酸解氧化对双醛淀粉性能的影响

以玉米淀粉为原料,盐酸为酸解剂,高碘酸钠为氧化剂,采用一步酸解氧化法合成双醛淀粉,经傅里叶变换红外光谱仪表征证明成功制得了双醛淀粉。研究了反应温度、反应时间、盐酸浓度和淀粉乳浓度对双醛淀粉醛基含量的影响,并利用X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪进行了表征。结果表明,双醛淀粉的醛基含量随着反应温度的升高和反应时间的延长而增大,55℃和4h后,酸解氧化趋于稳定。盐酸浓度和淀粉乳浓度过高会导致双醛淀粉的醛基含量下降,分别以0.6mol/L和8%为宜。X射线衍射仪分析表明,随着盐酸浓度的增加,双醛淀粉的结晶度升高;热重分析仪分析表明,结晶度高的双醛淀粉热分解残余量也更多,而热分解初始温度随着盐酸浓度增加而降低。

双醛淀粉酸解氧化制备工艺优化研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,盐酸为酸解剂,高碘酸钠为氧化剂,通过酸解氧化法制备双醛淀粉。采用正交试验法研究了盐酸浓度、反应温度和反应时间对双醛淀粉醛基含量的影响,通过效应曲线分析、交互作用和显著性分析优化了酸解氧化工艺。结果表明:对双醛淀粉醛基含量的影响因素依次为反应温度、反应时间、盐酸浓度;双醛淀粉制备的最优工艺条件为盐酸浓度0.9 mol/L、反应温度55℃、反应时间2 h,在此工艺条件下得到双醛淀粉的醛基含量为69.56%。

酸解氧化淀粉胶粘剂的制备及性能研究

以蜡质玉米淀粉为主要原料、聚乙烯醇(PVA)为保护胶体,在反应过程中加入酸解催化剂[盐酸(HCl)]、氧化剂和引发剂[过硫酸铵(APS)],制得酸解氧化淀粉;然后将其与醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)、丙烯酸乙酯(EA)接枝共聚后,制得新型环保复合淀粉胶粘剂。研究结果表明:采用单因素试验法优选出接枝反应的最佳工艺条件是HCl浓度为2.0 mol/L、V(VAc)=40 mL、V(VAc)∶V(EA)=3∶1、接枝反应温度为70℃、w(淀粉乳液)=20%、w(APS)=1.2%和w(PVA)=40%(均相对于淀粉干基质量而言),此时酸解氧化淀粉胶粘剂在外观、流动性、木材污染性和粘接强度等方面均优于双醛淀粉胶粘剂和PVAc(聚醋酸乙烯酯)白乳胶。

酸解氧化魔芋葡甘露聚糖对齐口裂腹鱼肠道免疫功能的影响

在日粮中添加酸解氧化魔芋葡甘露聚糖1.6%（acidolysis oxidized of konjacgluconmannan,A-OKGM）,饲养齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）60 d后,齐口裂腹鱼经腹腔注射9伊108cfu/m L的嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila,Ah）0.2 mL,在注射嗜水气单胞菌1周后,分别取齐口裂腹鱼肠道分成前肠、中肠和后肠段。利用酶标仪测定溶菌酶（LZM）和酸性磷酸酶（ACP）;并运用荧光定量PCR分析酸解氧化魔芋葡甘露聚糖对齐口裂腹鱼感染嗜水气单胞菌后不同肠段中白细胞介素-1β（il-1β）、白细胞介素-10（il-10）、白细胞介素-8（il-8）、肿瘤坏死因子（tnf-α）和转化生长因子β（tgf-β1）的表达影响。结果表明,与注射磷酸盐缓冲液对照组相比,感染嗜水气单胞菌A-OKGM组对齐口裂腹鱼的前肠、中肠、后肠中溶菌酶的活性有增加的趋势,但是没有达到显著水平（p〉0.05）;在中肠中,感染嗜水气单胞菌A-OKGM组的il-1β、tnf-α、tgf-β1较感染嗜水气单胞菌对照组表达上调（p〈0.05）,而il-10和il-8则相对下调。在后肠中,感染嗜水气单胞菌A-OKGM组il-1β、tnf-α、tgf-β1、il-10及il-8较感染嗜水气单胞菌对照组表达下调（p〈0.05）。本试验在日粮中添加A-OKGM1.6%对齐口裂腹鱼中肠的免疫功能有着活化的作用,对后肠中整体细胞因子起着抑制的作用,从而减轻机体产生的炎症损伤,从而增强齐口裂腹鱼肠道免疫的作用,可促进鱼体健康生长。

