNA sequences analysis reveals that the strains are phylogenetically clustered to Acidithiobacillus caldus.

Catalytic effect of visible light and Cd^2+on chalcopyrite bioleaching

The effects of visible light and Cd^2+ion on chalcopyrite bioleaching in the presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(A.ferrooxidans)were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction(SR-XRD),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The results of bioleaching after 28 days showed that the copper dissolution increased by 4.96%with only visible light,the presence of Cd2+alone exerted slight inhibition effect on chalcopyrite dissolution and the concentration of dissolved copper increased by 14.70%with visible light and 50 mg/L Cd^2+.The results of chemical leaching showed that visible light can promote the circulation of iron.SEM results showed that Cd^2+promoted the attachment of A.ferrooxidans on chalcopyrite surface under visible light.SR-XRD and XPS results indicated that visible light and Cd^2+promoted chalcopyrite dissolution,but did not inhibit the formation of passivation.Finally,a model of synergistic catalysis mechanism of visible light and Cd2+on chalcopyrite bioleaching was proposed.

Diversity of microbial community at acid mine drainages from Dachang metals-rich mine, China

Two acid mine drainage(AMD)samples TS and WK,which were from the Dachang metals-rich mine in Guangxi province,China,were studied using PCR-based cloning approach.A total of 44 operational taxonomic units(OTUs)were obtained from the two AMD samples.However,only three OTUs(GXDC-9,GXDC-19 and GXDC-50)detected in sample TS can also be observed in sample WK.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bacteria in the two samples fell into four putative divisions,which were Nitrospira,Alphaproteobacteria,Gamaproteobacteria,and Acidobacteria.Organisms of genuses Acidithiobacillus and Leptospirillum,which were in gamaproteobacteria class and Nitrospira family,were dominant in two samples,respectively.In sample TS,which was characterized by low pH,high sulfate,high iron,and high arsenide,two species(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans)constituted 98.22% of the entire microbial community.Compared with sample TS,the microbial community in sample WK was more diversified according to the observation.Interestedly,the Legionella species,which was rarely observed in the low-pH environment,was detected in sample WK.This work helps us to further understand the diversity of microbial community living in extreme acid mine drainages with unique geochemistry and the tolerance capability of acidophiles to heavy metal.

Isolation and characterization of acidophilic bacterium from Dongxiangshan Mine in Xinjiang Province, China

One bioleaching bacterium, named as strain DXS, was isolated from acid mine drainages （AMDs） of Dongxiangshan Mine of Hami, Xinjiang Province, China. The strain DXS is gram-negative and rod-shaped with a size of （0.40±0.05） μm x （1.3±0.5） μm. The optimal temperature and pH for growth are 30 ℃ and pH 2.0, respectively. It can grow autotrophically by using ferrous iron, elemental sulfur and NaS203 as sole energy sources. In the phylogenetic tree, strain DXS has similarity with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans type strain ATCC 23270 with 99.57% sequence similarity. The cloning and sequencing of Iro protein gene （iro） and tetrathionate hydrolase gene （tth） reveal that strain DXS is completely identical in iro gene sequence to A. ferrooxidans LY （DQ166841）, and almost identical in tth gene sequene to .4. ferrooxidans （AB259312） （only two nucleotides change）. The bioleaching experiments of marmatite and pyrite reveal that the leached zinc and iron concentrations reach 3.01 g/L and 2.75 g/L, respectively. The strain has a well potential application in industry bioleaching.

Effects of Sodium Butyrate on Nutrient Availability of Broilers

A metabolism trial was conducted to investigate the effects of graded dietary supplement of Sodium Butyrate （SB）, either powder （uncoated） or coated on nutrient utilization in broilers. Seventy-two 42-day-old AA broilers were randomly divided into nine treatments, each treatment consisted of four replicate cages of two chickens each. Broilers were fed the following diets： A） CTR： control diet （without any SB and antibiotics）; B） Antibiotic： supply antibiotics （Zinc Bacitracin 40 mg/kg ＋ Colistin Sulfate 8 rng/kg） into the basal diet; C） PSB-100： control diet ＋ 100 mg/kg PSB （powder Sodium Butyrate）; D） PSB-200： control diet ＋ 200 mg/kg PSB; E） PSB-300： control diet ＋ 300 mg/kg PSB; F） CSB-100： control diet ＋ 100 mg/kg CSB （coated Sodium Butyrate）; G） CSB-200： control diet ＋ 200 mg/kg CSB; H） CSB-300： control diet ＋ 300 mg/kg CSB. The birds were housed in 36 wire cages in an environmentally controlled room, fed for ad libitum intake and had free access to water. Feed and excreta samples were collected to determine DM （dry matter）, CP （crude protein）, EE （ether extract）, GE （gross energy） and NDF （neutral detergent fibre）. Results in- dicated that compared with control diet, SB could improve the AMR （apparent metabolic rate） and TMR （true metabolic rate） ofDM, CP, EE, GE and NDF on broilers, and it could replace antibiotics partly, and the effect of CSB was better than that of powder （uncoated） ones.

生物沥浸法去除猪粪中重金属和提高其脱水性能研究

采用复合嗜酸性硫杆菌,通过摇瓶试验研究了不同Fe2+添加量下生物沥浸对含固率为3%的猪粪中重金属的去除和脱水性能的影响.同时,考察了不同处理的pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)、Fe2+、Fe3+、总Fe、Cu、Zn、比阻和毛细吸水时间(CST)的变化.结果表明,采用生物沥浸技术能有效地去除猪粪中的重金属,随着Fe2+添加量的增加,猪粪中重金属的去除率呈上升趋势,其中,4g·L-1Fe2++2g·L-1S0+接种嗜酸性硫杆菌的处理效果最好,沥浸结束后对Cu和Zn的去除率分别达到了87.3%和91.9%,重金属Zn先于Cu从猪粪中溶出.研究发现,沥浸结束后,猪粪的比阻和CST与原始猪粪相比大幅度降低,且随着Fe2+添加量的增加其脱水性能也得到提高,在添加2g·L-1S0和接种嗜酸性硫杆菌的情况下,添加4g·L-1Fe2+和5g·L-1Fe2+的处理,其脱水性能较原始猪粪分别提高了117和205倍.采用生物沥浸技术处理猪粪,可去除其中的重金属,改善其脱水性,提高猪粪资源化再利用的价值,这为猪粪的资源化利用提供了一种全新的途径.