厦门湾海域沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物与重金属生态风险评价

本研究测定了厦门湾海域沉积物中的AVS(acid volatile sulphide)、TOC(total organic carbon)和重金属SEM(simul-taneously extracted metals),并利用Spearman秩相关系数分析了SEM和TOC、AVS的关系,结果表明TOC不是该区沉积物中AVS含量的主要控制因素,该区域∑SEM的分布模式主要由SEMZn、SEMCu的分布模式决定。利用AVS归一化的方法评价沉积物中有毒金属化学活性,结果表明大多数站点∑SEM/AVS>1,沉积物∑SEM-AVS的差值均0<(∑SEM-AVS)<5,说明该区存在潜在的重金属生态风险。

改进的地累积指数法在重金属生态风险评价中的应用

地累积指数法是土壤或沉积物中重金属生态风险评价的常用方法,只能够对样点中的单一重金属污染进行评价,不能综合分析区域内的重金属污染程度.为了扩大地累积指数法的应用范围,尝试利用最大污染量和平均污染量这2个指标对该评价模型进行改进.为了验证改进的地累积指数法的科学性与可靠性,以天津于桥水库流域河流沉积物的重金属综合生态风险评价为例,比较分析改进的地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、污染负荷指数法的评价结果.在评价单一样点的重金属生态风险时,改进的地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果一致,均为较轻污染水平,而污染负荷指数法的评价结果为中等污染水平;在评价区域的综合重金属生态风险时,改进的地累积指数法和污染负荷指数法的结果相同,均为中等污染水平.利用中等污染距对单一样点重金属生态风险进行评价时,改进的地累积指数法与潜在生态风险指数法的中等污染距相近,略低于污染负荷指数法的数值;在对区域综合重金属生态风险进行评价时,改进的地累积指数法与污染负荷指数法的中等污染距接近,即区域整体属于中等污染水平.由此可见,改进的地累积指数法可以用于综合评价区域的重金属生态风险.

白洋淀底栖动物群落特征与重金属潜在生态风险的相关性研究

在2011年4—11月,对白洋淀表层沉积物重金属含量和底栖动物群落的时空分布特征进行了分析,探讨了重金属分布对底栖动物群落结构特征的影响,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法综合评价了白洋淀沉积物中重金属污染状况和潜在风险程度。结果表明,沉积物中重金属含量大小顺序为Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>As>Cd>Hg,表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险处于低风险水平,综合潜在生态风险指数为17.55～62.89;各种重金属元素的单项潜在生态风险大小顺序为Hg>Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn;潜在生态风险分布也存在时空差异,就空间分布而言,生境1中最高,依次为生境2和生境3;就时间分布而言,8月最高,依次为4月和11月。同时,对白洋淀的底栖动物的群落结构也进行了调查分析,结构指标分布也存在时空差异。就空间分布而言,HBI、PTT、NDT、PC、PDT、CLI的最大值均出现在生境1,PIT、PNI、CSI的最大值出现在生境3,TR的最大值出现在生境2;就时间分布而言,HBI、PTT、TR、NDT、PNI、PC、PDT、CLI的最大值出现在8月,PIT、CSI的最大值出现在4月。并对重金属潜在生态风险及其与底栖动物生物指标的相关性进行了探讨,结果表明EriCd、EriCr、EriCu、EriPb,以及RI与NDT的相关性最显著,EriHg与CSI的相关性最显著,EriZn与CLI的相关性最显著。因此,在白洋淀重金属生态风险的生物监测中,可以考虑运用底栖动物的NDT、CLI、CSI指标。

长江中游湖南段湖泊重金属时空累积因素研究

为阐明社会经济发展对湖泊沉积物重金属时空富集的影响,采集了长江中游湖南省大于10km^(2)的湖泊沉积物,通过^(137)Cs和^(210)Pb放射性核素计年法、地化学背景值稳定层法及多元统计学法解析了湖南湖泊沉积物5种重金属的背景值;基于背景值结果,识别了重金属高背景区不同经济发展水平的岳阳南湖(城区)、黄盖湖(近郊)和华容东湖(远郊)的主要生态毒性风险元素,利用岭回归估计构建STIRPAT扩展模型,分析了人口总数、人均GDP、城镇化率、第二产业占比、第三产业占比、采掘业与制造业生产总值等6种社会经济发展指标与特征重金属的时空关系.结果表明,沉积物中Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的地化学背景值分别为98,30,78,0.22和26mg/kg,分别是湖南土壤背景值的1.46,1.11,0.82,2.75和0.96倍;地累积指数显示,重金属总生态毒性风险顺序为岳阳南湖>黄盖湖>华容东湖,Cd是岳阳地区湖泊生态毒性风险主要贡献元素;STIRPAT扩展模型中,人口总数、城镇化率、实际人均GDP、第二产业占比、第三产业占比、采掘业和制造业生产总值的标准化系数分别为0.1396,0.0969,0.1922,0.1367,0.1264和0.1929,表明采掘业与制造业、人均GDP、人口总数对Cd污染影响最大.因此,采用土壤背景值评估湖泊生态环境不太准确,流域人口城镇化过程中采掘与制造业对湖泊Cd的富集量影响较大.

