Abstract: In order to improve the recognition accuracy of key stroke authentication, a methodology based on feature extraction of keystroke sequence is presented in this paper. Firstly, the data of the users' keystr...Abstract: In order to improve the recognition accuracy of key stroke authentication, a methodology based on feature extraction of keystroke sequence is presented in this paper. Firstly, the data of the users' keystroke feature information that has too much deviation with the mean deviation is filtered out. Secondly, the probability of each input key is calculated and 10 values which do not have the best features are selected. Thirdly, they are weighed and a score evaluating the extent to which the user could be authenticated successfully is calculated. The benefit of using a third-party data set is more objective and comparable. At last,展开更多
A new system is developed to recognize promoter sequences from non promoter sequences based on position weight matrix and backpropagation neural network in this paper. The system performs significantly better on the t...A new system is developed to recognize promoter sequences from non promoter sequences based on position weight matrix and backpropagation neural network in this paper. The system performs significantly better on the training set and the test set, the mean recognition rate is as high as 99% on the training set and 97% on the testing set. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the system to recognize the promoter sequences that have been trained and the promoter sequences that have not been seen previously.展开更多
It is well known that energy-momentum is the source of gravitational field. For a long time, it is generally believed that only stars with huge masses can generate strong gravitational field. Based on the unified theo...It is well known that energy-momentum is the source of gravitational field. For a long time, it is generally believed that only stars with huge masses can generate strong gravitational field. Based on the unified theory of gravitational interactions and electromagnetic interactions, a new mechanism of the generation of gravitational field is studied. According to this mechanism, in some special conditions, electromagnetic energy can be directly converted into gravitational energy, and strong gravitational field can be generated without massive stars. Gravity impulse found in experiments is generated by this mechanism.展开更多
This study aimed to optimize the rapid test factors of dry basis weight of reconstituted tobacco, in order to afford a reference test method for companies which produce reconstituted tobacco to better control the basi...This study aimed to optimize the rapid test factors of dry basis weight of reconstituted tobacco, in order to afford a reference test method for companies which produce reconstituted tobacco to better control the basis weight and coating ratio on line. The dry basis weight of reconstituted tobacco was tested by fast method and normal oven method individually. And the effects on the test values of different test factors such as temperature, time and the number of baking sheets were studied. Then the test values of these two methods were compared, so the proper factors of rapid test method were determined. As the baking temperature rose from 130 ℃ to 150 ℃, and the baking time rose from 1 min to 2 min, the difference between fast test method and normal oven method grew, and when the number of baking pieces rose from 3 pieces to 5 pieces, the difference between the two methods went down. The optimum test condition was baking temperature of 130 ℃, baking time of 1 min, and baking sample sheet number of 5. Under this condition, the value of fast test method was the closest to the test value of normal oven method, and meanwhile, the test factor was more proper for testing on line. The study will provide a reference for online controlling of dry basis weight and coating ratio of reconstituted tobacco.展开更多
Arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) concentrations were investigated in sediments collected from six...Arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) concentrations were investigated in sediments collected from sixteen sampling sites in the Lubumbashi river basin and five sites in Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba rivers during February, March and April 2016. Analyses of the samples were carried out using a portable X-RFS (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer). Water pH and OM (Organic Matter) content of the sediments were also determined. Trace metal toxicity risk to aquatic organisms was assessed using SQGs (Sediment Quality Guidelines)---TELs (Threshold Effect Levels) and PELs (Probable Effect Levels)---for freshwater sediments. Mean values ofpH and OM ranged from 4.2 to 7.8 and from 1.27% to 6.22%, respectively. The highest mean levels of trace metals in sediments were 5,438 mg·kg-1·dw and 902.5 mg·kg-1·dw for Cu and Co, respectively in Lubumbashi river 1.45 kilometer downward the Lubumbashi Slag heap, 1,534.5 mg·kg-1·dw and 342 mg·kg-1·dwdw for Zn and Pb, respectively at the confluence of Lubumbashi and Kafubu rivers, 108,900 mg·kg-1·dw, 547 mg·kg-1·dw and 174.5 mg·kg-1·dw for Fe, Ba and Cr, respectively in Kinkalabwamba river, 531 mg·kg-1·dw and 22 mg-kgl'dw for Mn and Cd, respectively in Kimilolo river, and 37 mg·kg-1·dw for As at the confluence of Tshondo and Lubumbashi rivers. