人参醉枣的加工初探

人参醉枣是以鲜枣、人参、甘草、白酒、白糖等为主要原料，参照一般醉枣的加工工艺，通过人参、甘草有效成分的提取，醉液配制，鲜枣浸渍等工艺而制成。本品外观、风味良好，集营养保健于一体的佳品。

糟鱼

选用鲤鱼、草鱼、青鱼等大鳞鱼10公斤,经刮鳞,开腹除去内脏,去头、尾、鳍,洗净沥干。然后用搽盐法将原料重18％～20％的盐均匀地搽在鱼的表面与内侧,然后将鱼腹部朝上,分层叠放在缸内。

Pharmacokinetics of Remifentanil in Chinese Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery

Aim To study the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in Chinese aduh patients undergoing elective surgery and compare the results with the data already published. Methods The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil was determined in 10 aduh patients undergoing elective surgery. Remifentanil 5 - 6 μg·kg^-1 was administered within 1 min after the induction of anesthesia. One point five millilitre of arterial blood samples were collected at 0 （baseline）, 1,2, 3, 5,7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after drug administration. Remifentanil concentration was assayed by HPLC/MS/MS. Resuits The concentration-time course of remifentanil was best described by a two-compartment model. Total clearance （CL = 2. 149 ± 0. 431 L·min^-1） of remifentanil was greater than the normal hepatic blood flow. The distribution half-life （t1/2α） [ 1.56 ± 0. 52 min （0.73 - 2.31 ） ] and the elimination half-life （t1/2β） [22.07 ± 10.30 min （9, 71 -36.07）] were similar with those in previous reports. Volume of distribution （ Vd = 65. 766 ± 29. 100 L） was about two times greater than that reported in previous studies of other ethnics. Conclusion In the present study, the volume of distribution is significantly greater than thai reported in previous studies of other ethnics, indicating that there are some differences in the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil among different ethnics.

Effects of ketamine on proinflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor kappaB in polymicrobial sepsis rats

AIM： To explore the effects of ketamine on hemodynamics, plasma proinflammatory cytokine （TNF-α and IL-6） levels and nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） activation during polymicrobial sepsis. METHODS： Male Sprague-Dawlay rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture （CLP） or sham operation. The rats were randomly assigned into four equal groups： sham CLP group, CLP group, ketamine （KT）Ⅰ group and KTⅡgroup. Thirty minutes before CLP, ketamine （5 mg/kg per hour and 10 mglkg per hour, respectively） was infused continuously through the left femoral vein cannula in KT Ⅰ group or KTⅡgroup. Sham CLP group and CLP group received 0.9% saline only （5 mL/kg per hour）. The right femoral artery was cannulated to monitor mean arterial pressure （MAP） and heart rates （HR）,and draw blood samples. The proinflammatory cytokine （TNF-α and IL-6） levels of plasma were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays （ELISA）. The hepatic NF-κB activation was determined by Western blot and HPIAS 2000 image analysis system. Twenty hours after CLP, the rats were killed by right femoral artery phlebotomization. RESULTS： CLP produced progressive hypotension, and a first increase followed by a decrease in HR. The hypotension was prevented, and the HR was slightly steady in ketamine treated rats. TNF-α levels of plasma reached a peak value at 2 h after CLP. Ketamine （KT Ⅰ group or KTⅡgroup） caused a significant decrease compared with CLP group at 2, 5 and 9 h time points after CLP （14.3 ± 1.9 vs 4.3 ± 0.9, 9.7 ± 1.4 vs 4.3 ± 0.9; 9.3 ± 1.5 vs 4.3 ± 0.9, 8.7 ± 1.4 vs 4.3 ±0.9; 6.0 ± 1.5 vs 5.0 ± 1.7, 5.3 ± 0.8 vs 5.0 ± 1.7; P 〈 0.01, respectively）. The IL-6 levels of plasma firstly ascended and then descended in CLP group, and reached a peak value at 9 h after CLP. Ketamine （KT I group or KTH group） caused a significant decrease compared with CLP group at 5, 9 or 20 h after CLP （135.0 ± 52.6 vs 60.0 ± 16.3, 112.5 ± 52.6 vs 60.0 ± 16.3; 410.0 ± 68.7 vs 62.5 ± 12.5, 250.0 ± 28.0 vs 62.5 ± 12.5; 320.0 ± 25.9 vs 52.5 ± 10.1, 215.0 ± 44.6 vs 52.5 ± 10.1; P 〈 0.05, respectively）. The IL-6 levels of plasma in KTⅡgroup were lower than those of KT Ⅰ group at 9 h after CLP （250.0 ± 28.0 vs 410.0 ± 68.7; P 〈 0.05）. In addition, CLP increased hepatic NF-κB expression compared with sham CLP. Ketamine suppressed NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner at 4 h after CLP （237.7 ± 3.5 vs 246.9 ± 3.1; P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Ketamine stabilizes the hemodynamics, attenuates the proinflammatory cytokine responses, and inhibits hepatic NF-κB activation. These findings suggest that ketamine has protective effects against polymicrobial sepsis in rats.

