酸矿水中重金属人工湿地处理机理研究

人工湿地作为一种低耗高效的污水处理系统逐渐应用于酸矿水的处理。文章对人工湿地去除酸矿水中重金属的各种物理、化学和生物作用发生机理及存在的问题进行了分析,提出今后应加强长期连续的动态监测,深入研究不同类型湿地中各影响因子与处理机理之间的关系,对主要处理机理的定性描述转向定量模型化研究,确立人工湿地接受和处理不同污染物质的最大能力和阈限,为人工湿地污水处理系统的合理设计及管理提供科学依据。

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对矿山酸矿水中金属污染元素分布的影响

酸矿水是含硫化物矿石在表生条件下与水圈大气圈及微生物相互作用产生的,是环境污染的重要来源.安徽铜陵地区是长江中下游典型多金属矿集区之一,在长期开采过程中产生大量废矿石.地表条件下这些含硫化物的废矿石被氧化,产生对生态环境有严重影响的酸矿水.以鸡冠山矿山为例分析酸矿水中主要微量元素和氧化亚铁硫杆菌的分布特征及相互关系.研究表明,自然酸矿水中存在大量氧化亚铁硫杆菌,酸矿水的形成可能与氧化亚铁硫杆菌的发育有一定联系,氧化亚铁硫杆菌促进酸矿水形成;鸡冠山酸矿水的pH值在2.5～4.2之间,与适宜氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长的酸性条件一致;微量元素在酸矿水中的分布与pH值和氧化亚铁硫杆菌的分布密切相关,在最适宜氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长的pH值3.0左右的酸矿水中微量元素浓度达最低,说明氧化亚铁硫杆菌和酸度对微量元素的分布有一定制约;酸矿水中高度富集微量元素,比河水中溶解态的微量元素含量高出几千倍到几十万倍甚至千万倍.

安徽铜陵狮子山硫化物矿山酸矿水中微生物功能群的研究

从安徽铜陵狮子山硫化物矿山酸矿水溪流获得样品,采用YE、Feo、FeSo、FeTo4种选择性培养基,利用overlay分离技术,获得7株细菌菌株。利用16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,与目前已分离得到的酸矿水微生物进行了比较。利用分离菌株16S rRNA基因序列构建系统进化树,结果表明获得的菌株可分为3个功能群:嗜酸性异养菌、嗜酸性自养菌、中度嗜酸性铁氧化细菌。嗜酸性异养菌主要与酸矿水中三价铁的异化还原和寡营养状态的维持有关;嗜酸性自养菌与酸矿水中铁、硫元素的氧化有关,是酸水中的生产者;中度嗜酸性铁氧化细菌能将二价铁氧化成三价铁,并产生难溶性的矿物,可实现酸矿水与酸矿水底泥之间铁元素的动态平衡。

酸矿水中丝状绿藻对酸和汞的耐性

从安徽铜陵狮子山矿区酸矿水溪流上游纯化培养获得一株丝状绿藻,并命名为AMD-algae-1。对AMD-algae-1元素分析及X射线吸收近边缘分析发现藻体中含有汞,干藻样品中汞含量为412.730 mg/kg。AMD-algae-1在光照度2 000 lx、30℃下培养,pH值为3.0～3.5时明显生长,pH值为5时生长较好。AMD-algae-1在Bristol培养液中汞最大耐受浓度为100×10-6mg/mL。表明AMD-algae-1能够适应酸矿水的酸性环境,并从酸矿水中吸收富集汞,从而降低酸矿水中汞含量,对酸矿水治理有一定的应用价值。

高酸尾矿水全回用于复杂铜硫矿选矿新技术工程化研究

铜硫矿含有大量高浓度的硫化物与重金属离子,并且多数矿体尾矿水的pH值都在3以下,属于高酸废水,如果不能得到有效处理,势必会给周边的自然生态环境造成严重污染。因此,本文通过对高酸尾矿水全回用于复杂铜硫矿选矿新技术的分析,强调新型的选矿工艺在处理高酸尾矿水方面发挥的关键性作用。

