政治嵌入和政治吸纳——沙特构建政治稳定的方式及其影响

政治嵌入机制和政治吸纳机制是沙特构建政治稳定的重要方式。沙特构建面向宗教集团和部落的政治嵌入机制,将国家权力嵌入主要政治势力。同时,沙特建立面向宗教集团、精英和平民的政治吸纳机制,将其纳入国家主流政治生活。政治嵌入机制和政治吸纳机制实现了权力的集中和统一,强化了政治调控能力,部分地满足了国民的政治参与诉求,重构了维系政治稳定的力量格局,最终促使沙特政治稳定得以长期维持。

传媒语言与儒释道文化精神的追求

从语言传播的角度,倡导儒释道文化精神的追求,强化传播者的文化修养和语言功力,在目前具有相当紧迫的现实意义。

Preparation and evaluation of ophthalmic thermosensitive in situ gels of penciclovir

Aim To develop pluronic F127 （PF127） based formulations of penciclovir （PCV） aimed at enhancing its ocular bioavailability. Methods Thermosensitive in situ gels of penciclovir were prepared through combination of HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P and pluronic F127. Optimized formulations were examined through measuring gelation temperature, rheology speciality, drug release behavior, pharmacokinetics and ocular irritation. Results The gelation temperature was reduced by adding HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P, and the viscosity was enhanced slightly. Either HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P delayed the release of PCV from in situ gel. PCV was released by non-Fickian diffusion. The study of ocular irritation for different PCV formulations did not show any irritation or damage for the cornea. PCV bioavailability from combination of carbopol 934P and pluronic F127 gels was higher than that obtained from any other gels. Conclusion Pluronic F127 formulations of PCV can be used as liquid for administration by instilling into the eye. Facilitated by the appropriate eye temperature, the formulations were transformed to gel phase. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo results, PCV formulations containing HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P and low concentration of pluronic F127 （12%） showed potential for use as a drug delivery system with improved ocular bioavailability.

从孙绰《难八贤论》析东晋出处回归现象

从有关线索可以推知,孙绰《难八贤论》中所谓“八贤”为四士四僧。在《道贤论》中,孙绰又将竺法护、于法竺与山涛、阮籍分别相比。名士与名僧的并论,说明其时二者关系的密切。其共同点在于体玄识远,这一现象也从一个方面印证了东晋时玄释合流的倾向。

论语言游戏对游戏定义的启示

游戏已经过反复多次的定义和重新定义,学者总是尝试在不同的定义中找到一个共同点。文章认为可以换一种方法定义游戏,并主张使用基于语言游戏的方法,建立在家族相似性理念的基础上。若如此,则研究重点可从游戏的基本属性转移到将定义本身变成真正实用的工具。语言游戏方法将不断重新定义的循环视为一种能够推进游戏认知的诠释学的循环。文章还阐明了名义定义和实际定义之间的区别,并分别分析了这两类定义的不同目的。

Release Model of Water-soluble Chitosan Nanoparticles for Protein Delivery

[Objective] The experiment aimed to explore release rule of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) in vitro. [Method]The bovine serum albumin(BSA) was taken as a model protein drug and some existing release models such as Kinetics model, Gompertz model, Weibull model, Higuchi model and Logistic model were used to fit the BSA release profile from WSC carriers. [Result] Except Higuchi model and Logistic model, other models could fit BSA release profile better. [Conclusion] Gompertz two-order kinetics model could fit the release of WSC nano-particles better and model parameters had practical physical meaning.

A Variety-based Exploration of Parataxis in English

Based on the discussion of the connation of parataxis in English, this thesis explores how parataxis appears in different varieties in English, social, situational and functional, with the emphasis on the parataxis in functional varieties, which is further classified into economical parataxis and aesthetic parataxis. Pragmatically, parataxis in social varieties is used unconsciously, in functional varieties, consciously, so as to achieve linguistic brevity or aesthetic values, and in situational varieties, moderately consciously.

Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability ofsustained-release Tablets of Diclofenac Sodiumin Male Volunteers

The pharmacokinetics of a sustained- release formulation and an enteric- coated tablet of diclofenac sodium were studied on 8 healthy male volunteers in an open,randomized crossover study.Drug level in serum was assayed by HPLC method.The changes in serum concentration were conformed to a l-compartment open model.The t_1/2 (Ke)averaged 2.15±0.17 and ll.60 ± l.95 h,and the areas under the drug concentration curves were 5.87 ± 0.67 and 5.55 ± 0.57μgh/ml for enteric-coated and sustained-release tablet of diclofenac sodium,respectively. The mean relative bioavailability of sustained-release tablet was 0.95 to that of enteric-coated tablet.