木材乳液胶黏剂用复合变性玉米淀粉乳液

将玉米淀粉酸解氧化后,采用过硫酸铵为引发剂,与丙烯酸胺接枝共聚,得到复合改性淀粉。通过考察各因素对接枝共聚产物接枝百分率和接枝效率的影响,确定接枝共聚反应的条件为:接枝反应温度50℃;反应时间3h;淀粉与丙烯酰胺质量比0.8。通过对复合变性淀粉工艺条件的验证性试验及其的理化性能分析,证明复合变性淀粉适于制备乳液胶黏剂。

Enhancing selectivity in acidic CO_(2) electrolysis:Cation effects and catalyst innovation

The electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)(eCO_(2)R)under ambient conditions is crucial for reducing carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.Despite progress with alkaline and neutral electrolytes,their efficiency is limited by(bi)carbonates formation.Acidic media have emerged as a solution,addressing the(bi)carbonates challenge but introducing the issue of the hydrogen evolu-tion reaction(HER),which reduces CO_(2) conversion efficiency in acidic environments.This review focuses on enhancing the selectivity of acidic CO_(2) electrolysis.It commences with an overview of the latest advancements in acidic CO_(2) electrolysis,focusing on product selectivity and electrocatalytic activity enhancements.It then delves into the critical factors shaping selectivity in acidic CO_(2) electrolysis,with a special emphasis on the influence of cations and catalyst design.Finally,the research challenges and personal perspectives of acidic CO_(2) electrolysis are suggested.

Kinetic model for calcium sulfate decomposition at high temperature

A modified shrinking unreacted-core model,based on thermogravimetric analysis,was developed to investigate CaSO4 decomposition in oxy-fuel combustion,especially under isothermal condition which is difficult to achieve in actual experiments due to high-temperature corrosion.A method was proposed to calculate the reaction rate constant for CaSO4 decomposition.Meanwhile,the diffusion of SO2 and O2,and the sintering of CaO were fully considered during the development of model.The results indicate that the model can precisely predict the decomposition of CaSO4 under high SO2 concentration（1100×10-6）.Concentrations of SO2 and O2 on the unreacted-core surface were found to increase first and then decrease with increasing temperature,and the average specific surface area and porosity of each CaO sintering layer decreased with increasing time.The increase of SO2 and/or O2 concentration inhibited CaSO4 decomposition.Moreover,the kinetics of CaSO4 decomposition had obvious dependence on temperature and the decomposition rate can be dramatically accelerated with increasing temperature.

Influence of oxidation heat on hard anodic film of aluminum alloy

The special experimental device and sulfuric acid electrolyte were adopted to study the influence of anodic oxidation heat on hard anodic film for 2024 aluminum alloy. Compared with the oxidation heat transferred to the electrolyte through anodic film, the heat transferred to the coolant through aluminum substrate is more beneficial to the growth of anodic film. The film forming speed, film thickness, density and hardness are significantly increased as the degree of undercooling of the coolant increases. The degree of undercooling of the coolant, which is necessary for the growth of anodic film, is related to the degree of undercooling of the electrolyte, thickness of aluminum substrate, thickness of anodic film, natural parameters of bubble covering and current density. The microstructure and performance of the oxidation film could be controlled by the temperature of the coolant.