安徽铜陵酸性矿山排水中霉菌TY6-2的生物矿化作用实验研究

从安徽铜陵狮子山矿区采集酸矿水、底泥及尾砂样品,采用YE,Fe,FeT,FeS四种选择性培养基,分离获得原核微生物17株,真核微生物50株.其中一株霉菌TY6-2经鉴定为草酸青霉Penicillium oxalicum.TY6-2在近中性环境中能够吸附铁离子,吸附率高达72%,相同条件下吸附效率显著高于分离到的其他霉菌.对TY6-2与培养液长期相互作用形成的沉淀物进行分析,发现沉淀物主要以三价铁矿物为主.TY6-2活菌生物成矿能力高于灭活处理的死菌,活菌菌体表面有大量矿物颗粒附着,且形态规则.能谱分析表明很可能是黄钠铁钒.研究表明TY6-2的生物吸附和生物成矿特性,对酸矿水的生物修复和铁的回收再利用具有重要价值.

分离自铜矿山尾矿区的铁还原菌nju-T1菌株:菌种鉴定及其还原Fe^(3+)的最适条件

对安徽铜陵狮子山杨山冲尾矿库采集的酸矿水(AMD)及表层尾砂样品,采用FeTo选择性培养基,利用Overlay分离技术,获得了一株具有铁还原功能的细菌nju-T1。形态观察、生理生化鉴定以及16SrRNA基因序列同源性分析结果表明,该菌株属于Acidithiobacillus属。平板培养和液体培养实验证明,nju-T1具有在有氧条件下还原Fe3+的功能。nju-T1在pH为4.5,温度为30℃条件下生长较好,最适还原Fe3+浓度为5mmol/L,还原铁的作用位点可能是位于细胞外膜上。nju-T1能还原Fe3+,为铁氧化菌提供了初始能源Fe2+,同时维持了整个酸矿水系统的铁平衡。研究nju-T1的还原机理,不仅拓宽了对铁还原菌通常只能在兼性厌氧或厌氧条件下才能生长的认识,更对研究整个酸性矿山环境的形成、发展机理以及治理有着重要意义。

Acid mine drainage activation mechanism on lime-depressed pyrite flotation from copper sulfide ore

The lime-depressed pyrite from Cu differential flotation tailings with acid mine drainage(AMD)as a natural activator was recovered.The effect of AMD on lime-depressed pyrite flotation was investigated by a series of laboratory flotation tests and surface analytical techniques.Flotation test results indicated that AMD could effectively activate the pyrite flotation with a sodium butyl xanthate(SBX)collector,and a high-quality sulfur concentrate was obtained.Pulp ion concentration analysis results indicated that AMD facilitated desorption of Ca~(2+)and adsorption of Cu~(2+)on the depressed-pyrite surface.Adsorption measurements and contact angle analysis results confirmed that adding AMD improved the adsorption amount of SBX collector on the pyrite surface and increased the contact angle by 31°.Results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that AMD treatment promoted the formation of hydrophobic species(S~0 hydrophobic entity and copper sulfides)and the removal of hydrophilic calcium and iron species on the pyrite surface,which reinforced the adsorption of collector.The findings of the present research provide important theoretical basis and technical support for a cleaner production of copper sulfide ores.