Hemocoagulase Injection blood anesthesia in joint operation

Objective:To investigate the role of Hemocoagulase Injection used in the joint operation and the effect on the blood coagulable function.Methods:A total of 60 patients who undergoing joint operation in our hospital were randomly divided into two groups.Experiment group(Group A,n=30)was injected with 2 U Hemocoagulase Injection in 5 min before anesthesia induction.The contrast group(Group B,n=30)was treated with 0.9%normal saline in 5 min before anesthesia induction.Then common anesthesia was given to the two groups of patients.The venous blood was withdrawn for blood routine examination,thrombelastography and coagulable function at the time of pre-inducement, end of operation,and in 6 and 12 h after operation.The change of thrombelastograph and coagulable state were monitored during the whole surgery.And the volume of transfusion and hemorrhage between two groups was contrasted. Results:After the use of Hemocoagulase Injection,the operative time was shortened obviously(P<0.05).The volumes hemorrhage and transfusion was obviously smaller in Group A than in Group B(P<0.01).Hemocoagulase Injection did not influence fibrinogen and thrombelastograph of Group A(P>0.05).Conclusion:Hemocoagulase Injection can reduce the volumes of hemorrhage and transfusion and not influence the coagulable function.It is worth using in the joint operation.

Dynamics of vascular volume and hemodilution of lactated Ringer’s solution in patients during induction of general and epidural anesthesia

Objective： To investigate the dynamics of vascular volume and the plasma dilution of lactated Ringer＇s solution in patients during the induction of general and epidural anesthesia. Methods： The hemodilution of i.v. infusion of 1000 ml of lactated Ringer＇s solution over 60 min was studied in patients undergoing general （n=31） and epidural （n= 22） anesthesia. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and hemoglobin （Hb） concentration were measured every 5 rain during the study. Surgery was not started until the study period had been completed. Results： General anesthesia caused the greater decrease of mean arterial blood pressure （MAP） （mean 15% versus 9%; P〈0.01） and thereby followed by a more pronounced plasma dilution, blood volume expansion （VE） and blood volume expansion efficiency （VEE）. A strong linear correlation between hemodilution and the reduction in MAP （r=-0.50;P〈0.01） was found. At the end of infusion, patients undergoing general anesthesia retained 47% （SD 19%） of the infused fluid in the circulation, while epidural anesthesia retained 29% （SD 13%） （P〈0.001）. Correspondingly, a fewer urine output （mean 89 ml versus 156 ml; P〈0.05） and extravascular expansion （454 ml versus 551 ml; P〈0.05） were found during general anesthesia. Conclusion： We concluded that the induction of general anesthesia caused more hemodilution, volume expansion and volume expansion efficiency than epidural anesthesia, which was triggered only by the lower MAP.

Combined effect of hypothermia and crystalloid hemodilution on the solubility of volatile anesthetics in human blood

OBJECTIVE: To determine the combined effect of hypothermia and crystalloid hemodilution on blood solubility of volatile anesthetics. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty ml blood samples obtained from each of twelve healthy male volunteers were adjusted to a hematocrit of 40% and then diluted with normal saline to hematocrits of 36%, 32%, 28%, 24%, and 20%. Blood/gas partition coefficients of desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane and halothane were measured at 37 degrees C,33 degrees C, 29 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 21 degrees C and 17 degrees C using a two-stage headspace double equilibration method. RESULTS: As the temperature decreased, the logarithm of the blood/gas partition coefficient increased linearly (P