污泥基生物炭重金属风险评价及对黑麦草生长的影响

为探究污泥基生物炭的重金属潜在生态风险,考察污泥基生物炭对植株生长及土壤微生物多样性变化的影响,以城市污泥为原料热解制备污泥基生物炭,采用风险评估指数、米勒地质累积指数以及潜在生态风险指数对污泥及污泥基生物炭的潜在生态风险进行评估;通过盆栽试验探讨污泥基生物炭的施用对黑麦草(Lolium perenne)生长的影响;通过16S rRNA测序技术和生物信息学研究,分析黑麦草根系土壤微生物多样性的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,污泥基生物炭处理的风险评估指数和潜在生态风险指数均明显减小,生物有效态重金属含量降低,但米勒地质累积指数有所增高;污泥基生物炭施加比例为5%时,黑麦草的发芽率、单株叶片均重和平均叶长分别达到94%、0.1798 g、13.74 cm,相比于未施用时分别增加16百分点、62.12%和29.15%;添加污泥基生物炭对黑麦草根系土壤细菌群落丰度影响较小,群落多样性有所降低。研究表明,污泥基生物炭能够对重金属起到稳定化作用,其重金属含量低于GB 15618-2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》中的农田风险筛选值,潜在生态风险较低,在一定的施炭比例下可以促进黑麦草生长。

环鄱阳湖区农家菜地土壤重金属风险评价及来源分析

通过评价环鄱阳湖区10个县农家菜地土壤样品重金属的潜在生态风险,分析其与9个社会经济指标间的灰色关联度来探讨重金属的污染来源。结果显示,鄱阳湖区各菜地土壤中Cd的超标情况最严重,超标率达到90%,除部分地区Cu超标外,其余重金属均未超标。鄱阳湖区农家菜地土壤达到轻微生态风险,工业较发达地区重金属生态风险较大于工业落后地区,工业发展情况对湖区的空间污染分异有较大影响。蔬菜产量、工业发展情况、城镇化率、交通业发展情况和菜地土壤不同种重金属具有较高关联度,而地区生产总值、农药使用量对各种重金属含量的影响最弱。

江苏省典型稻虾养殖环境和产品重金属分布及风险评价

目的 探讨江苏地区稻田养殖小龙虾养殖环境潜在生态风险和小龙虾中重金属含量分布情况及食用安全性。方法 2022年3—6月期间对江苏省稻虾养殖示范基地9个养殖区水质、沉积物和稻虾样品进行采集,并进行重金属含量分析。采用水质综合污染指数,对稻虾养殖环境水质状况进行生态风险评价;采用潜在生态风险指数法评价稻虾养殖环境表层沉积物中重金属潜在风险;采用危害商数法来评价稻虾污染物对人体健康产生风险。结果 部分采样点水质中铜元素有超过GB 11607—1989《渔业水质标准》现象,其余4种元素均在限量值范围内。沉积物生态风险等级为低风险,镉是生态风险最大的重金属元素。部分稻虾肝胰腺砷元素有超标现象,其他4种元素均在GB2762—2017《食品安全国家标准食品污染物限量》限量值范围内,虾肉、肝胰腺中5种元素危害商数值和危害商数总和值均小于1。结论 稻虾养殖区水质整体未受到污染影响,表层沉积物生态风险较低,长期摄入稻虾虾肉、肝胰腺对人体健康风险不明显,安全性较好。

白石水库水体及鱼类体内典型重金属含量分析

2013年9月—2014年9月期间,对白石水库水体及12种鱼类中汞(Hg)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)重金属含量进行了测定分析。结果显示,水中5种重金属含量介于Ⅱ—Ⅳ类水之间,团头鲂、鲇、鳙的Pb含量明显超出了限量值0.5mg/kg,这3种鱼存在Pb污染风险。团头鲂、鳜、鳙、乌鳢的Cd含量超出了限量值0.1mg/kg,说明这4种鱼存在Cd污染风险。鲇、黄颡鱼、鳜、花?、乌鳢、青鱼属于肉食性鱼类,仅青鱼低于肉食性鱼类甲基汞限量值1.0mg/kg,其余5种鱼类存在Hg污染风险。12种鱼类Cu含量均在限量值以下,说明鱼类未收到Cu污染。仅鲇略微超出了无机砷限量值0.1mg/kg,其他鱼类均未检出,说明水库鱼受As污染风险较低。针对白石水库水体及鱼体重金属含量,应进一步防止潜在的生态毒理风险。