污泥和粉煤灰覆盖煤矸石山防治污染的模拟试验研究

采用3个柱淋溶模拟试验,研究污泥和粉煤灰覆盖煤矸石降低酸性排水污染的效果。试验结果表明:污泥和粉煤灰覆盖煤矸石后其淋溶液pH值由2.0升至7.5左右,Eh值分别降低到50、200 mV以下,EC值均降低到2.0 mS·cm-1,重金属镉、铜、铅、镍和锌的浓度降到0.002 mg·L-1以下,硫酸盐和铁的污染得到有效控制。这主要因为污泥和粉煤灰的碱性、吸附作用及其中硫酸盐还原菌的作用促进了Fe等氢氧化物沉淀和多种重金属硫化物及碳酸盐的沉淀固定,pH值呈中性或微碱性能够阻止嗜酸硫氧化细菌对黄铁矿的微生物催化氧化。污泥和粉煤灰覆盖煤矸石可以明显地抑制煤矸石中硫化物氧化产生的酸和重金属污染,其中污泥覆盖5 cm的修复效果更好。

Effect of pyrite, elemental sulfur and ferrous ions on EPS production by metal sulfide bioleaching microbes

Extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） produced by acidophilic bioleaching microorganisms play an important role in the production of acid mine drainage and metal sulfide bioleaching. EPS mediate the contact between microbial cells and growth substrates, having a pivotal role in organic film formation and bacterium-substratum interactions. The production and chemical composition of EPS produced by seven bioleaching strains grown with different substrates were studied. Analysis of the EPS extracted from these strains indicated that the EPS consisted of carbohydrates, proteins and galacturonic acid. The contents of EPS, carbohydrates, proteins and galacturonic acid of EPS were largely related to the kind of strain used and culture condition. The results show that EPS productions of microbes grown with pyrite were significantly higher than those of microbes grown with sulfur or FeSO4·7H2O. The highest EPS production of the seven acidiphilic strains was （159.43±3.93） mg/g, which was produced by Leptospirillum ferriphilum CBCBSUCSU208015 when cultivated with pyrite.

Thermodynamics study on leaching process of gibbsitic bauxite by hydrochloric acid

For the low-grade gibbsitic bauxite,the leaching rate of alumina is very low during the Bayer process.The acid leaching method is attracting more attention,and the hydrochloric acid leaching was developed rapidly.The mineral composition and chemical composition were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis and semi-quantitative analysis.The thermodynamics of leaching process was analyzed.The results show that the major minerals in the bauxite are gibbsite,secondly goethite and quartz,anatase and so on.The acid leaching reactions of the bauxite would be thermodynamically easy and completed.Under the conditions that ore granularity is less than-55 μm,the L/S ratio is 100：7,and the leaching temperature is 373-383 K,the leaching time is 120 min and the concentration of HCl is 10%,both the leaching rates of Al and Fe are over 95%.The main composition of leaching slag is SiO2 which is easy for comprehensive utilization.

Shear hydrophobic flocculation and flotation of ultrafine Anshan hematite using sodium oleate

Effects of stirring speed and time, pH and sodium oleate concentration on the shear hydrophobic flocculation of ultrafine Anshan hematite with sodium oleate as the surfactant were discussed. The results show that these parameters significantly affect the shear hydrophobic flocculation of ultrafine hematite. The optimum conditions for the flocculation are： stirring speed 1 400 r/min, flocculation time 20 min, pH 9 and sodium oleate concentration 3.94×10-4 mol/L; the flotation recovery of hematite flocs is remarkably high compared with non flocculated ultrafine hematite. According to the extended DLVO theory, the total interaction potential of Anshan ultrafine hematite was determined. The calculation results indicate that the hydrophobic flocculation state of the ultrafine hematite-sodium oleate system is mainly dominated by electric double layer repulsive interaction potential and hydrophobic interaction potential. A mechanical agitation is required to impart particles a kinetic energy to overcome potential barrier between them due to the existence of electric double layer repulsive interaction potential. Those particles further approach to form flocs due to the significant increase of the hydrophobic interaction potential.