CHANGES OF ATMOSPHERIC CO_2, PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF THE GRASS LAYER AND SOIL CO_2 EVOLUTION IN A TYPICAL TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST STAND IN THE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF BEIJING

Middle-sized chambers (40cmx40cmx20 cm) and an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) were used for the measurement of net photosynthesis of the grass layer and soil CO2 evolution, in Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. forest, which is a typical temperate forest ecosystem in the mountainous areas of Beijing. Changes of CO2 concentrations in both the atmosphere (2m above canopy) and the forest canopy (2m below the top of the canopy) together with those of net photosynthesis and soil CO2 evolution were also examined, in order to find the characteristics of CO2 exchange between the different components of the temperate forest ecosystem and the atmosphere. Atmospheric CO2 averaged (323+10) and (330+1) mol mol-1 respectively in summer and autumn. During the 24-hour measurements, large differences as much as -46 and -61 mol mol-1 respectively in the atmosphere and forest were found. Net photosynthesis of the grass layer in summer was (2. 59 9+ 1.05) mol CO2 m-2 S-1, two times of that in autumn, (1.31+0.39) mol CO2 s-1 In summer, there was much more CO2 evolved from soil than in autumn, averaging (5.18+0.75) mol CO2 m-2 s-1 and (1.96 + 0.57) (mol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively. A significant correlation was found between soil CO2 evolution and ground temperature, with F =-0.864 2+0.310 1X,r=0.7164, P<0.001 (n=117). Both the minimal atmospheric CO2 level and the maximum net photosynthesis occurred around 14:00; and an increase in atmospheric CO2 and of soil CO2 evolution during night times were also found to be remarkable.

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Microspheres Containing Methotrexate (MTX) I.Pharmaceutical Aspects

Microspheres Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were produced by emulsion technique.Microsphere I was solidified by glutaraldehyde crosslinking,microsphere Ⅱ was solidified by glutaraldehyde crosslinking and further treated with glycine solution and microsphere Illwas solidified by heating denaturation only.The results showed that the microsphere diameter produced by cross[inking was bigger than that prepared by heating.The microsphere Ⅱ had higher hydrophilicity than Microsphere I had.The methotrexate (MTX) contents in microspheres Ⅰ and Ⅱ were 2.73±0.053%,2.87±0.119% respectively. microsphere Ⅲ was only blank microspheres with MTX adsorbed on their surfaces.In vitro release studies,microspheres I and I have maintained sustained release of MTX till the next day,it was found that the drug releases from microspheres Ⅰ and Ⅱ were governed by Higuchi diffusion law.

Preparation and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Sustained Release Melatonin Tablet

Aim To prepare the sustained release melatonin tablet with HPMC matrix and study its pharmacokinetics and bioavailatility. Methods HPMC was used as matrix to formulate the sustained release tablet. The influences of the size of melatonin, type and amount of HPMC, drug loading, type and amount of additives, and compressing pressure were investigated. Plasma concentration of melatonin in dogs after intravenous injection of two doses and oral administration of sustained release tablets and unmodified release capsules was detected by HPLC using fluorescence detector. Results The drug release from sustained release tablets was influenced by the size of melatonin, type and amount of HPMC, drug loading, and type and amount of additives. Melatonin was found to fit two compartment model after intravenous injection, AUC was proportional to doses, and t(1/2β) of two doses has no significant difference. Relative bioavailability of melatonin sustained release tablet to normal capsule was 83.8%, and absolute bioavailability was 3.75% for sustained release tablet and 4.49% for capsule. Conclusion The melatonin sustained release tablet was well formulated. The absolute bioavilability for oral administration of either sustained release tablet or unmodified release capsule of melatonin was less than 5%. The bioavailability of melatonin sustained release tablet was lower than that of unmodified release capsule, but MRT of sustained release tablet was significantly longer than that of capsule.