基于三角模糊数的乌梁素海沉积物污染生态风险评价

基于水环境系统的不确定性,以及数据信息的不足和不精确性,将沉积物环境背景值和污染物浓度表示为三角模糊数,建立沉积物生态风险的模糊评价模型。应用该模型,取河套地区沉积物为背景值,对乌梁素海沉积物中重金属污染及其生态风险进行分区分析。结果表明,研究区的底质生态环境均受到不同程度的污染,重金属的污染程度依次为Cu>Zn>As>Pb>Cr>Hg>Cd;潜在生态危害程度顺序是Hg>Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn。

Source analysis and ecological risk assessment for heavy metals in the sediments of the Yangshan Deepwater Harbor in autumn and winter

Temporal and spatial variations of concentrations of heavy metals including mercury （Hg）, zinc （Zn）, lead （Pb）, arsenic （As）, copper （Cu）, and cadmium （Cd） in the sediments of the Yangshan Deepwater Harbor were determined based on 6 cruises in autumn and winter, respectively, from 2010 to 2013. The results demonstrated that the overall concentrations of heavy metals were low and distributed in uniform patterns. The concentrations of Hg, Zn, Pb, and Cd in autumn were significantly higher than those in winter with small fluctuations for As and Cu in terms of seasonal variations. Results of factor analysis showed that Pb, Cd, and Zn were derived from inland industrial and shipping discharges as well as the degradation of organic pollutants in marine environment. While agricultural pollutions, cargo shifting and construction debris from reclamation projects contributed to the sources of Cu, As, and Hg. Ecological risk assessment by Mean Sediment Quality Guideline Quotient （SQG-Q） revealed that the degree for eco-risk of the sediments was low-and-moderate in autumn, higher than that in winter. Hg and Cu were the dominant eco-risk factors. The results of Index of geoaccumulation （Igeo） showed that the whole sites of the sea area were barely influenced by Hg, As, Zn, and Pb, and the extents of Cd and Cu contaminations were in low grade. Contamination degree of all the six heavy metals could be ranked as the following： Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉Hg〉As. According to the results of integrated score of factor analysis, the contamination degree for heavy metals in sediments of the Yangshan Deepwater Harbor was low, despite sites No.5, No.4 and No.3, which were heavily contaminated compared with others.

Distribution Characteristic and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Latosol in the Western Area of Hainan Island

[Objective] The paper was to carry out ecological geochemical survey and ecological risk assessment on the heavy metals in latosol in western area of Hainan Island.[Method] The contents of six heavy metals including Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Cd and Pb in latosol in western area of Hainan Island were analyzed.Single-factor index method and Hakanson ecological risk index method were used to evaluate the integrated pollution effect of heavy metals in latosol.[Result] The average contents of Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Cd and Pb in latosol in western area of Hainan Island were 65.57,35.16,93.56,8.50,0.24 and 79.29 mg/kg,respectively.The major pollution factor of heavy metal was Pb.The sequence of influence factors of various heavy metals was PbCu = ZnCrAsCd.The potential ecological risk coefficient of various heavy metals was PbCdCuAsCrZn.The average value of potential ecological risk index（RI）was 45.14,belonging to low ecological risk range.[Conclusion] The heavy metal pollution in latosol in western area of Hainan Island belongs to slight pollution.

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Xiawan Port based on modified potential ecological risk index

Modified potential ecological risk index （MRI） was proposed based on the potential ecological risk index （RI） and risk assessment code （RAC） by modifying an index. The modified index was relevant to the chemical speciation of heavy metals. Xiawan Port, a typical region contaminated by industrial production, was selected as a case study area. The total concentrations and chemical speciation of heavy metals in sediments of Xiawan Port were analyzed. The experimental data indicate that Xiawan Port is seriously polluted by heavy metals, especially by Cd. The risks of heavy metals are evaluated by RI, RAC and MRI, respectively. The resluts of MRI show that the risks of heavy metals are in the decreasing order of Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn. Comparison of results by different methods reveals that MRI integrates the characters of RI and RAC. MRI is recognized to be useful for risk managemnt of heavy metals in sediments.

Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals and Evaluations on Potential Ecological Risks in an Antimony Mine

To study the status of soil quality in an antimony mine, soil samples were collected from different regions and the elements＇ contents of Sb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Ni and As were analyzed using single factor pollution index, Nemerow index and potential ecological risk index. The heavy metal contamination of soils were evaluated. The results showed that Nemerow index for each sampled point was less than 0.7, meaning a clean state. When potential ecological risk assessment was conducted, the sampled point was less than 150, belonging to light pollution.

Distribution and transformation behaviors of heavy metals during liquefaction process of sewage sludge in ethanol-water mixed solvents

Liquefaction of sewage sludge(SS)in ethanol-water cosolvents is a promising process for the preparation of bio-oil/biochar products.Effect of the combined use of ethanol and water on the distribution/transformation behaviors of heavy metals(HMs)contained in raw SS is a key issue on the safety and cleanness of above liquefaction process,which is explored in this study.The results show that pure ethanol facilitates the migration of HMs into biochar products.Pure water yields lower percentages of HMs in mobile/bioavailable speciation.Compared with sole solvent treatment,ethanol-water cosolvent causes a random/average effect on the distribution/transformation behaviors of HMs.After liquefaction of SS in pure water,the contamination degree of HMs is mitigated from high level(25.8(contamination factor))in raw SS to considerable grade(13.4)in biochar and the ecological risk is mitigated from moderate risk(164.5(risk index))to low risk(78.8).Liquefaction of SS in pure ethanol makes no difference to the pollution characteristics of HMs.The combined use of ethanol and water presents similar immobilization effects on HMs to pure water treatment.The contamination factor and risk index of HMs in biochars obtained in ethanol-water cosolvent treatment are 13.1-14.6(considerable grade)and 79.3-101.0(low risk),respectively.In order to further control the pollution of HMs,it is preferentially suggested to improve the liquefaction process of SS in ethanol-water mixed solvents by introducing conventional lignocellulosic/algal biomass,also known as co-liquefaction treatment.

Potential ecological risks of Cd for different benthos in artificial reefs

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is used to detect Cdforbenthos in the artificial reef .The results show that： Cd of benthos is varied from0.011μg/L to 0.541 μg/L, and averages 0.188 ± 0.220 μg/L. The distribution of Cddecreased in the order： gonads〉 gills〉 muscle in different tissues. The enrichmentregalurity in muscle Cd of different benthos was Oratosquilla, crab, fish, shrimp,ocellatus. Its health risk factor is far less than 1, indicating that Cd hasn’t obvious healthrishks on exposure population.

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface seawater and sediment near the outlet of a zinc factory in Huludao City, Liaoning Province, China

At present, the methods widely applied to assess ecological risk of heavy metals are essentially single-point estimates in which exposure and toxicity data cannot be fully used and probabilities of adverse biological effects cannot be achieved. In this study, based on investigation of concentrations of six heavy metals(As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in the surface seawater and sediment near the outlet of a zinc factory, located in Huludao City, Liaoning Province, China, a tiered approach consisting of several probabilistic options was used to refi ne ecological risk assessment for the individuals. A mixture of various heavy metals was detected in the surface seawater, and potential ecological risk index(PERI) was adopted to assess the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface sediment. The results from all levels of aquatic ecological risk assessment in the tiered framework, ranging from comparison of single effects and exposure values to the use of distribution-based Hazard Quotient obtained through Monte Carlo simulation, are consistent with each other. Briefl y, aquatic Zn and Cu posed a clear ecological risk, while Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in the water column posed potential risk. As expected, combined ecological risk of heavy metal mixture in the surface seawater was proved signifi cantly higher than the risk caused by any individual heavy metal, calculated using the concept of total equivalent concentration. According to PERI, the severity of pollution by the six heavy metals in the surface sediment decreased in the following sequence: Cd>Hg>As>Pb>Cu>Zn, and the total heavy metals in the sediment posed a very high risk to the marine environment. This study provides a useful mathematical framework for ecological risk assessment of heavy metals.

Potential Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in Soils of Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone

In this research, soil samples were collected from Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone to investigate heavy metal pollutions in this region and to evaluate the potential ecological risks of heavy metal pollutants based on Hakanson Potential Ecological Risk Indexes. According to the results, Hg was the primary heavy metal pollutant in Blue Economic Zone, followed by Cd, Cu, and Pb as prevalent pollutants. Heavy metals ranked in order of their pollution degrees are: Hg>Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr>As;the potential ecological risks of heavy metals follow the order of Hg>Cd>As>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn. Heavy metal pollutions did exist in this region to a certain extent, and the percentage of potential ecological risk in “strong” and “severe” degree reached up to 13.75%. This composite risk characteristic was subject to the restriction of Hg and Cd mainly distributed in Laizhou-Zhaoyuan- Yantai, Muping-Rushan Goldmine, and other densely-populated regions, threatening the safety production of crops. The combined effects of geological background and human activities, e.g. gold mining and domestic pollutants, were the main causes of high potential ecological risks of heavy metals in local environment.

