To prepare a solid dispersion of cisapride with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose(HPMC E5 LV) as carrier for the purpose of accelerating the in vitro drug release by means ofimproving the solubility of the model drug. Met...To prepare a solid dispersion of cisapride with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose(HPMC E5 LV) as carrier for the purpose of accelerating the in vitro drug release by means ofimproving the solubility of the model drug. Methods Alcohol and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) wereused to dissolve cisapride and HPMC in order to make the model drug dispersed homogeneously in thecarrier. The HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion was then obtained by conventional solvent evaporationmethod. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to measure the diffraction peaks of pure carrier,pure cisapride, physical mixture of HPMC with cisapride (4:1), and HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion(4:1) to confirm the crystal existence. The solubility of pure drug and HPMC-cisapride soliddispersion was measured with water, SGF and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) . The in vitro drugreleases of the sustained release tablet prepared with pure cisapride or HPMC-cisapride soliddispersion were investigated with water and SGF as media, respectively. Results No diffraction peakswere found by X-ray diffraction in the HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion (4:1), indicating that thedrug existed in an amorphous form at that drug-carrier ratio. Compared with the pure drug, thesolubilities of HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion are increased by 239.4% in SGF, 132.6% in water, and117.9% in SIF. According to the in vitro drug release, the sustained release tablet prepared withHPMC-cisapride solid dispersion had a faster drug release than did that prepared with pure drug. Thein vitro drug release profiles were found to comply with Higuchi's rule. Conclusion The in vitrodrug release of the sustained release tablet made by HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion is improvedowing to the increased drug solubility.展开更多
The ancient Chinese people had developed, on the relationship between the human body, disease and the environment, a variety of explanatory models. ＂From the disease caused by insects＂, the theoretical resources bui...The ancient Chinese people had developed, on the relationship between the human body, disease and the environment, a variety of explanatory models. ＂From the disease caused by insects＂, the theoretical resources built one of the concepts of disease of the Chinese people in the Late Qing Dynasty. From the middle of the nineteenth century, the pathogenicity of bacteria was not only born in the West, but also translated into China through various channels. When China＇s ＂insects＂ and ＂mushroom＂ encountered the Western bacterial pathogenicity, ＂insects＂ and ＂mushroom＂ have become the concept of access to the knowledge base of bacteria. Xi Jun （,~11]~） is one of the many new nouns born in the late Qing Dynasty. China often uses ＂bi ta li ya＂ （~d^J~]~） and other transliteration, such as microbial, mold and other names for translation. Behind the translated name, the complex and diverse knowledge of the people at that time are reflected, showing a reasonable imagination of flying insects in the wind.展开更多
China clay was employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Mg 2+ from water at pH 7.0 within the temperature range of 303～328 K. The linearity of the plots indicated Langmuir type isotherms. The reaction was ex...China clay was employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Mg 2+ from water at pH 7.0 within the temperature range of 303～328 K. The linearity of the plots indicated Langmuir type isotherms. The reaction was exothermic. A maximum removal of 35% was obtained at 0.50 mmol L -1 metal concentration and a pH of 7.0 at 303 K. The H + rel /Mg 2+ ads ratio changed from a fractional value to 2.5. Strong chemical bondings took place between oxygen atom of the surface and Mg 2+ , resulting in a surface complex species. Temperature had a significant effect on H + rel , and the stability constants also increased with increasing temperature.展开更多
The custom of amusing the parents-in-law is one of the most important amusement contents of the civil marriage ceremony in the Chinese North Han, Hui, Dongxiang, Salar, Baoan and other several nationalities, and curre...The custom of amusing the parents-in-law is one of the most important amusement contents of the civil marriage ceremony in the Chinese North Han, Hui, Dongxiang, Salar, Baoan and other several nationalities, and currently it has fully been entertained in the minds of the people. Behind this ＂entertaining ceremony＂ of the festive colors hide the serious social expectations of our ancestors -- scrupulously abide by the filial piety and the sense of propriety, justice, honesty and honor. Through the dramatic performance methods in the wedding that ＂there is no degree of seniority for three days＂, ＂humiliate the parents-in-law＂ and ＂the father-in-law shoulders on back the danghter-in-law＂ and so on, they stress that these acts are the ＂sacrilege＂ that cannot be violated in the normal state of the society. The ways and means of ＂metaphor＂ in the ceremony of the ancestors are the means that many of the human groups adopt in the life etiquette and other ＂transition＂ etiquettes. In this regard, the anthropologist Victor Turner summarizes it as ＂liminality＂, and based on this theory, the author conducts an interpretive study of the metaphor behind the custom of amusing the parents-in-law.展开更多
The accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station stunned the world as the sequences played out over severals days and videos of hydrogen explosions were televised as they took place. The accidents all resu...The accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station stunned the world as the sequences played out over severals days and videos of hydrogen explosions were televised as they took place. The accidents all resulted in severe damage to the reactor cores and releases of radioactivity to the environment despite heroic measures had taken by the operating personnel. The following paper provides some background into the development of these accidents and their root causes,chief among them,the prolonged station blackout conditions that isolated the reactors from their ultimate heat sink - the ocean. The interpretations given in this paper are summarized from a recently completed report funded by the United States Department of Energy (USDOE).展开更多
The cave-site of Gruta da Furninha is a coastal karstic cavity. In the late 19th century, excavation of the sedimentary infill of the cave allowed the identification of two lithostratigraphic units： a Holocene one do...The cave-site of Gruta da Furninha is a coastal karstic cavity. In the late 19th century, excavation of the sedimentary infill of the cave allowed the identification of two lithostratigraphic units： a Holocene one dominated by sands, containing human bones and a Neolithic industry; and a Late Pleistocene one, containing a diverse set of fossils set and Paleolithic artifacts. This study mainly focuses on taphonomic and palaeoenvironmental data concerning the Pleistocene bird bones that were collected from six layers （at 11 m and 6.7 m asl）. A main result of this study was the discovery of a left humerus fragment, with osteological features of the Alcidae family; from comparison with upper arms of distinct species of this family, it was concluded that this fossil belongs to Penguin impennis. The Pleistocene birds of the Furninha cave were also compared with the avifauna that currently occurs in the region of Peniche peninsula and a climate and environmental interpretation of the Pleistocene fossiliferous set is provided.展开更多
In this study, the author investigated insights of 15 college students majored in English as they explored their own use of annotation strategy and how they applied this strategy in effective reading process. As an ac...In this study, the author investigated insights of 15 college students majored in English as they explored their own use of annotation strategy and how they applied this strategy in effective reading process. As an action research, the report is an attempt to explore the role played by annotation in reading comprehension in English as a Foreign Language （EFL） classrooms. By means of learner diaries, the researcher found that annotation, as an efficient writing-to-learn strategy, is able to help EFL learners to research a deeper level of engagement and to encourage active reading. The findings also suggest that reading strategy training can be integrated with reading tasks in the EFL classrooms.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the antimicrobial activity of commercially available honey and raw honey samples in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan,against pathogenic bacterial strains.METHODS:Well diffusion assays were performe...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the antimicrobial activity of commercially available honey and raw honey samples in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan,against pathogenic bacterial strains.METHODS:Well diffusion assays were performed to screen pure and diluted honey samples for antibacterial activity against six Gram-negative and six Gram-positive bacterial strains.Zones of inhibition were measured and compared with 10 mg Gentamycin.RESULTS:When honey samples were diluted to20%-70%,the honey samples showed no activity to mild antibacterial activity.The highest antibacterial activity was recorded when 90%and pure undiluted honey samples were tested and compared with a control Gentamycin disc(10 mg).CONCLUSION:Commercially processed honey and raw honey samples from north-west of Pakistan possess good antimicrobial potential.展开更多
