Recent research carried out in the public sector shows that outsourcing can indisputably bring many benefits to the organizations which master the art of devising, deploying and maintaining outsourcing relationships. ...Recent research carried out in the public sector shows that outsourcing can indisputably bring many benefits to the organizations which master the art of devising, deploying and maintaining outsourcing relationships. However, for many organizations, these benefits remain elusive, while outsourcing projects are usually accompanied by unexpected and often negative effects. The paper focuses on in-depth analysis of the current situation concerning outsourcing of information technology projects （IT-projects） in Slovenian public sector. Presented research initially analyses substantive, procedural and other relevant aspects of outsourcing and provides a set of applicable decision making criteria. Stemming from the analysis results, this paper eventually presents the development of a multi criteria decision-support model based on Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） which could facilitate enhanced evaluation, selection and implementation of IT outsourcing projects in the public sector.展开更多
＂Design and Build＂ procurement method has been in use in Nigeria and this method has been latent with a lot of risks. This study intends to identify the risk inherent in ＂Design and Build＂ and also to evaluate the...＂Design and Build＂ procurement method has been in use in Nigeria and this method has been latent with a lot of risks. This study intends to identify the risk inherent in ＂Design and Build＂ and also to evaluate the impact of the identified risks on project performance. A descriptive research survey is undertaken for this study. Snowballing sampling technique was used via the use of questionnaires. Population of the study includes contracting organizations, consultants and clients＇ organizations that are recently involved in ＂Design and Build＂ projects. A total of 39 questionnaires were distributed and 27 were returned and used for the analysis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for analyzing the data collected. Descriptive statistical tool of mean item score was employed for the analysis. The results show that the most prominent risk is change in quantity/scope of work in terms of cost related risk while in terms of time related risks the most prominent risk is design changes. Errors and omissions during construction are the risks prominent in terms of quality. In conclusion, ＂Design and Build＂ procurement has a lot of inherent, unresolved and undefined cost, time and quality related factors that can trigger off risks that will affect performance of DB project. Implications of this study to practitioners in the construction is such that the findings of this study can create awareness for stakeholders and construction practitioners of the prominent risks that affect DB projects and this can help in better management of future DB projects in Nigeria and other developing countries. Design and Build procurement in spite of these plethora of risks is still strongly recommended for clients, stakeholders and other practitioners in the construction industry for use in their future projects. This procurement method delivers project faster, within cost and offers good quality of workmanship and product to users of this method.展开更多
Strong competition in retail distribution and the development of new purchasing options for the consumer generate a growing need to strengthen the retailers＇ brand image using all the communication elements, with pro...Strong competition in retail distribution and the development of new purchasing options for the consumer generate a growing need to strengthen the retailers＇ brand image using all the communication elements, with promotional flyers being one of the most important ways to do this. Promotional flyers make-up 5.1% of the money spent on communication and rank third place in terms of importance for retailers. The aim of this investigation work is to focus on analysing the utility of a promotional tool, such as a flyer, to fulfil a strategic objective, like creating a retail brand image, within a modern dynamic sector that is growing fast, such as Category Killers. Two sources of information have been used to carry out the research. On the One hand, a survey conducted on those responsible for the definition and execution of the promotional plan, and on the other hand, the accumulation and analysis of all the flyers issued into the market thought-out a year by those retailers which belong to this format, in order to conduct a study of seven defined image indicators. This information has been largely analyzed using multidimensional scaling method and chi-square test. As a result, we have managed to gather the differential elements in flyers execution between those retailers that prize the communications of image attributes and those retailers which concentrate on communicating price. The first group makes greater use of promotional theme related flyers, and shows greater differentiation in both product assortment and the depth of the range being communicated.展开更多