Archaeal and bacterial communities in acid mine drainage from metal-rich abandoned tailing ponds, Tongling, China

To expand knowledge on microbial communities of various metal-rich levels of mine drainage environments in Anhui province, China, the archaeal and bacterial diversities were examined using a PCR-based cloning approach. Eight acid mine water samples were collected from five areas in Tongling. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that bacteria mainly fell into ten divisions, which were Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Nitrospira, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi. Archaea fell into three phylogenetic divisions, Thermoplasma, Ferroplasma and Thermogymnomonas. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean（UPGMA） cluster analysis based on the microbial communities’ compositions revealed that five samples shared similarity with the dominance of Meiothermus and Thermomonas. Two samples had the preponderant existence of Acidithiobacillus and Leptospirillum. The remaining sample owned higher microbial communities’ diversity with the Shannon-Weaver H up to 2.91. Canonical correlation analysis（CCA） suggested that microbial community structures had great association with p H and the concentration of Hg2＋, Pb2＋, Fe3＋, Cl-, SO2- 4in water.

Extraction of molybdenum and nickel from roasted Ni-Mo ore by hydrochloric acid leaching, sulphation roasting and water leaching

To extract molybdenum and nickel from the roasted Ni-Mo ore, a process of hydrochloric acid leaching, sulphation roasting and water leaching was investigated. The results showed that this process could get a high leaching rate of Mo and Ni. Under the optimum conditions of hydrochloric acid leaching （roasted Ni-Mo ore leached with 0.219 mL/g hydrochloric acid addition at 65 ℃ for 30 min with a L/S ratio of 3 mL/g）, sulphation roasting （51.9% sulfiaric acid addition, roasting temperature 240 ℃ for 1 h）, followed by leaching with the first stage hydrochloric acid leaching solution at 95 ℃ for 2 h, the leaching rates of Mo and Ni reached 95.8% and 91.3%, respectively.

Acid mine drainage and heavy metal contamination in groundwater of metal sulfide mine at arid territory (BS mine,Western Australia)

The issues of acid mine drainage （AMD） and heavy metals contamination in the metal sulfide mine in the add district were explored, through studying the acidification and the heavy metals distribution and evolution of groundwater in the black swan （BS） nickel sulfide mine （Western Australia）. The groundwater samples were collected from the drilling holes situated in the vicinity of tailings storage facility （TSF） and in the background of the mine （away from TSF）, respectively, and the pH and electric conductivity （Ec） were measured in site and the metal contents were analysed by ICP-MS and ICP-AES, quarterly in one hydrological year. The results disclose that the TSF groundwater is remarkably acidified （.pHmean=5, pHmin=3）, and the average contents of heavy metals （Co, Cu, Zn, Cd） and Al, Mn are of 1-2 orders of magnitude higher in TSF groundwater than in background groundwater. It may be due to the percolation of tailings waste water from miU process, which leads the tailings to oxidize and the deep groundwater to acidify and contaminate with heavy metals. Besides, the heavy metals concentration in groundwater may be controlled by pH mainly.

Sulfide mineral bioleaching:Understanding of microbe-chemistry assisted hydrometallurgy technology and acid mine drainage environment protection

Bioleaching is regarded as an essential technology to treat low grade minerals,with the distinctive superiorities of lower-cost and environment-friendly compared with traditional pyrometallurgy method.However,the bioleaching efficiency is unsatisfactory owing to the passivation film formed on the minerals surface.It is of particular interest to know the dissolution and passivation mechanism of sulfide minerals in the presence of microorganism.Although bioleaching can be useful in extracting metals,it is a double-edged sword.Metallurgical activities have caused serious environmental problems such as acid mine drainage(AMD).The understanding of some common sulfide minerals bioleaching processes and protection of AMD environment is reviewed in this article.