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the sediments exceeded the corresponding SQGs' PELvalues and could have adverse effects on aquatic organisms of those rivers. Trace metal contamination of the studied sediments might he partially attributed to natural processes, unplanned urbanization and poor waste management and mostly to abandoned and ongoing mining and ore processing activities in Lubumbashi city.展开更多
High temperature treatment of tungsten alloy of W-5wt.% TM (transition metals, TM = Ni, Fe, Cu, Co) nanopowder was run under different temperatures to cover the oxidation rate at different temperatures. The correlat...High temperature treatment of tungsten alloy of W-5wt.% TM (transition metals, TM = Ni, Fe, Cu, Co) nanopowder was run under different temperatures to cover the oxidation rate at different temperatures. The correlation was developed for certain temperatures to find an equation for the relation between time and weight. The thermal treatment was done for different quantities at certain times. The proposed equation studies the correlation between temperature, time, and weight. For each temperature, a number of points were recorded from the measured oxidation curve. The shape of the curves is well-represented in this paper. The final results will present the highest temperature, the maximum weight, and the maximum time for full oxidation at high and low temperatures.展开更多
Due to the elevated ecological awareness nowadays the consumption of products of organic agriculture is increasing. Organic farming means excluding the use of synthetic inputs, such as synthetic fertilizers and pestic...Due to the elevated ecological awareness nowadays the consumption of products of organic agriculture is increasing. Organic farming means excluding the use of synthetic inputs, such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides or genetically modified organisms, but there are only a few regulations regarding heavy metal concentrations in soils. Thus a not negligible uptake of metals from the soil where the apple trees are grown may occur. Furthermore inorganic copper compounds being traditional fertilizers for apple trees are not considered as synthetic fertilizers, thus they are still used in organic apple farming for soil or foliar application. Thus also apples produced by organic agriculture may contain toxic elements, such as cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead. The concentrations of these elements were determined in whole apples, as well as in the flesh and peel in order to estimate the possible risk for human health. Prior to analysis using ICP-AES samples underwent a microwave assisted digestion. The LODs obtained are below the recommended maximum levels in vegetables/fruits by WHO. In all samples no Cu, Cr, and Pb could be detected. Only Ca was found in the peel of about a third of samples investigated in concentrations between LOD and LOQ (1-3 μg/g).展开更多
Proper treatment of weak subgrade soil is very important to building a highway of good quality. We proposed an entropy-based multi-criterion group decision analysis method for a group of experts to evaluate alternativ...Proper treatment of weak subgrade soil is very important to building a highway of good quality. We proposed an entropy-based multi-criterion group decision analysis method for a group of experts to evaluate alternatives of weak subgrade treatment, with an aim to select the optimum technique which is technically, economically and socially viable. We used fuzzy theory to analyze multiple experts' evaluation on various factors of each alterative treatment. Different experts' evaluations are integrated by the group eigenvalue method. An entropy weight is introduced to minimize the negative influences of subjective human factors of experts. The optimum alternative is identified with ideal point diseriminant analysis to calculate the distance of each alternative to the ideal point and prioritize all alternatives according to their distances. A case study on a section of the Shiman Expressway verified that the proposed method can give a rational decision on the optimum method of weak subgrade treatment.展开更多