To study the effects of drug procurement under cap price policy (DPUCP)in Sanming,changes in drug category,price, availability and corporate structure were analyzed using purchasing data of the 7th and 8th centralized...To study the effects of drug procurement under cap price policy (DPUCP)in Sanming,changes in drug category,price, availability and corporate structure were analyzed using purchasing data of the 7th and 8th centralized drug procurement in Fujian Province and the 1st drug procurement under cap price in Sanming,and a field investigation was conducted.(1)The amounts of bid-winning drugs and pharmaceutical makers decreased sharply,leading to optimization of drug category and supplier structure. (2)The procurement could meet clinical demands,though a small percentage of drugs were out of stock.(3)Drug prices fell in general,with 10%decline in domestic drugs with a unit package price over RMB 5yuan,a slight price reduction in imported drugs,and some price increase in cheap domestic drugs with a unit package price under RMB 3yuan.DPUCP policy in Sanming optimized procurement drug category and supplier structure,reduced price,and improved industrial structure.However,problems still existed,such as shortage of some drugs and little price reduction in imported and brand-name drugs.展开更多
In 2018,the Chinese government identified four municipalities and seven sub-provincial cities for the implementation of the National Drug Pooled Procurement(NDPP)pilot program(the“4+7”policy).In the present study,we...In 2018,the Chinese government identified four municipalities and seven sub-provincial cities for the implementation of the National Drug Pooled Procurement(NDPP)pilot program(the“4+7”policy).In the present study,we analyzed the effects of the“4+7”policy with data of 25 pilot drugs from the National Healthcare Security Administration(NHSA)from the aspects of drug price,volume,and expenditure.After the implementation of the policy,the average price of total and winning drugs was decreased by 54.47%and 73.82%,respectively,while the DDDc of non-winning drugs was decreased by only 1.54%,and the DDDc of uncertificated generic drugs was increased 83.18%.The DDDs indicating the volume of total and winning drugs was increased by 21.18%and 353.98%,respectively,and the DDDs of non-winning drugs was decreased by 61.35%.The costs of total and non-winning drugs were decreased by 44.83%and 61.94%,respectively,and the cost of winning drugs was increased by 18.87%.The“4+7”policy reduced the price and cost of pilot drugs and improved the affordability and accessibility of drugs.However,there were also problems with unexpected excessive price increases of uncertificated generic drugs and relatively high prices of non-winning products.Therefore,we highly suggested promoting the normalization and institutionalization of pooled drug procurement,enhancing the administrative capacity of local procurement platforms,and strengthening monitoring the price of non-winning,especially for the uncertificated generic drugs.展开更多
文摘Recent research carried out in the public sector shows that outsourcing can indisputably bring many benefits to the organizations which master the art of devising, deploying and maintaining outsourcing relationships. However, for many organizations, these benefits remain elusive, while outsourcing projects are usually accompanied by unexpected and often negative effects. The paper focuses on in-depth analysis of the current situation concerning outsourcing of information technology projects （IT-projects） in Slovenian public sector. Presented research initially analyses substantive, procedural and other relevant aspects of outsourcing and provides a set of applicable decision making criteria. Stemming from the analysis results, this paper eventually presents the development of a multi criteria decision-support model based on Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） which could facilitate enhanced evaluation, selection and implementation of IT outsourcing projects in the public sector.
文摘＂Design and Build＂ procurement method has been in use in Nigeria and this method has been latent with a lot of risks. This study intends to identify the risk inherent in ＂Design and Build＂ and also to evaluate the impact of the identified risks on project performance. A descriptive research survey is undertaken for this study. Snowballing sampling technique was used via the use of questionnaires. Population of the study includes contracting organizations, consultants and clients＇ organizations that are recently involved in ＂Design and Build＂ projects. A total of 39 questionnaires were distributed and 27 were returned and used for the analysis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for analyzing the data collected. Descriptive statistical tool of mean item score was employed for the analysis. The results show that the most prominent risk is change in quantity/scope of work in terms of cost related risk while in terms of time related risks the most prominent risk is design changes. Errors and omissions during construction are the risks prominent in terms of quality. In conclusion, ＂Design and Build＂ procurement has a lot of inherent, unresolved and undefined cost, time and quality related factors that can trigger off risks that will affect performance of DB project. Implications of this study to practitioners in the construction is such that the findings of this study can create awareness for stakeholders and construction practitioners of the prominent risks that affect DB projects and this can help in better management of future DB projects in Nigeria and other developing countries. Design and Build procurement in spite of these plethora of risks is still strongly recommended for clients, stakeholders and other practitioners in the construction industry for use in their future projects. This procurement method delivers project faster, within cost and offers good quality of workmanship and product to users of this method.
