Theology is one of the main areas in which linguistics and semantics take up a significant space. The same issue also appears in the Islamic theological works known ＂kalam＂. There are two main semantical approaches ...Theology is one of the main areas in which linguistics and semantics take up a significant space. The same issue also appears in the Islamic theological works known ＂kalam＂. There are two main semantical approaches regarding the theological doctrines in the Islamic thought. However the theological reasons are the primary aims in these semantical works, but they include serious philosophical and linguistic content. One of them is the main Islamic strand （orthodox Islam） represented by some astonishing Islamic scholars such as Ici, Guwaini, Sahristani, Ghazali, and Razi. According to this tradition, meaning is an inner state and a state of mind which is specified by the intent of the interlocutor or the author. The utterances have only an instrumentel role in speech. This approach can also be compared to the primary semantic view ranging from Aristotele to P. Grice---with some variations in the Western philosophical tradition. The second thesis is argued by the Mu＇tazili sect who are called Islamic rationalists that objected to Ahl us-Sunnah in their prominent ideas. From Mu＇tazila＇s point of view meaning should only be looked for among linguistic facts. There is no intentional content in the mind before the utterances. Meaning is produced within the structure of language itself and the conventional social context. In other words, meaning is nothing but the usage of the language, These two approaches also mean that there is going to arise different forms of interpretation in the theological perception. The aforementioned approach carries similarities with the approaches of Western thinkers like Wittgenstein and his followers. In this paper, the author deal with these two theological approaches by focusing on their linguistic and semantic views and comparing them with some modem western theories.展开更多
In our previous paper we extended the Tao and Mason equation of state (TM EOS) to refrigerant fluids, using the speed of sound data. This is a continuation for evaluating TM EOS in predicting PVT properties of heavy n...In our previous paper we extended the Tao and Mason equation of state (TM EOS) to refrigerant fluids, using the speed of sound data. This is a continuation for evaluating TM EOS in predicting PVT properties of heavy n-alkanes. Liquid density of long-chain n-alkane systems from C 9 to C 20 have been calculated using an analytical equation of state based on the statistical-mechanical perturbation theory. The second virial coefficients of these n-alkanes are scarce and there is no accurate potential energy function for their theoretical calculation. In this work the second virial coefficients are calculated using a corresponding state correlation based on surface tension and liquid density at the freezing point. The deviation of calculated densities of these alkanes is within 0.5% from experimental data. The densities of n-alkanes obtained from the TM EOS are compared with those calculated from Ihm-Song-Mason equation of state and the corresponding-states liquid densities (COSTALD). Our results are in favor of the preference of the TM EOS over other two equations of state.展开更多
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose is often considered to be the major economic bottleneck of the production process of bioethanol from lignocellulose. It is generally admitted that the most efficient organism for...Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose is often considered to be the major economic bottleneck of the production process of bioethanol from lignocellulose. It is generally admitted that the most efficient organism for the production ofcellulolytic enzymes is the fungus Trichoderma reesei, mostly due to its high secretion capacity. Unfortunately, this fungus secretes very low concentrations of β-glucosidase, thereby often requiring β-glucosidase supplementation for complete cellulose hydrolysis. It is especially important to have sufficient quantities of β-glucosidase in order to prevent inhibition of cellobiohydrolases by cellobiose. In order to optimize the produced cocktail, a more efficient β-glucosidase was cloned into T. reesei CL847 strain. The new strain, called CL847 TR3002, secretes the evolved β-glucosidase and was tested for cellulase production in laboratory-scale reactors. Its growth kinetics and cellulase production were characterized using fed-batch and chemostat modes under various culture conditions. The cellulase activities of the evolved strain were compared with activities of the parent strain. In addition, hydrolysis of a steam exploded wheat straw was performed at three different enzyme-loading levels （5 mg/g, 10 mg/g and 20 mg/g of dry matter） and a new kinetic model was developed.展开更多
文摘Theology is one of the main areas in which linguistics and semantics take up a significant space. The same issue also appears in the Islamic theological works known ＂kalam＂. There are two main semantical approaches regarding the theological doctrines in the Islamic thought. However the theological reasons are the primary aims in these semantical works, but they include serious philosophical and linguistic content. One of them is the main Islamic strand （orthodox Islam） represented by some astonishing Islamic scholars such as Ici, Guwaini, Sahristani, Ghazali, and Razi. According to this tradition, meaning is an inner state and a state of mind which is specified by the intent of the interlocutor or the author. The utterances have only an instrumentel role in speech. This approach can also be compared to the primary semantic view ranging from Aristotele to P. Grice---with some variations in the Western philosophical tradition. The second thesis is argued by the Mu＇tazili sect who are called Islamic rationalists that objected to Ahl us-Sunnah in their prominent ideas. From Mu＇tazila＇s point of view meaning should only be looked for among linguistic facts. There is no intentional content in the mind before the utterances. Meaning is produced within the structure of language itself and the conventional social context. In other words, meaning is nothing but the usage of the language, These two approaches also mean that there is going to arise different forms of interpretation in the theological perception. The aforementioned approach carries similarities with the approaches of Western thinkers like Wittgenstein and his followers. In this paper, the author deal with these two theological approaches by focusing on their linguistic and semantic views and comparing them with some modem western theories.
基金H. Karimi and F. Yousefi would like to thank Yasouj University for supporting this project
文摘In our previous paper we extended the Tao and Mason equation of state (TM EOS) to refrigerant fluids, using the speed of sound data. This is a continuation for evaluating TM EOS in predicting PVT properties of heavy n-alkanes. Liquid density of long-chain n-alkane systems from C 9 to C 20 have been calculated using an analytical equation of state based on the statistical-mechanical perturbation theory. The second virial coefficients of these n-alkanes are scarce and there is no accurate potential energy function for their theoretical calculation. In this work the second virial coefficients are calculated using a corresponding state correlation based on surface tension and liquid density at the freezing point. The deviation of calculated densities of these alkanes is within 0.5% from experimental data. The densities of n-alkanes obtained from the TM EOS are compared with those calculated from Ihm-Song-Mason equation of state and the corresponding-states liquid densities (COSTALD). Our results are in favor of the preference of the TM EOS over other two equations of state.
文摘Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose is often considered to be the major economic bottleneck of the production process of bioethanol from lignocellulose. It is generally admitted that the most efficient organism for the production ofcellulolytic enzymes is the fungus Trichoderma reesei, mostly due to its high secretion capacity. Unfortunately, this fungus secretes very low concentrations of β-glucosidase, thereby often requiring β-glucosidase supplementation for complete cellulose hydrolysis. It is especially important to have sufficient quantities of β-glucosidase in order to prevent inhibition of cellobiohydrolases by cellobiose. In order to optimize the produced cocktail, a more efficient β-glucosidase was cloned into T. reesei CL847 strain. The new strain, called CL847 TR3002, secretes the evolved β-glucosidase and was tested for cellulase production in laboratory-scale reactors. Its growth kinetics and cellulase production were characterized using fed-batch and chemostat modes under various culture conditions. The cellulase activities of the evolved strain were compared with activities of the parent strain. In addition, hydrolysis of a steam exploded wheat straw was performed at three different enzyme-loading levels （5 mg/g, 10 mg/g and 20 mg/g of dry matter） and a new kinetic model was developed.