Distribution and Accumulation Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Sediments in Southern Sea Area of Huludao City, China

The southern sea area of the Huludao City, Liaoning Province might be polluted by heavy metals because it is close to the Jinzhou Bay, one of the heaviest sea area polluted by heavy metals in China. The undisturbed modem sediment core can be used to analyze the accumulation and source of the pollutants using 137Cs and 21pbex. Thirty-five samples of surface sediment and two core sedi- ments were collected from the southern sea area of Huludao City. The concentrations of copper （Cu）, lead （Pb）, chrome （Cr）, zinc （Zn）, arsenic （As） and mercury （Hg） in the surface sediments as well as Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, 137Cs and 2~~pbex in the core sediments were deter- mined to research the spatial distribution and accumulation characteristics, and to analyze the sources and the potential risks of heavy metals. The results show that the pollution levels of Zn and Hg are serious, and 26 stations are at moderate or heavy ecological risks. The concentrations of the heavy metals increase from east to west, as well as from open sea to offshore marine area. The concentrations of heavy metals are not high in the sediments adjacent to the Jinzhou Bay, and the influence caused by the seawater exchange with the Jinzhou Bay is little. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the core sediments show low-high-low characteristic, and it coincides with the pollution history of Huludao City. The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals from the Huludao Zinc Plant is likely to be the main source of pollution without direct discharge of wastewater. The high concentrations of heavy metals appear on the upper sediment of 20 cm. The shallow sediment with high heavy metal contents might be exposed to surface when it was disturbed by the ocean engineering and big storm surge, then cause risk to the safety of aouaculture and human honlthy.

Spatial distribution,sources and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Shenjia River watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Surface soil/sediment samples were collected from the Water-Level Fluctuation Zone(WLFZ), cultivated land and forest land at 50 different grid points from Shenjia watershed, the Three Gorges Reservoir area in August 2013. The spatial distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment for Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd),Chromium(Cr), Copper(Cu), Nickel(Ni), Lead(Pb)and Zinc(Zn) were analyzed in this study. The results showed all tested metals had similar distribution patterns except Ni and Cr, with areas of high concentrations distributed in the southwest(WLFZ and watershed outlet) of the study area. Ni and Cr,which were highly positively correlated and present in high concentrations, were primarily distributed in the south and middle zones of the study area. Lower concentration areas of all metals were uniformly distributed west of the high-elevation zones and forest land. Factor analysis(FA) and factor analysismultiple linear regression(FA-MLR) showed that the major sources of Cd were fertilizer and traffic sources,which together accounted for 87% of Cd. As, Zn and Cu levels were primarily supplied by industrial and domestic sources, accounting for 76% of As, 75% of Cu and 67% of Zn. Surface soils/sediments of the study watershed contaminated by Cd represent a high ecological risk, whereas other metals represent low ecological risks. The potential ecological risk index(PERI) analysis indicated that it had a low(widerange) ecological risk and a moderate(small-range)ecological risk primarily distributed in the outlet of the study watershed. Fertilizers and traffic are the primary sources of Cd pollution, which should be more closely controlled for the purposes of water quality and ecological conservation.

The distribution and potential ecological risk of Pb for multi-phase medium of artificial reefs in summer

Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)to detect the Pb content in the multi-phase medium(water,sediment and large benthic organisms)in the artificial reef areas of Bohai Bay in Tianjin to analysis its spatial distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk.Using different evaluation methods.The results showed that:the Pb content is varied from 0.003-0.024μg/L,mean 0.008±0.007μg/L,the highest values appear in the No.9 station;the minimum value is 5 stations.Pb content of sediment is varied from 0.003-0.024μg/L,mean 0.008±0.007μg/L,the highest values appear in the No.9 station;the minimum value is 5 stations.The vertical sediment distribution of Pb decreased in the order:lower>middle>upper layer in each station.Risk evaluation showed that potential ecological risk index of Pb is low in the reef sediments;accumulate partial index is belong to moderate pollution levels;enrichment factor is belong to the light^pollution-free.Pb content of organisms is rang from 0.004-0.519 mg/kg,mean 0.185±0.170 mg/kg in reef area;BCF value of Pb content in organisms is generally higher than BAF value;its health risk factor is far less than 1,indicating that Pb has no obvious health risks on exposure population.