Effective adsorption of sulfate ions with poly(m-phenylenediamine) in aqueous solution and its adsorption mechanism

Sulfate adsorption by poly（m-phenylenediamine）s（PmPDs） with various oxidation states synthesized through chemically oxidative polymerization was investigated.Series of sorption experiments were conducted,and the adsorption mechanism and the relationship between oxidation state and adsorption performance were studied with the characterization of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,pH tracking and energy calculation.The results show that the adsorption performance in acidic solution is improved with the decrease of oxidation state of poly（m-phenylenediamine）（PmPD）.The rate constant is as high as 425.5 mg/（g·min） in the short equilibrium time of 30 min.The estimated highest adsorptivity of sulfate ions is 95.1%.According to the Langmuir equation,the adsorbance is 108.5 mg/g.The sulfate desorption efficiency is about 95% and the accumulative adsorbance is up to 487.95 mg/g in 5 cycles.

Heterogeneous catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate for efficient degradation of organic pollutants by magnetic Cu^0/Fe_3O_4 submicron composites

Magnetic Cu^0/Fe3O4 submicron composites were prepared using a hydrothermal method and used as heterogeneous catalysts for the activation of peroxymonosulfate（PMS） and the degradation of organic pollutants.The as-prepared magnetic Cu^0/Fe3O4 submicron composites were composed of Cu^0 and Fe3O4 crystals and had an average size of approximately 220 nm.The Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites could efficiently catalyze the activation of PMS to generate singlet oxygen,and thus induced the rapid degradation of rhodamine B,methylene blue,orange Ⅱ,phenol and 4-chlorophenol.The use of0.1 g/L of the Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites induced the complete removal of rhodamine B（20 μmol/L） in15 min,methylene blue（20 μmol/L） in 5 min,orange Ⅱ（20 μmol/L） in 10 min,phenol（0.1mmol/L） in 30 min and 4-chlorophenol（0.1 mmol/L） in 15 min with an initial pH value of 7.0 and a PMS concentration of 0.5 mmol/L.The total organic carbon（TOC） removal higher than 85%for all of these five pollutants was obtained in 30 min when the PMS concentration was 2.5 mmol/L.The rate of degradation was considerably higher than that obtained with Cu^0 or Fe3O4 particles alone.The enhanced catalytic activity of the Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites in the activation of PMS was attributed to the synergistic effect of the Cu^0 and Fe3O4 crystals in the composites.Singlet oxygen was identified as the primary reactive oxygen species responsible for pollutant degradation by electron spin resonance and radical quenching experiments.A possible mechanism for the activation of PMS by Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites is proposed as electron transfer from the organic pollutants to PMS induces the activation of PMS to generate ^1O2,which induces the degradation of the organic pollutants.As a magnetic catalyst,the Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites were easily recovered by magnetic separation,and exhibited excellent stability over five successive degradation cycles.The present study provides a facile and green heterogeneous catalysis method for the oxidative removal of organic pollutants.

Effect of initial pH on chalcopyrite oxidation dissolution in the presence of extreme thermophile Acidianus manzaensis

The influence of initial pH on the chalcopyrite oxidation dissolution at 65 ℃ was investigated by bioleaching and cyclic voltammetiy experiments,and the oxidation products were investigated by XRD and Raman spectroscopy.Bioleaching results show that chalcopyrite dissolution rate increases with the decrease of the initial pH in chemical leaching,while the influence of initial pH on bioleaching is on the contrary.The presence of Acidianus manzaensis does not promote chalcopyrite dissolution under initial pH1.0,which mainly results from serious inhibition of high acidity to the growth of Acidianus manzaensis.Electrochemical experiments results show that anodic oxidation currents of electrolyte with or without Acidianus manzaensis both increase with the increase of initial pH,and covellite and sulfur are detected on the electrode surface.The results confirm that chalcopyrite dissolution in chemical leaching is under the combined action of oxidation and non-oxidation of proton,with conversion of chalcopyrite to covellite and elemental sulfur.

