Texture and grain boundary character distribution of Cu interconnects with different line width for as-deposited and annealed conditions were measured by EBSD. All specimens appear mixed texture and （111） texture is...Texture and grain boundary character distribution of Cu interconnects with different line width for as-deposited and annealed conditions were measured by EBSD. All specimens appear mixed texture and （111） texture is the dominate component.As-deposited interconnects undergo the phenomenon of self-annealing at RT,in which some abnormally large grains are found. Lower aspect ratio of lines and anneal treatment procured larger grains and stronger （111） texture. Meanwhile, the intensity proportion of other textures with lower strain energy to （111） texture is decreased. As-deposited specimens reveal （111）（112？ and （111） （231） components, （111） （110） component appeared and （111） （112？ and （111） （231） components were developed during the annealing process. High angle boundaries are dominant in all specimens, boundaries with a misorientation of 55°-60° and ∑3 ones in higher proportion, followed by lower boundaries with a misorientation of 35°-40° and 29 boundaries. As the aspect ratio of lines and anneal treatment increase,there is a gradual in- crement in ∑3 boundaries and a decrease in ∑9 boundaries.展开更多
With the development of automation in smart grids,network reconfiguration is becoming a feasible approach for improving the operation of distribution systems.A novel reconfiguration strategy was presented to get the o...With the development of automation in smart grids,network reconfiguration is becoming a feasible approach for improving the operation of distribution systems.A novel reconfiguration strategy was presented to get the optimal configuration of improving economy of the system,and then identifying the important nodes.In this strategy,the objectives increase the node importance degree and decrease the active power loss subjected to operational constraints.A compound objective function with weight coefficients is formulated to balance the conflict of the objectives.Then a novel quantum particle swarm optimization based on loop switches hierarchical encoded was employed to address the compound objective reconfiguration problem.Its main contribution is the presentation of the hierarchical encoded scheme which is used to generate the population swarm particles of representing only radial connected solutions.Because the candidate solutions are feasible,the search efficiency would improve dramatically during the optimization process without tedious topology verification.To validate the proposed strategy,simulations are carried out on the test systems.The results are compared with other techniques in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.展开更多
文摘Texture and grain boundary character distribution of Cu interconnects with different line width for as-deposited and annealed conditions were measured by EBSD. All specimens appear mixed texture and （111） texture is the dominate component.As-deposited interconnects undergo the phenomenon of self-annealing at RT,in which some abnormally large grains are found. Lower aspect ratio of lines and anneal treatment procured larger grains and stronger （111） texture. Meanwhile, the intensity proportion of other textures with lower strain energy to （111） texture is decreased. As-deposited specimens reveal （111）（112？ and （111） （231） components, （111） （110） component appeared and （111） （112？ and （111） （231） components were developed during the annealing process. High angle boundaries are dominant in all specimens, boundaries with a misorientation of 55°-60° and ∑3 ones in higher proportion, followed by lower boundaries with a misorientation of 35°-40° and 29 boundaries. As the aspect ratio of lines and anneal treatment increase,there is a gradual in- crement in ∑3 boundaries and a decrease in ∑9 boundaries.
基金Project(61102039)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2014AA052600)supported by National Hi-tech Research and Development Plan,China
文摘With the development of automation in smart grids,network reconfiguration is becoming a feasible approach for improving the operation of distribution systems.A novel reconfiguration strategy was presented to get the optimal configuration of improving economy of the system,and then identifying the important nodes.In this strategy,the objectives increase the node importance degree and decrease the active power loss subjected to operational constraints.A compound objective function with weight coefficients is formulated to balance the conflict of the objectives.Then a novel quantum particle swarm optimization based on loop switches hierarchical encoded was employed to address the compound objective reconfiguration problem.Its main contribution is the presentation of the hierarchical encoded scheme which is used to generate the population swarm particles of representing only radial connected solutions.Because the candidate solutions are feasible,the search efficiency would improve dramatically during the optimization process without tedious topology verification.To validate the proposed strategy,simulations are carried out on the test systems.The results are compared with other techniques in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.