An anomalous isotope effect exists in many heavy element isotope systems (e.g., Sr, Gd, Zn, U). This effect used to be called the "odd--even isotope effect" because the odd mass number isotopes behave differently ...An anomalous isotope effect exists in many heavy element isotope systems (e.g., Sr, Gd, Zn, U). This effect used to be called the "odd--even isotope effect" because the odd mass number isotopes behave differently from the even mass number isotopes. This mass-indepen- dent isotope fractionation driving force, which originates from the difference in the ground-state electronic energies caused by differences in nuclear size and shape, is cur- rently denoted as the nuclear field shift effect (NFSE). It is found that the NFSE can drive isotope fractionation of some heavy elements (e.g., Hg, T1, U) to an astonishing degree, far more than the magnitude caused by the con- ventional mass-dependent effect (MDE). For light ele- ments, the MDE is the dominant factor in isotope fractionation, while the NFSE is neglectable. Furthermore, the MDE and the NFSE both decrease as temperatures increase, though at different rates. The MDE decreases rapidly with a factor of 1/T2, while the NFSE decreases slowly with a factor of 1/T. As a result, even at high temperatures, the NFSE is still significant for many heavy element isotope systems. In this review paper, we begin with an introduction of the basic concept of the NSFE, including its history and recent progress, and follow with the potential implications of the inclusion of the NFSE into the kinetic isotope fractionation effect (KIE) and heavy isotope geochronology.展开更多
The Influence of ultrasonic treatment on the coking amount of a nickel-based catalyst (Ni/γ-Al2O3) for the reaction of reforming with carbon dioxide of Benzene was investigated. The results show that ultrasonic tre...The Influence of ultrasonic treatment on the coking amount of a nickel-based catalyst (Ni/γ-Al2O3) for the reaction of reforming with carbon dioxide of Benzene was investigated. The results show that ultrasonic treatment modify the pore size distribution of the catalysts significantly and also reduce the amount of coke formed on the catalyst. The reduction in the coking amount is not sensitive to the power output of the ultrasonic treatment device in the power range tested (120 W and 500 W).展开更多
An empirical study was addressed to explore the language switching selection based on conflict resolution task between bilinguals and monolinguals. The Double-Source interference task was designed to investigate the i...An empirical study was addressed to explore the language switching selection based on conflict resolution task between bilinguals and monolinguals. The Double-Source interference task was designed to investigate the interaction of attentional network and bilingual's language conflict resolution capacity. ANOVA for repeated measurement was used to measure the main effect of different attentional networks. The response time of alerting network was significant faster than that of executive network. There was also a significant main effect of different groups of subjects that bilinguals responded faster than monolinguals when operating alerting and executive network. Language switching paradigm can be used to interpret the neuro-cognitive process of oral consecutive interpreting, so the teaching implication will be discussed in the present study.展开更多
In this article, we introduce the system of high throughput screening (HTS). Its role in new drug study and current development is described. The relationship between research achievements of genome study and new type...In this article, we introduce the system of high throughput screening (HTS). Its role in new drug study and current development is described. The relationship between research achievements of genome study and new type screening model of new drugs is emphasized. The personal opinions of current problems about HTS study in China are raised.展开更多