文摘Strong competition in retail distribution and the development of new purchasing options for the consumer generate a growing need to strengthen the retailers＇ brand image using all the communication elements, with promotional flyers being one of the most important ways to do this. Promotional flyers make-up 5.1% of the money spent on communication and rank third place in terms of importance for retailers. The aim of this investigation work is to focus on analysing the utility of a promotional tool, such as a flyer, to fulfil a strategic objective, like creating a retail brand image, within a modern dynamic sector that is growing fast, such as Category Killers. Two sources of information have been used to carry out the research. On the One hand, a survey conducted on those responsible for the definition and execution of the promotional plan, and on the other hand, the accumulation and analysis of all the flyers issued into the market thought-out a year by those retailers which belong to this format, in order to conduct a study of seven defined image indicators. This information has been largely analyzed using multidimensional scaling method and chi-square test. As a result, we have managed to gather the differential elements in flyers execution between those retailers that prize the communications of image attributes and those retailers which concentrate on communicating price. The first group makes greater use of promotional theme related flyers, and shows greater differentiation in both product assortment and the depth of the range being communicated.
文摘To study the effects of drug procurement under cap price policy (DPUCP)in Sanming,changes in drug category,price, availability and corporate structure were analyzed using purchasing data of the 7th and 8th centralized drug procurement in Fujian Province and the 1st drug procurement under cap price in Sanming,and a field investigation was conducted.(1)The amounts of bid-winning drugs and pharmaceutical makers decreased sharply,leading to optimization of drug category and supplier structure. (2)The procurement could meet clinical demands,though a small percentage of drugs were out of stock.(3)Drug prices fell in general,with 10%decline in domestic drugs with a unit package price over RMB 5yuan,a slight price reduction in imported drugs,and some price increase in cheap domestic drugs with a unit package price under RMB 3yuan.DPUCP policy in Sanming optimized procurement drug category and supplier structure,reduced price,and improved industrial structure.However,problems still existed,such as shortage of some drugs and little price reduction in imported and brand-name drugs.
文摘In 2018,the Chinese government identified four municipalities and seven sub-provincial cities for the implementation of the National Drug Pooled Procurement(NDPP)pilot program(the“4+7”policy).In the present study,we analyzed the effects of the“4+7”policy with data of 25 pilot drugs from the National Healthcare Security Administration(NHSA)from the aspects of drug price,volume,and expenditure.After the implementation of the policy,the average price of total and winning drugs was decreased by 54.47%and 73.82%,respectively,while the DDDc of non-winning drugs was decreased by only 1.54%,and the DDDc of uncertificated generic drugs was increased 83.18%.The DDDs indicating the volume of total and winning drugs was increased by 21.18%and 353.98%,respectively,and the DDDs of non-winning drugs was decreased by 61.35%.The costs of total and non-winning drugs were decreased by 44.83%and 61.94%,respectively,and the cost of winning drugs was increased by 18.87%.The“4+7”policy reduced the price and cost of pilot drugs and improved the affordability and accessibility of drugs.However,there were also problems with unexpected excessive price increases of uncertificated generic drugs and relatively high prices of non-winning products.Therefore,we highly suggested promoting the normalization and institutionalization of pooled drug procurement,enhancing the administrative capacity of local procurement platforms,and strengthening monitoring the price of non-winning,especially for the uncertificated generic drugs.