Diversity of microbial community at acid mine drainages from Dachang metals-rich mine, China

Two acid mine drainage(AMD)samples TS and WK,which were from the Dachang metals-rich mine in Guangxi province,China,were studied using PCR-based cloning approach.A total of 44 operational taxonomic units(OTUs)were obtained from the two AMD samples.However,only three OTUs(GXDC-9,GXDC-19 and GXDC-50)detected in sample TS can also be observed in sample WK.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bacteria in the two samples fell into four putative divisions,which were Nitrospira,Alphaproteobacteria,Gamaproteobacteria,and Acidobacteria.Organisms of genuses Acidithiobacillus and Leptospirillum,which were in gamaproteobacteria class and Nitrospira family,were dominant in two samples,respectively.In sample TS,which was characterized by low pH,high sulfate,high iron,and high arsenide,two species(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans)constituted 98.22% of the entire microbial community.Compared with sample TS,the microbial community in sample WK was more diversified according to the observation.Interestedly,the Legionella species,which was rarely observed in the low-pH environment,was detected in sample WK.This work helps us to further understand the diversity of microbial community living in extreme acid mine drainages with unique geochemistry and the tolerance capability of acidophiles to heavy metal.

Heavy Metals in a Sulfldic Minespoil: Fractions and Column Leaching

Fractions of various heavy metals in a sulfidic minespoil were investigated. Column leaching experimentwas also conducted to simulate 'acid mine drainage' (AMD) from the minespoil. The results show thatleaching of heavy metals from the minespoil was extremely significant during the initial water flushing.The amounts of heavy metals leached out dramatically reduced after leaching twice. It is worthwhile tonote that in this study, Zn, Mn, Fe, As and Ni in the first leachate exceeded the total amount of eachcorresponding water-extractable (1:5, soil:water) metal contained in the minespoil sample. This appears tosuggest that 1:5 water extraction did not allow accurate estimation of water-leachable concentrations of theabove heavy metals. This work has implications for the management of sulfidic minespoils. Acid drainageof great environmental concerns is likely to occur only during heavy rainfall events after substantial solubleand readily exchangeable acid and metals are accumulated in the minespoils. The slow-reacting fractionsother than water-soluble and readily exchangeable fractions may pose little environmental hazards. This isparticularly true for Pb, As and Ni.

Leaching of chalcopyrite with hydrogen peroxide in hydrochloric acid solution

The aim of this work was to investigate the leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate in hydrochloric acid with hydrogen peroxide as a strong oxidizing agent. The effects of the leaching variables on metal extraction, such as stirring speed, solid-to-liquid ratio, temperature and HCl and H2O2 concentrations, were studied. The maximum final copper extraction of 33% was attained with 3.0 mol/L H2O2 in 0.5 mol/L HCl at room temperature after 180 min of the reaction. The results showed that the copper extraction was increased in the first 60 min of reaction, after which it essentially ceased due to the fast catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Further, solid-to-liquid ratio affected the copper extraction significantly and the highest copper extraction was obtained in the most dilute suspension（i.e., S/L ratio of 1：100）. The dissolution process was described by the first order kinetics equation. The apparent activation energy of 19.6 k J/mol suggested that the dissolution process was under diffusion control. The reaction orders for HCl and H2O2 were established to be 0.30 and 0.53, respectively. The results of the XRD and SEM/EDS analysis of the leaching residue indicated the generation of the elemental sulphur on mineral surfaces which tended to inhibit the leaching rate.

Erosion characteristic of slope sandstone soaking in acid mine drainage

Acid mine drainage（AMD） is one of the main reasons of slope instability in chemical mines with high sulfide. The pH values of the solution inside the mining pit decrease with the increasing of distance from ore body and vary from 1.2 to 4.6, according to the results of the water environmental investigation and the composition test of the slope sandstone in Xinqiao Pyrite Mine. Comparative experiments between original sandstone and AMD eroded sandstone samples show that after AMD erosion the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease by 30%-50% and 25%-45%, respectively, the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease obviously, and the Poisson ratio fluctuates between 0.20-0.29. The greater joints development, the higher residual stress after peak value, and the longer time to damage. Besides above, the reaction mechanism analysis of AMD eroded sandstone shows that the fillings in joints and fissures of sandstone are frequently decomposed and polyreacted, resulting in changes of interior molecule structure and fi＇amework composition, and decreases of cohesion and angle of internal friction between rock structure interfaces.