Corn cobs are a promising lignocellulosic substrate for the production of biofuels like bioethanol via conventional yeast or biodiesel via oleaginous yeast. Pretreatment of the substrate is essential for further hydro...Corn cobs are a promising lignocellulosic substrate for the production of biofuels like bioethanol via conventional yeast or biodiesel via oleaginous yeast. Pretreatment of the substrate is essential for further hydrolysis and fermentation steps. This study focused on the steam explosion method as pretreatment. Therefore, different steam explosion severities were evaluated. The content of glucan, xylan and Klason lignin was examined. Xylan degraded with increasing severity from 412.7 g·kg-1 (untreated) to a minimum of 127.3 g-kg1 dry matter (190 ℃/30 min). Glucan concentrations increased from 315.1 g·kg1 (untreated) to a maximum of 371.6 g·kg-1 dry matter (200 ℃/20 min). For soluble lignin, an increase could be observed at rising severity, from 145.3 g·kg-l (untreated) to a maximum of 214.9 g·kg-1 dry matter (190 ℃/30 min). Furthermore, the mass recovery was calculated. At harsher pretreatment conditions, a significant mass loss was observed, estimated by the ash content in the recovered dry matter. The lowest recovery rate was observed for SF = 4.13 (190 ℃/30 min) with 68.39%. The produced inhibitors were evaluated.展开更多
An exact de Sitter solution of scalar-tensor gravity is found in our recent work, in which the non-minimal coupling scalar is rolling along a non-constant potential. Based on this solution, a dust-filled FRW universe ...An exact de Sitter solution of scalar-tensor gravity is found in our recent work, in which the non-minimal coupling scalar is rolling along a non-constant potential. Based on this solution, a dust-filled FRW universe is explored in frame of scalar-tensor gravity in this article. The effective dark energy induced by the sole non-minimal scalar can be quintessence-like, phantom-like, and more significantly, can cross the phantom divide. The rich and varied properties of scalar-tensor gravity even with only one scalar is shown.展开更多
Gao, Volny and Wang (2010) gave a simple criterion for signature-based algorithms to compute GrSbner bases. It gives a unified frame work for computing GrSbner bases for both ideals and syzygies, the latter is very ...Gao, Volny and Wang (2010) gave a simple criterion for signature-based algorithms to compute GrSbner bases. It gives a unified frame work for computing GrSbner bases for both ideals and syzygies, the latter is very important in free resolutions in homological algebra. Sun and Wang (2011) later generalized the GVW criterion to a more general situation (to include the F5 Algorithm). Signature-based algorithms have become increasingly popular for computing GrSbner bases. The current paper introduces a concept of factor pairs that can be used to detect more useless J-pairs than the generalized GVW criterion, thus improving signature-based algorithms.展开更多
In this work, through inclusion complexation between cyclodextrin (CD) host and ferrocene (Fc) guest, a monomer with double bond was incorporated to the surface of CdS quantum dot (QD). The obtained supra-structure co...In this work, through inclusion complexation between cyclodextrin (CD) host and ferrocene (Fc) guest, a monomer with double bond was incorporated to the surface of CdS quantum dot (QD). The obtained supra-structure could act as a supra-crosslink (Fc-SCL) in its copolymerizing with N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) leading to a hybrid supramolecular hydrogel (Fc-Gel). Fc-SCL inherited satisfactory electrochemical activity from Fc. When the weight percentage of Fc-SCL in Fc-Gel was increased, an apparent increase of elastic modulus (G ′) was observed. Furthermore, Fc-Gel also exhibited good fluorescent properties. It was also demonstrated that the inclusion complexation of CD and Fc played a crucial role in constructing the hydrogel; therefore, this Fc-Gel was an organic-inorganic hybrid hydrogel induced by supramolecular interaction.展开更多
基金This paper has been performed in the Project "Key Technology Research of Eavesdropping Detection in the Quantum Security Communication" supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Abstract: In order to improve the recognition accuracy of key stroke authentication, a methodology based on feature extraction of keystroke sequence is presented in this paper. Firstly, the data of the users' keystroke feature information that has too much deviation with the mean deviation is filtered out. Secondly, the probability of each input key is calculated and 10 values which do not have the best features are selected. Thirdly, they are weighed and a score evaluating the extent to which the user could be authenticated successfully is calculated. The benefit of using a third-party data set is more objective and comparable. At last,
文摘A new system is developed to recognize promoter sequences from non promoter sequences based on position weight matrix and backpropagation neural network in this paper. The system performs significantly better on the training set and the test set, the mean recognition rate is as high as 99% on the training set and 97% on the testing set. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the system to recognize the promoter sequences that have been trained and the promoter sequences that have not been seen previously.