Pharmacokinetics of Moclobemide Sustained Release Tablets after Multiple Oral Dose Administration in Healthy Volunteers

To investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of moclobemide sustainedrelease tablets after multiple oral dose administration in healthy Chinese volunteers. MethodsMoclobemide sustained release tablets were given as a multiple oral dose regimen of 300 mg oncedaily for five consecutive days to 12 healthy volunteers. The concentrations of moclobemide inplasma were determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The partialpharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using 3p97 pharmacokinetic program. Results Theconcentration-time profile fitted an one-compartment model best. The steady-state pharmacokineticparameters of moclobemide sustained release tablets after multiple oral doses were as follows:C_(max) was (1 950 +- 156) μg· L^(-1), T_(max) was (6.00 +-1.55) h, T_(1/2(kel)) was (3.14 +-0.12)h, AUC_(ss 0-24) was (22 836 +- 1 842) μg·h· L^(-1), MRT was (7.68+-0.36) h, CL/F_((s)) was(20.2+-2.1) L·h^(-1), and V/F_((c)) was (91.4+-9.4) L, respectively. No marked adverse events werenoted during this study. Conclusion The formulation has a sustained-release effect and goodtolerance in the healthy volunteers, which provides useful information for clinical practice.

A Mathematical Model for Diffusion-Controlled Monolithic Matrix Coated with outer Membrane System

A release model for diffusion-controlled monolithic matrix coated with outer membrane system is proposed and solved by using the refined double integral method. The calculated results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental release data. The present model can be well used to describe the release process for all cd/cs values. In addition, the release effects of the monolithic matrix coated with outer membrane system are discussed theoretically.

Methodology Validation of Microbial Limit Test of Bupi Qiangli Ointment

[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a microbial limit test method for Bupi Qiangli Ointment. [Method] The conventional method and medium dilution method were used for bacterial, mold and yeast counting in sample recovery test. [Result] The medium dilution method （1：10 test solution, 0.5 ml/plate） could effectively eliminate the inhibition effect of the Bupi Qiangli Ointment, and the recovery of Staphylococcus aureus was greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples; and the conventional method exhibited the recoveries of E. coil, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples. [Conclusion] Due to Bupi Qiangli Ointment has strongly antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus au- reus, the medium dilution method was used for bacterial counting, and the conventional method was used for mold and yeast counting; and the conventional method was used for controlled bacterium examination of E. coll.

Emmanuel Levinas： Hermeneutics, Ethics, and Art

This article draws attention to the subject of art in Levinas＇s thinking through consideration of his philosophical language, which is aided by images, metaphors, and idioms of art. The primary image that will accompany our discussion throughout this article is the image of art as shadow, which Levinas incorporates into the title of the essay which he devotes to the subject of art： ＂Reality and Its Shadow＂. Thinking about art from the perspective of Levinas means thinking about image and essence, about which is visible before us and which we cannot see, and about the different ways in which art can express itself. Levinas＇s theory of interpretation is grounded in and guided by the field of ethics and addresses the ethical aspects of interpretation. Levinas approaches the discourse of interpretation not out of na＇ivet6 but rather based on a deep understanding of the field of hermeneutics, with all its shortcomings and challenges. Thinking of hermeneutics from an ethical perspective is no mere addition to the discussion but the very crux of the matter. An attempt to understand interpretation as an act of exposing the truth encounters serious philosophical and logical difficulties, whether we are seeking to discover the intention of the artist, the intent of a specific work of art, or a hidden form within the work itself. The engagement with Levinas＇s theory of hermeneutics, however, raises a different question which is the focus of this article： Can Levinas＇s theory of interpretation be applied to the realm of artistic creation, and if so, how？ This question is sharpened by the difficulties that Levinas himself poses to his readers by designating art as the ＂shadow＂ of reality and drawing attention to the egoistic dimension of the artistic act.

Dicyandiamide Sorption-Desorption Behavior on Soils and Peat Humus

The sorption-desorption behavior of dicyandiamide (DCD) is an importantchemical process that affects DCD fate and mobility in soils. Therefore, this study quantified DCDsorption-desorption on a phaeozem (Mollisol), a burozem (Alfisol), a soil with organicmatter-removed and peat humus using the batch-equilibration procedure, and identified soilproperties that influenced DCD sorption. The sorption on peat humus was higher than that on thephaeozem and the burozem, with much lower sorption observed on the soil with organic matter-removed,indicating that soil organic matter was the main carrier of DCD sorption. Due to its amphipathicproperty the DCD molecule sorption on the phaeozem and the burozem decreased as pH increased fromabout 2 to 5, but a further increase in pH led to a rise in DCD sorption. The DCD desorptionhysteretic effect for peat humus was greater than that for the phaeozem and the burozem using 0.01mol L^(-1) CaCl_2 as the background electrolyte, suggesting that the hydrophobic domains of organicmatter may play an important role in DCD sorption.