Effect of citric acid on microstructure and electrochemical characteristics of high voltage anodized alumina film formed on etched Al Foils

Aluminum capacitor foils with a tunnel etch structure were reacted with boiling water and then anodized at 530 V in boric acid solution or boric acid＋citric acid mixed solution.The microstructure and crystallinity of the resulting anodized film were examined by TEM and XRD.The special capacitance,resistance and withstanding voltage of the film were explored with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）,LCR meter and small-current charging.The results show that the high voltage anodized oxide film consists of an inner layer with high crystallinity and an outer layer with low crystallinity.However,the crystallinity of the film formed in boric acid＋citric acid mixed solution is higher than that of the film formed in only boric acid solution,leading to an increase in film＇s field strength and special capacitance.Meanwhile,there are more defects from phase transformation in the out layer of the film formed in boric acid＋citric acid mixed solution than in that of film formed in only boric acid solution,leading to a decrease in film＇s resistance and withstanding voltage.

Structure and corrosion resistance of modified micro-arc oxidation coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy

A hydrophobic surface was fabricated on a micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treated AZ31 Mg alloys via surface modification with myristic acid. The effects of modification time on the wettability of the coatings were investigated using the contact angle measuring device. The surface morphologies and structure of the coatings were evaluated using SEM, XRD and FT-IR. The corrosion resistance was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization curves and long-term immersion test. The results showed that the water contact angle (CA) increases gradually with modification time from 0 to 5 h, the highest CA reaches 138° after being modified for 5 h, and the number and size of the micro pores are decreased. The modification method hardly alters crystalline structure of the MAO coating, but improves the corrosion resistance based on the much positive potential and low current density. Moreover, the corrosion resistance and hydrophobicity can be enhanced with increasing the alkyl chain. The wetting and spreading for the alkylcarboxylate with low surface energy become easier on the micro-porous surface, and alkylcarboxylate monolayer will be formed through bidentate bonding, which changes the surface micropores to a sealing or semi-sealing structure and makes the MAO coating dense and hydrophobic. All the results demonstrate that the modification process improves the corrosion protection ability of the MAO coating on AZ31B Mg alloy.

Germination Characteristics and Secondary Metabolism Regulation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Seeds under Different Temperatures

[Objective] To study the germination characteristics and secondary metabolism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi seeds under different temperatures.[Method]The activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）and peroxidase（POD）were determined with lactoflavine-NBT method and guaiacol-colorimetry assay,respectively.The catalase（CAT）,ascorbate peroxidase（APX）,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase（PAL）and cinnamic acid 4-Hydroxylase（C4H）were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry.The secondary metabolites were detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography（HPLC）.[Result]The germination percentage,germination potentiality and germination index were seriously affected by low or high temperature.The proper germination temperature was 20-25 ℃.The activities of SOD,POD and CAT were significantly decreased as comparison to suitable temperature.The activities of PAL and C4H were also significantly decreased as comparision to suitable temperature which was accordance to the secondary metabolites.There was a positive correlation between the flavonoids content and the PAL and C4H activity（r=0.956,r=0.951,P0.05）.[Conclusion]The quality of the skullcaps could be improved by improving the activity of PAL and C4H.The proper temperature for the seed germination and the formation of secondary metabolites was 20 ℃.

Changes of Primary and Secondary Metabolism during the Seed Germination of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

[Objective] To investigate the primary and secondary metabolism during the seed germination of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. [Method] The activities of SOD and POD were determined with lactoflavine-NBT method and guaiacol-colorimetry as- say, respectively. The activities of CAT, APX,PAL and C4H were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The contents of secondary metabolites were detected by High-performance Liquid Chromatography （HPLC）. [Result] The results indicate that the soluble sugar content decreased during the first 5 days and then increased when the cotyledons formed. The contents of PAL, C4H and CHS continuously in- creased at different stages during the seed germination process. The secondary metabolites also showed the consistent variation trend. In addition, the contents of secondary metabolites had significant positive correlation with the key enzyme activi- ty. [Conclusion] The formation of secondary metabolites is significantly positively cor- related with the key enzyme during the seed germination process. Therefore, the key enzyme activity can be enhanced by adopting appropriate measures to improve the secondary metabolites, thereby obtaining high-quality medicinal materials.