文摘It is well known that energy-momentum is the source of gravitational field. For a long time, it is generally believed that only stars with huge masses can generate strong gravitational field. Based on the unified theory of gravitational interactions and electromagnetic interactions, a new mechanism of the generation of gravitational field is studied. According to this mechanism, in some special conditions, electromagnetic energy can be directly converted into gravitational energy, and strong gravitational field can be generated without massive stars. Gravity impulse found in experiments is generated by this mechanism.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Planning Project of China Tobacco Schweitzer(Yunnan)Reconstituted Tobacco Co.,Ltd.(KY-17-ZL-01)China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co.,Ltd.(2016YL02)
文摘This study aimed to optimize the rapid test factors of dry basis weight of reconstituted tobacco, in order to afford a reference test method for companies which produce reconstituted tobacco to better control the basis weight and coating ratio on line. The dry basis weight of reconstituted tobacco was tested by fast method and normal oven method individually. And the effects on the test values of different test factors such as temperature, time and the number of baking sheets were studied. Then the test values of these two methods were compared, so the proper factors of rapid test method were determined. As the baking temperature rose from 130 ℃ to 150 ℃, and the baking time rose from 1 min to 2 min, the difference between fast test method and normal oven method grew, and when the number of baking pieces rose from 3 pieces to 5 pieces, the difference between the two methods went down. The optimum test condition was baking temperature of 130 ℃, baking time of 1 min, and baking sample sheet number of 5. Under this condition, the value of fast test method was the closest to the test value of normal oven method, and meanwhile, the test factor was more proper for testing on line. The study will provide a reference for online controlling of dry basis weight and coating ratio of reconstituted tobacco.
文摘Arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) concentrations were investigated in sediments collected from sixteen sampling sites in the Lubumbashi river basin and five sites in Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba rivers during February, March and April 2016. Analyses of the samples were carried out using a portable X-RFS (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer). Water pH and OM (Organic Matter) content of the sediments were also determined. Trace metal toxicity risk to aquatic organisms was assessed using SQGs (Sediment Quality Guidelines)---TELs (Threshold Effect Levels) and PELs (Probable Effect Levels)---for freshwater sediments. Mean values ofpH and OM ranged from 4.2 to 7.8 and from 1.27% to 6.22%, respectively. The highest mean levels of trace metals in sediments were 5,438 mg·kg-1·dw and 902.5 mg·kg-1·dw for Cu and Co, respectively in Lubumbashi river 1.45 kilometer downward the Lubumbashi Slag heap, 1,534.5 mg·kg-1·dw and 342 mg·kg-1·dwdw for Zn and Pb, respectively at the confluence of Lubumbashi and Kafubu rivers, 108,900 mg·kg-1·dw, 547 mg·kg-1·dw and 174.5 mg·kg-1·dw for Fe, Ba and Cr, respectively in Kinkalabwamba river, 531 mg·kg-1·dw and 22 mg-kgl'dw for Mn and Cd, respectively in Kimilolo river, and 37 mg·kg-1·dw for As at the confluence of Tshondo and Lubumbashi rivers. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the sediments exceeded the corresponding SQGs' PELvalues and could have adverse effects on aquatic organisms of those rivers. Trace metal contamination of the studied sediments might he partially attributed to natural processes, unplanned urbanization and poor waste management and mostly to abandoned and ongoing mining and ore processing activities in Lubumbashi city.
文摘High temperature treatment of tungsten alloy of W-5wt.% TM (transition metals, TM = Ni, Fe, Cu, Co) nanopowder was run under different temperatures to cover the oxidation rate at different temperatures. The correlation was developed for certain temperatures to find an equation for the relation between time and weight. The thermal treatment was done for different quantities at certain times. The proposed equation studies the correlation between temperature, time, and weight. For each temperature, a number of points were recorded from the measured oxidation curve. The shape of the curves is well-represented in this paper. The final results will present the highest temperature, the maximum weight, and the maximum time for full oxidation at high and low temperatures.
