湘江采矿污染区流段贝类重金属含量与健康风险评估

选取受采矿污染较严重的典型区域湖南省湘江长沙段作为研究区域,采集优势贝类物种大沼螺和河蚌,研究不同贝类对痕量金属的富集特性。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析贝类中Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的含量,通过Pearson相关分析研究了重金属的相关性。通过对贝类可食用和非食用部分痕量金属的质量浓度和金属污染指数(MPI)进行比较,探索贝类不同部位中痕量金属的分布特点。同时探究了大沼螺和河蚌中痕量金属随时空的分布特征,评估了食用这两种贝类引起的人体健康风险。结果表明:不同贝类中的痕量金属浓度存在差异,河蚌中Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和As的浓度高于大沼螺,而Mn和Cd低于大沼螺;大沼螺和河蚌的可食用和非食用部分均具有相似的相关性,但是两种贝类之间对痕量金属的生物蓄积性不同;MPI结果表明两种贝类的可食用和非食用部分对痕量金属有不同的累积能力,但是两种贝类食用部分对痕量金属累积能力相似;大沼螺和河蚌的可食用部分的HI值分别为7.58和3.05,大于可接受阈值1,表明存在慢性健康风险,且大沼螺的食用风险更大,应对贝类的食用健康风险加以关注。

采矿区土壤重金属污染生态修复研究进展

本文阐述了矿区土壤重金属污染的评价方法和土壤重金属污染的植物、微生物的修复技术。探讨了植物修复特点以及研究动态、植物修复技术目前尚存在的某些不足和今后努力的方向;阐明了土壤微生物修复的机理,指出以较敏感的土壤微生物作为指示生物,确定土壤中重金属的最大允许浓度;展望了以生物技术培育对重金属具降解能力的微生物应用前景,为土壤重金属污染的整治及其生态修复提出新途径。

乐安江河滩表层土中重金属的分布和残留分析

流经亚洲最大露天铜矿(德兴铜矿)的乐安江,其三条支流被由采矿行为而产生的酸性矿山废水AMD和一个活性炭厂排出的废液所污染,以至其河滩表层土中有高浓度的Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn。根据中国土壤环境质量标准判断,乐安江河滩表层土有4个地方被Cu所污染,3个地方被Pb和Zn所污染。而对于Cd、Cr、Ni来讲,所有采样点的浓度都比较低。4个高浓度金属离子的采样点表层土表明了它们受到了人为活动的污染。计算出的污染指数也表明受到污染的表层土呈局部分布,与4个污染源(德兴铜矿、银山铅锌矿、火力发电站和捕鱼区、金属高炉)的位置相对应。尽管4个污染源中的后面两个被清理有十几年了,但历史遗留下来的污染物仍残留在表层土中。

Coupling of anionic wetting agents to dust of sulfide ores by dropping liquid method

By using the experimental approach of dropping liquid, the coupling of three anionic wetting agents with ten dust samples of sulfide ores was studied, and particularly the wetting effects of the wetting agents on the sulfide dust influenced by factors of agent concentration and sulfate additive in the wetting agent solutions were investigated. The results show that when the solution temperature is about 20 ℃, all the selected wetting agents are effective to most dust samples, but the effect is different. Wetting agents are more effective to the dust which is difficult to be wetted. Wetting agent solution with sodium sulfate can improve the wetting ability of sulfide dust. For sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, the suitable concentration of sodium sulfate is 12 mmol/L. The cost of wetting agents can be reduced because the sodium sulfate is much cheaper than many surfactants. Since the dust of sulfide ores is composed of various minerals and elements, the whole effect of depressing dust should be considered while innovating a wetting agent.

Aspects of surface and environment protection in German mining areas

Hard coal mining in the German Ruhr district has a tradition of more than 200 years. Starting in the south near the river Ruhr with mining of seams near to the surface, mining wandered to the north with coal seams deeper and deeper. In the same way all environmental effects of mining wandered from south to north, as there are abandoned mining sites, contaminated areas, burning mining dumps, subsided areas and gas accesses at day ground. This all happened in a very high populated area with more than four million inhabitants. Therefore Germany has a long tradition in solving environmental problems of mining activities. The very good interaction of mine authority, mining companies and the mine workers’ union is the main reason why the problems of decreasing mining activities in Germany were solved without economic, environmental or social hazards.