Measurement of trace nitrate concentrations in seawater by ion chromatography with valve switching

An ion chromatographic method with a valve switching facility was developed to determine trace nitrate concentrations in seawater using two pumps, two different suppressors, and two columns. A carbohydrate membrane desalter was used to reduce the high concentrations of sodium salts in samples. In this method, trace nitrate was eluted from the concentrator column to the analytical columns, while the matrix fl owed to waste. Neither chemical pre-treatment nor sample dilution was required. In the optimized separation conditions, the method showed good linearity( R >0.99) in the 0.05 and 50 mg/L concentration range, and satisfactory repeatability(RSD<5%, n =6). The limit of detection for nitrate was 0.02 mg/L. Results showed that the valve switching system was suitable and practical for the determination of trace nitrate in seawater.

In vitro Dissolution and Pharmacokinetics in Beagle Dogs of a Self-Emulsifying Formulation of Tretinoin

Aim In vitro dissolution test and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs wereconducted to assess the formulation of tretinoin in self-emulsifying systems. Methods Theconcentrations of tretinoin were determined by HPLC. A crossover study was performed in four fastingbeagle dogs with the formulation of self-emulsifying systems and commercial capsules. Results Theresults showed that the dissolution rate in 15 min of tretinoin in self-emulsifying systems washigher than 80% while that of the commercial capsules was lower than 5% . The area under the plasmaconcentration-time curve (AUC) of the self-emulsifying formulation was significantly higher andC_(max) was approximately two times greater than those of commercial capsule, respectively, Inaddition, the time taken to reach peak was shorter (2 h to 1.25 h) for self-emulsifying formulationof tretinoin. Conclusion The self-emulsifying drug delivery systems.can significantly increasetretinoin in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption.

Nitrogen Release Kinetics and Nitrification-Denitrification on Surface Sediments under Aerating Disturbance Condition

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the nitrogen release kinetics and nitrification-denitrification on surface sediments under aerating disturbance condition, with the purpose to solve the sediment nitrogen release and secondary pollution problems. [Method] The effect of in situ sediments aeration on the release of nitrogen pollutants was investigated, and the nitrogen release kinetics parameters were analyzed. The process of nitrification and denitrification under sediments aeration condition was investigated in laboratory. [Result] The nitrogen released from sediments was enhanced by aeration disturbance. The concentration of NH4＋-N and TN reached the maximum value in 30 min, and release rates were proportional to the disturbance strength. In this study, with the distance of aerator to the sediments surface of 0, 1, 2 and 3 cm, the suspended sediments concentrations were 3.52, 3.41, 3.26 and 3.01 g/L, respectively. Maximum release concentration of NH4＋-N and TN were 14.3, 13.8, 13.2, 12.2 mg/L and 33.21, 30.98, 29.83, 27.30 mg/L, respec- tively. In addition, both NH4＋-N and TN release kinetics could be described by Double Constant Equation as InC=A＋Blnt. Nitrification reaction occurred and was promoted by continued aerating to sediments.The concentration of NH4＋-N dropped down from 12.4 mg/L to 0.2 mg/L in 8 d, with the concentration of NO3--N increased to the maximum value of 10.8 mg/L. In addition, concentration of NO3--N and TN decreased from 10.8 mg/L and 37.4 mg/L to 0.36 mg/L and 23.2 mg/L after the stop of aeration for 12 d, indicating the occurrence of denitdfication reaction. Therefore, sediment aeration could accelerate nitrogen release and nitrification reaction, and with intermittent aeration, nitrogen could be removed from sediments in-situ by nitrification and denitrification. [Conclusion] The results provided technical reference for the in situ sediment remediation for the black-odor rivers in cities.

Biological Characteristies of Methane Emission of Oryzasativa，Panicumcrus－galliand Cyperusdif for misGrown on PaddySoil

Biological characteristics of methane emission were compared among Oryza sativa, Panicum crus-galli andCyperus difformis grown on paddy soil. The order of the amounts of methane emitted was P. crus-galli > O. sativa >C. difformis, with the former two 11 and 8 times as much as that of the latter, respectively. And it was just opposite tothat of the methane-forming activities of roots of the three plants. The diurnal changes of methane emission of thethree plants were relatively consistent with valleys during 11:00-14:00 and midnight and peaks during 8:00-11: 00,14:00- 20:00 and about 5:00 early morning. The methanogenic activites in rhizospheric soils were higher than those innonrhizospheric soils with P. crus-galli and O. sativa, but not with C. difformis. The pathways of methane release ofP. crus-galli and O . sativa were probably through the top gaps near the junctions of nodal plate and leaf sheath, how-ever in C. difformistopgaps from which methane could escape into atmosphere were not found.