文摘Due to the elevated ecological awareness nowadays the consumption of products of organic agriculture is increasing. Organic farming means excluding the use of synthetic inputs, such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides or genetically modified organisms, but there are only a few regulations regarding heavy metal concentrations in soils. Thus a not negligible uptake of metals from the soil where the apple trees are grown may occur. Furthermore inorganic copper compounds being traditional fertilizers for apple trees are not considered as synthetic fertilizers, thus they are still used in organic apple farming for soil or foliar application. Thus also apples produced by organic agriculture may contain toxic elements, such as cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead. The concentrations of these elements were determined in whole apples, as well as in the flesh and peel in order to estimate the possible risk for human health. Prior to analysis using ICP-AES samples underwent a microwave assisted digestion. The LODs obtained are below the recommended maximum levels in vegetables/fruits by WHO. In all samples no Cu, Cr, and Pb could be detected. Only Ca was found in the peel of about a third of samples investigated in concentrations between LOD and LOQ (1-3 μg/g).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50478090)the Key Plan of Science and Technology of Hubei Provincial Communication Department (No.2005jtkj361)
文摘Proper treatment of weak subgrade soil is very important to building a highway of good quality. We proposed an entropy-based multi-criterion group decision analysis method for a group of experts to evaluate alternatives of weak subgrade treatment, with an aim to select the optimum technique which is technically, economically and socially viable. We used fuzzy theory to analyze multiple experts' evaluation on various factors of each alterative treatment. Different experts' evaluations are integrated by the group eigenvalue method. An entropy weight is introduced to minimize the negative influences of subjective human factors of experts. The optimum alternative is identified with ideal point diseriminant analysis to calculate the distance of each alternative to the ideal point and prioritize all alternatives according to their distances. A case study on a section of the Shiman Expressway verified that the proposed method can give a rational decision on the optimum method of weak subgrade treatment.
基金funding support from the973 Program(2014CB440904)Chinese NSF projects(41225012,41490635,41530210)
文摘An anomalous isotope effect exists in many heavy element isotope systems (e.g., Sr, Gd, Zn, U). This effect used to be called the "odd--even isotope effect" because the odd mass number isotopes behave differently from the even mass number isotopes. This mass-indepen- dent isotope fractionation driving force, which originates from the difference in the ground-state electronic energies caused by differences in nuclear size and shape, is cur- rently denoted as the nuclear field shift effect (NFSE). It is found that the NFSE can drive isotope fractionation of some heavy elements (e.g., Hg, T1, U) to an astonishing degree, far more than the magnitude caused by the con- ventional mass-dependent effect (MDE). For light ele- ments, the MDE is the dominant factor in isotope fractionation, while the NFSE is neglectable. Furthermore, the MDE and the NFSE both decrease as temperatures increase, though at different rates. The MDE decreases rapidly with a factor of 1/T2, while the NFSE decreases slowly with a factor of 1/T. As a result, even at high temperatures, the NFSE is still significant for many heavy element isotope systems. In this review paper, we begin with an introduction of the basic concept of the NSFE, including its history and recent progress, and follow with the potential implications of the inclusion of the NFSE into the kinetic isotope fractionation effect (KIE) and heavy isotope geochronology.
基金Supported by National "211" Key Discipline Development Program, Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2006AB 192), Science Foundation of Wuhan(20066002064), China.
文摘The Influence of ultrasonic treatment on the coking amount of a nickel-based catalyst (Ni/γ-Al2O3) for the reaction of reforming with carbon dioxide of Benzene was investigated. The results show that ultrasonic treatment modify the pore size distribution of the catalysts significantly and also reduce the amount of coke formed on the catalyst. The reduction in the coking amount is not sensitive to the power output of the ultrasonic treatment device in the power range tested (120 W and 500 W).
文摘An empirical study was addressed to explore the language switching selection based on conflict resolution task between bilinguals and monolinguals. The Double-Source interference task was designed to investigate the interaction of attentional network and bilingual's language conflict resolution capacity. ANOVA for repeated measurement was used to measure the main effect of different attentional networks. The response time of alerting network was significant faster than that of executive network. There was also a significant main effect of different groups of subjects that bilinguals responded faster than monolinguals when operating alerting and executive network. Language switching paradigm can be used to interpret the neuro-cognitive process of oral consecutive interpreting, so the teaching implication will be discussed in the present study.