Wear and corrosion resistant coatings on surface of cast A356 aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in moderately concentrated aluminate electrolytes

Plasma electrolytic oxidation of a cast A356 aluminum alloy was carried out in aluminate electrolytes to develop wear and corrosion resistant coatings. Different concentrations of 2, 16 and 24 g/L NaAlO2 solutions and a silicate electrolyte （for comparison） were employed for the investigation. Wear performance and corrosion resistance of the coatings were evaluated by WC （tungsten carbide） ball-on-flat dry sliding tests and electrochemical methods, respectively. The results show that the coating formed for a short duration of 480 s in 24 g/L NaAlO2 solution generated the best protection. The coating sustained 30 N load for sliding time of 1800 s, showing very low wear rate of -4.5×10^-7 mm3/（N· m）. A low corrosion current density of -8.81×10^-9 A/cm2 was also recorded. Despite low α-Al2O3 content of the coating, the compact and nearly single layer nature of the coating guaranteed the excellent performances.

Prediction Model of Secondary Substances in Anthocyanins Synthesis of Purple Corn

The aim of this study was to assay the polyphenols,flavonoid,polyphenol oxidase and phenylalnine ammonialyase which were relative to the anthocyanins synthesis of purple corn. The optimization of multiple linear regression model of anthocyanins synthesis was y=4.383 86-0.205 45x1＋5.479 638x2＋0.195 575x4. According to standard partial regression coefficient testing,the result indicated that polyphenols content was negatively correlated with anthocyanins and the relative influence to anthocyanins synthesis was-42.7%; flavonoid content and activity of polyphenol oxidase were positively correlated with anthocyanins of purple corn and the relative influence to anthocyanins synthesis were 71.45% and 73.32% respectively. There was no positive correlation between the activity of phenylalnine ammonialyase and anthocyanins of purple corn. The establishment of multiple linear regression model of anthocyanins synthesis was to provide theory foundation of producing anthocyanins in laboratory.

毛头鬼伞多糖对烟草酶活性和同工酶谱的影响

分析了毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)真菌多糖诱导烟草对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)抗性过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶、-β1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的变化。结果表明,毛头鬼伞多糖可提高POD、PPO、PAL、几丁质酶和-β1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,接种TMV后毛头鬼伞多糖处理的烟草酶活性显著高于不处理者。上述结果提示,毛头鬼伞多糖处理后烟草酶活性的增强可能与其诱导烟草获得抗性有关。

Production of Benzoic Acid through Catalytic Transformation of Renewable Lignocellulosic Biomass

In the present work, we reported a novel route for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass （sawdust） to a high-value chemical of benzoic acid under atmospheric pressure. The trans- formation involved the catalytic pyrolysis of sawdust into aromatics, the decomposition of heavier alkylaromatics to toluene, and the liquid-phase oxidation of toluene-rich aromatics to benzoic acid. The production of the desired benzoic acid from the sawdust-derived aro- matics, with the benzoic acid selectivity of 85.1 C-mol% and nearly complete conversion of toluene, was achieved using the MnO2/NHPI catalyst at 100 ℃ for 5 h. The in uence of adding methanol on the catalytic conversion of sawdust to the core intermediate of toluene was also investigated in detail.

Tannins from Canarium album with potent antioxidant activity

The contents of total phenolics and extractable condensed tannins in the leaves, twigs and stem bark of Canarium album were determined. The structural heterogeneity of condensed tannins from stem bark was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF MS） and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） analyses The results show the predominance of signals representative of procyanidins and prodelphinidins. In addition, epicatechin and epigallocatechin polymers with galloylated procyanidin or prodelphinidin were also observed. The tannins were screened for their potential antioxidant activities using l,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） and ferric reducing/antioxidant power （FRAP） model systems. Tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark all showed a very good DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power.