This paper offers an analysis of the approaches employed in the three interpretations of the Basic Law of the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong by the Standing Committee of the National People＇s Congress （...This paper offers an analysis of the approaches employed in the three interpretations of the Basic Law of the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong by the Standing Committee of the National People＇s Congress （NPC） after the return of Hong Kong to China, including textualism, structural reading and originalism. The paper stresses the application of jurisprudential theory in the skilful employment of these methods in the NPC interpretations. In the case of ＂the right of abode＂ in Hong Kong the differences between the interpretations by the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong and by the NPC rest mainly in whether a formalist procedural review or a substantivist presumption of intent should be adopted in the process of determining an authoritative text that embodies the original intention of the legislation. That is not just a difference of legal interpretation but also one of jurisprudential theory and political stance. Based on the above considerations, this paper criticizes the common misconception that it is not appropriate for legislators to undertake legal interpretation, and calls for an understanding of the Basic Law in the framework of Chinese constitutional government.展开更多
文摘To prepare a solid dispersion of cisapride with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose(HPMC E5 LV) as carrier for the purpose of accelerating the in vitro drug release by means ofimproving the solubility of the model drug. Methods Alcohol and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) wereused to dissolve cisapride and HPMC in order to make the model drug dispersed homogeneously in thecarrier. The HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion was then obtained by conventional solvent evaporationmethod. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to measure the diffraction peaks of pure carrier,pure cisapride, physical mixture of HPMC with cisapride (4:1), and HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion(4:1) to confirm the crystal existence. The solubility of pure drug and HPMC-cisapride soliddispersion was measured with water, SGF and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) . The in vitro drugreleases of the sustained release tablet prepared with pure cisapride or HPMC-cisapride soliddispersion were investigated with water and SGF as media, respectively. Results No diffraction peakswere found by X-ray diffraction in the HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion (4:1), indicating that thedrug existed in an amorphous form at that drug-carrier ratio. Compared with the pure drug, thesolubilities of HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion are increased by 239.4% in SGF, 132.6% in water, and117.9% in SIF. According to the in vitro drug release, the sustained release tablet prepared withHPMC-cisapride solid dispersion had a faster drug release than did that prepared with pure drug. Thein vitro drug release profiles were found to comply with Higuchi's rule. Conclusion The in vitrodrug release of the sustained release tablet made by HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion is improvedowing to the increased drug solubility.
基金This paper is sponsored by the Beijing YuRun Foundation （北京玉润公益基金会）.
文摘The ancient Chinese people had developed, on the relationship between the human body, disease and the environment, a variety of explanatory models. ＂From the disease caused by insects＂, the theoretical resources built one of the concepts of disease of the Chinese people in the Late Qing Dynasty. From the middle of the nineteenth century, the pathogenicity of bacteria was not only born in the West, but also translated into China through various channels. When China＇s ＂insects＂ and ＂mushroom＂ encountered the Western bacterial pathogenicity, ＂insects＂ and ＂mushroom＂ have become the concept of access to the knowledge base of bacteria. Xi Jun （,~11]~） is one of the many new nouns born in the late Qing Dynasty. China often uses ＂bi ta li ya＂ （~d^J~]~） and other transliteration, such as microbial, mold and other names for translation. Behind the translated name, the complex and diverse knowledge of the people at that time are reflected, showing a reasonable imagination of flying insects in the wind.
文摘China clay was employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Mg 2+ from water at pH 7.0 within the temperature range of 303～328 K. The linearity of the plots indicated Langmuir type isotherms. The reaction was exothermic. A maximum removal of 35% was obtained at 0.50 mmol L -1 metal concentration and a pH of 7.0 at 303 K. The H + rel /Mg 2+ ads ratio changed from a fractional value to 2.5. Strong chemical bondings took place between oxygen atom of the surface and Mg 2+ , resulting in a surface complex species. Temperature had a significant effect on H + rel , and the stability constants also increased with increasing temperature.