文摘In this article, we introduce the system of high throughput screening (HTS). Its role in new drug study and current development is described. The relationship between research achievements of genome study and new type screening model of new drugs is emphasized. The personal opinions of current problems about HTS study in China are raised.
文摘Corn cobs are a promising lignocellulosic substrate for the production of biofuels like bioethanol via conventional yeast or biodiesel via oleaginous yeast. Pretreatment of the substrate is essential for further hydrolysis and fermentation steps. This study focused on the steam explosion method as pretreatment. Therefore, different steam explosion severities were evaluated. The content of glucan, xylan and Klason lignin was examined. Xylan degraded with increasing severity from 412.7 g·kg-1 (untreated) to a minimum of 127.3 g-kg1 dry matter (190 ℃/30 min). Glucan concentrations increased from 315.1 g·kg1 (untreated) to a maximum of 371.6 g·kg-1 dry matter (200 ℃/20 min). For soluble lignin, an increase could be observed at rising severity, from 145.3 g·kg-l (untreated) to a maximum of 214.9 g·kg-1 dry matter (190 ℃/30 min). Furthermore, the mass recovery was calculated. At harsher pretreatment conditions, a significant mass loss was observed, estimated by the ash content in the recovered dry matter. The lowest recovery rate was observed for SF = 4.13 (190 ℃/30 min) with 68.39%. The produced inhibitors were evaluated.
基金supported by the Program for Professor of Special Appointment(Eastern Scholar)at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learningthe National Education Foundation of China(Grant No.200931271104)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11075106,11275128,11203006 and 11303003)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.ZR2012AQ029 and ZR2013AM002)Nature Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.Y6110778)
文摘An exact de Sitter solution of scalar-tensor gravity is found in our recent work, in which the non-minimal coupling scalar is rolling along a non-constant potential. Based on this solution, a dust-filled FRW universe is explored in frame of scalar-tensor gravity in this article. The effective dark energy induced by the sole non-minimal scalar can be quintessence-like, phantom-like, and more significantly, can cross the phantom divide. The rich and varied properties of scalar-tensor gravity even with only one scalar is shown.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.11471108,11426101Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.14JJ6027,2015JJ2051Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University under Grant No.2013zzts008
文摘Gao, Volny and Wang (2010) gave a simple criterion for signature-based algorithms to compute GrSbner bases. It gives a unified frame work for computing GrSbner bases for both ideals and syzygies, the latter is very important in free resolutions in homological algebra. Sun and Wang (2011) later generalized the GVW criterion to a more general situation (to include the F5 Algorithm). Signature-based algorithms have become increasingly popular for computing GrSbner bases. The current paper introduces a concept of factor pairs that can be used to detect more useless J-pairs than the generalized GVW criterion, thus improving signature-based algorithms.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20834004 and 20904005)National Basic Research Program of China (973 Project, 2009CB930402 and 2011CB932503) for financial support
文摘In this work, through inclusion complexation between cyclodextrin (CD) host and ferrocene (Fc) guest, a monomer with double bond was incorporated to the surface of CdS quantum dot (QD). The obtained supra-structure could act as a supra-crosslink (Fc-SCL) in its copolymerizing with N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) leading to a hybrid supramolecular hydrogel (Fc-Gel). Fc-SCL inherited satisfactory electrochemical activity from Fc. When the weight percentage of Fc-SCL in Fc-Gel was increased, an apparent increase of elastic modulus (G ′) was observed. Furthermore, Fc-Gel also exhibited good fluorescent properties. It was also demonstrated that the inclusion complexation of CD and Fc played a crucial role in constructing the hydrogel; therefore, this Fc-Gel was an organic-inorganic hybrid hydrogel induced by supramolecular interaction.