Impending Pollution of Betare Oya Opencast Mining Environment （Eastern Cameroon）

Mining resources are offered by the natural milieu and liable to exploitation. Raw materials extracted are essential for jewellery and economy. But in most cases, the environmental impact assessment is disappointing. In this study conducted at Betare Oya, mining residues are directly disposed in the immediate environment without passing through the tailing ponds for treatment, despite environmental laws and standards. Soluble components of matter are slowly dissolved, drained by meteoric water and flowed into tail bay vicinity. Soil and mining residues were sampled in Mari, Mbigala, Mboufa and Bedobo, respectively, four sub-watershed of Lom, the main river of the region. Concentration of nine MTE （metallic trace elements）： As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg were determined by ICP-MS （inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry）. Highest concentrations of trace and toxic metals in soil and mining residues are： Cr （210 mg·kg-1） 〉 Zn （136 mg·kg-1） 〉 Ni （64 mg·kg-1） 〉 As （34 mg·kg-1） 〉 Cu （30 mg·kg-1） 〉 Pb （25 mg·kg-1） 〉 Co （17 mg·kg-1） 〉 Cd （0.5 mg·kg-1） 〉 Hg （0.1 mg·kg-l）, respectively. These results let assume that it is a risk of environmental pollution and poisoning relative to these elements around Betare Oya opencast mining area, with impact on human health.

Heavy Metal Contamination of Well Water in the Kipushi Mining Town （Democratic Republic of Congo）

Concentrations of eleven heavy metals （AI, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn） and pH determination in water from nine spade-sunk wells of 2-15 meter depth, five drilled wells of 30-72 meter depth, and two water supply faucets in the Kipushi mining town, south-east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, were investigated from February to July 2011. The results were compared with the World Health Organization （WHO） drinking water pH and heavy metal guidelines. Mean concentrations of Pb in water from four spade-sunk wells and three drilled wells, those of A1 and Fe in water from four and two spade-sunk wells, and those of Cd in water from four drilled wells were higher than the WHO drinking water maximum permissible contaminant limits of 0.01 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L and 0.003 mg/L respectively, probably due to the mining activities carried out in Kipushi for about 90 years. The pH mean values of water from five spade-sunk wells and three drilled wells were lower than the WHO drinking water pH optimum of 6.5-9.5, suggesting that the water from those eight wells was not conform to the chemical quality of water for human consumption.

Rapideye Images in the Study of Contaminated Areas： The Case of Niccioleta （Tuscansy-ltaly）

Mining activity in Italy has been one of the main productive activities for millennia, particularly in the Tuscany region which has a great mining tradition, unfortunately characterized in the past by a management little interest to environmental problems. The area under study is the disused mine Niccioleta, in Val d＇Aspra, located about 6 km NE of Massa Marittima in the province of Grosseto. The area is characterized by the presence of four major landfills, in which prevail quantitatively fine-grained materials resulting from the treatment by flotation of pyrite. The study of satellite images offers a new approach to the study of environmental problems. The results obtained from the RapidEye images showed the presence of pyrite and chalcopyrite followed from arsenopyrite, as confirmed by the analysis of diffractometer of the samples and by bibliographic data. RapidEye images lend themselves very to be used to monitor areas of disused mining deposits of ores with primary mineralization predominantly sulphides and subject to oxidized characterized by processes of oxidation/dissolution of pyrite sulphide most common and abundant. In fact, the results of this study have highlighted the potential of remote sensing applied to the study of mining areas, noting the possible benefits, both time and cost, which could be obtained by using these techniques.