文摘The custom of amusing the parents-in-law is one of the most important amusement contents of the civil marriage ceremony in the Chinese North Han, Hui, Dongxiang, Salar, Baoan and other several nationalities, and currently it has fully been entertained in the minds of the people. Behind this ＂entertaining ceremony＂ of the festive colors hide the serious social expectations of our ancestors -- scrupulously abide by the filial piety and the sense of propriety, justice, honesty and honor. Through the dramatic performance methods in the wedding that ＂there is no degree of seniority for three days＂, ＂humiliate the parents-in-law＂ and ＂the father-in-law shoulders on back the danghter-in-law＂ and so on, they stress that these acts are the ＂sacrilege＂ that cannot be violated in the normal state of the society. The ways and means of ＂metaphor＂ in the ceremony of the ancestors are the means that many of the human groups adopt in the life etiquette and other ＂transition＂ etiquettes. In this regard, the anthropologist Victor Turner summarizes it as ＂liminality＂, and based on this theory, the author conducts an interpretive study of the metaphor behind the custom of amusing the parents-in-law.
文摘The accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station stunned the world as the sequences played out over severals days and videos of hydrogen explosions were televised as they took place. The accidents all resulted in severe damage to the reactor cores and releases of radioactivity to the environment despite heroic measures had taken by the operating personnel. The following paper provides some background into the development of these accidents and their root causes,chief among them,the prolonged station blackout conditions that isolated the reactors from their ultimate heat sink - the ocean. The interpretations given in this paper are summarized from a recently completed report funded by the United States Department of Energy (USDOE).
文摘The cave-site of Gruta da Furninha is a coastal karstic cavity. In the late 19th century, excavation of the sedimentary infill of the cave allowed the identification of two lithostratigraphic units： a Holocene one dominated by sands, containing human bones and a Neolithic industry; and a Late Pleistocene one, containing a diverse set of fossils set and Paleolithic artifacts. This study mainly focuses on taphonomic and palaeoenvironmental data concerning the Pleistocene bird bones that were collected from six layers （at 11 m and 6.7 m asl）. A main result of this study was the discovery of a left humerus fragment, with osteological features of the Alcidae family; from comparison with upper arms of distinct species of this family, it was concluded that this fossil belongs to Penguin impennis. The Pleistocene birds of the Furninha cave were also compared with the avifauna that currently occurs in the region of Peniche peninsula and a climate and environmental interpretation of the Pleistocene fossiliferous set is provided.
文摘In this study, the author investigated insights of 15 college students majored in English as they explored their own use of annotation strategy and how they applied this strategy in effective reading process. As an action research, the report is an attempt to explore the role played by annotation in reading comprehension in English as a Foreign Language （EFL） classrooms. By means of learner diaries, the researcher found that annotation, as an efficient writing-to-learn strategy, is able to help EFL learners to research a deeper level of engagement and to encourage active reading. The findings also suggest that reading strategy training can be integrated with reading tasks in the EFL classrooms.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the antimicrobial activity of commercially available honey and raw honey samples in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan,against pathogenic bacterial strains.METHODS:Well diffusion assays were performed to screen pure and diluted honey samples for antibacterial activity against six Gram-negative and six Gram-positive bacterial strains.Zones of inhibition were measured and compared with 10 mg Gentamycin.RESULTS:When honey samples were diluted to20%-70%,the honey samples showed no activity to mild antibacterial activity.The highest antibacterial activity was recorded when 90%and pure undiluted honey samples were tested and compared with a control Gentamycin disc(10 mg).CONCLUSION:Commercially processed honey and raw honey samples from north-west of Pakistan possess good antimicrobial potential.
文摘This paper offers an analysis of the approaches employed in the three interpretations of the Basic Law of the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong by the Standing Committee of the National People＇s Congress （NPC） after the return of Hong Kong to China, including textualism, structural reading and originalism. The paper stresses the application of jurisprudential theory in the skilful employment of these methods in the NPC interpretations. In the case of ＂the right of abode＂ in Hong Kong the differences between the interpretations by the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong and by the NPC rest mainly in whether a formalist procedural review or a substantivist presumption of intent should be adopted in the process of determining an authoritative text that embodies the original intention of the legislation. That is not just a difference of legal interpretation but also one of jurisprudential theory and political stance. Based on the above considerations, this paper criticizes the common misconception that it is not appropriate for legislators to undertake legal interpretation, and calls for an understanding of the Basic Law in the framework of Chinese constitutional government.