Contamination of Water for Domestic Use and Human Consumption by Heavy Metals Derived from Mining Activity in Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico

Research was done with the objective of evaluating the quality of water supplied to the potable water system in Hidalgo Del Parral, which comes from two main supply sources： wells from ＂Valle del Verano＂, which provide water to the east side of the city, and the Water Treatment Plant, which receives water from different mines and supplies the west side of the city. When this plant is overcome on its capacity of treatment, a part of the water from the mines is fed directly to the northwest part of the city. The metals lead （Pb）, chromium （Cr）, cadmium （Cd）, zinc （Zn）, and arsenic （As） were analyzed by atomic absorption （AA） technique, based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） Method 7000B （Revision 2, February 2007）. The digestion process was done according to the guidelines established in Method NMX-AA-051-SCFI-2001, Analysis of Water-Determination of Metals by Atomic Absorption, developed by the National Standardization Technical Committee for Environmental Protection （Mexico）. The samples were collected from the following points： 13 wells and 2 re-pumping stations of ＂Valle del Verano＂, the inlet and outlet of the Water Treatment Plant, and domestic faucets. The east side of the city, supplied by the wells of ＂Valle del Verano＂, is metal-pollution free. The water that comes from the mines contains high concentrations of As, Zn, Cd and Pb, with levels that can get to 0.12, 32.6, 0.26 and 3.5 mg/L, respectively. This water pollution generated by mining can be concluded from the high levels found in the domestic samples in which, for several points, the concentrations exceed the parameters set by the current guideline. According to the results, it is vital to set a plan of remediation for the water that comes from the mines, because there is a great risk for health in the consumotion of this water.

Lead and Mercury Contamination Assoc=atea with Artisanal Gold Mining in Anka, Zamfara State, North Western Nigeria： The Continued Unabated Zamfara Lead Poisoning

A total of 24 soil samples were collected from areas around Artisanal Gold and associated Pb-Zn-Cu sulfide mining and mineral processing sites in the Anka mining district of Zamfara State, NW Nigeria. The samples were geochemically analyzed with the main objective of assessing the degree of Pb and Hg pollution in the environment resulting from the mining and mineral ore processing activities in the mining district and to consider the effect on human health. The assessment of the degree of pollution or toxicity was based on the Igeo （index of geoaccummulation） and EF （enrichment factor） where the former gives a quantitative pollution class with respect to the quality of the medium analyzed, while the latter differentiates between metals originating from anthropogenic activities and those from natural processes. The geochemical results show that the concentrations of Pb and Hg especially at the mineral processing sites significantly exceed the established thresholds （4,152 ppm and 12.92 ppm respectively）. The calculated EF values for both Pb and Hg revealed that the soils from the entire mining district are extremely enriched in these elements, essentially originating from the anthropogenic activities （EF= 〉〉 40）. Lead and Mercury are toxic heavy metals with documented long-lasting adverse human health effects. These calls for efficient bioremediation measures for the removal of Pb and Hg from the contaminated soils that take into account the geochemical peculiarities of the mining district.

Biochar:An Emerging Panacea for Remediation of Soil Contaminants from Mining,Industry and Sewage Wastes

Mine tailings, waste rock piles, acid mine drainage, industrial wastewater, and sewage sludge have contaminated a vast area of cultivable and fallow lands, with a consequence of deterioration of soil and water quality and watercourses due to the erosion of contaminated soils for absence of vegetative cover. High concentrations of toxic elements, organic contaminants, acidic soils, and harsh climatic conditions have made it difficult to re-establish vegetation and produce crops there. Recently, a significant body of work has focussed on the suitability and potentiality of biochar as a soil remediation tool that increases seed emergence, soil and crop productivity, above ground biomass, and vegetation cover on mine tailings, waste rock piles, and industrial and sewage waste- contaminated soils by increasing soil nutrients and water-holding capacity, amelioration of soil acidity, and stimulation of microbial diversity and functions. This review addresses： i） the functional properties of biochar, and microbial cycling of nutrients in soil; ii） bioremediation, especially phytoremediation of mine railings, industrial waste, sewage sludge, and contaminated soil using biochar; iii） impact of biochar on reduction of acid production, acid mine drainage treatment, and geochemical dynamics in mine railings; and iv） treatment of metal and organic contaminants in soils using biochar, and restoration of degraded land.