青葙子、鸡冠子和野苋类子的考证与鉴别

青葙子、鸡冠子和野苋类子的考证与鉴别褚小兰（江西中医学院药学系南昌３３０００６）关键词青葙子鸡冠子野苋类子本草考证性状鉴别青葙子为苋科植物青葙ＣｅｌｏｓｉａａｒｇｅｎｔｉａＬ．的干燥成熟种子，是一味常用中药，功能清肝明目，退翳［１］。根据调查和文献记...

赤壁市4起误食白毒伞类蕈中毒的调查报告

2000年9月3日凌晨6时30分,赤壁市人民医院电话报告:"先后有4个镇农民发生食物中毒事件,望调查处理."经临床表现、流行病学调查分析为白毒伞类蕈中毒,现报告如下.

2种野鸦椿的生长适应性与栽培对比研究

以落叶类野鸦椿与圆齿野鸦椿为研究对象,在人工栽培下比较物候期、生长量、果实产量等方面的差异,结果表明2种野鸦椿物候期与生长适应性差异极大。圆齿野鸦椿四季常青,挂果期超长,而落叶类野鸦椿冬季落果落叶;圆齿野鸦椿适生在海拔700 m以下,而落叶类野鸦椿适合生长在700 m以上。在海拔较高的地区,落叶类野鸦椿长势较好,圆齿野鸦椿长势较差且出现冻死现象;在低海拔地区,圆齿野鸦椿长势较好,其生长指标与果实产量均显著高于落叶类野鸦椿。

涿鹿之战辨正

远古时代的涿鹿之战,不是部落之间的战争。从蚩尤的体貌和行为特征、水生习性、黄帝同蚩尤作战的方式、蚩尤两字的音形义等方面来看,蚩尤是水生动物鳄,涿鹿之战是人类同鳄类之间为争夺生存空间而展开的一场大搏战。将涿鹿之战看成人类部族之间的战争,是历史概念在长期的流传中发生了错位的缘故。

洪迈《野处类稿》辨伪

洪迈《野处类稿》自宋以来广为流传，为诸种文献书目所著录，多种诗文总集所收编，然除其中二首诗外，其馀八十二首诗与朱松《韦斋集》卷一、卷二中的作品重出互见。清洪汝奎增订钱大昕编《洪文敏公年谱》时，曾注意到《野处类稿》之伪，钱钟书先生亦曾提到这一问题，惜均未予以考辨证实，亦未引起世人注意和重视。至王德毅重编《洪容斋先生年谱》时，在《野处类稿》真伪问题上，不仅未能进一步证伪，反而认为洪汝奎“所言近于武断”。而后世各种文学史与诗文总集均仍然相沿为误，讹误流传至今而未止。因而本文拟就宋代以来文学史上这一罕见的伪案予以考辨，以证伪于既往，免传讹于将来。

Newly Reported Females of Two Species of the Genus Ecpyrrhorrhoe Hübner(Lepidoptera:Crambidae:Pyraustinae) from China

The females of Ecpyrrhorrhoe biaculeiformis Zhang, Li et Wang, 2004 and E. ruidispinalis Zhang, Li et Wang, 2004 are reported for the first thne. Drawings of the genitalia are provided.

A Taxonomic Study on the Genus Epiparbattia Caradja (Lepidoptera:Crambidae: Pyraustinae)

Two species of the genus Epiparbattia Caradja from China are reported in this paper. One new species, Epiparbattia oligotricha sp. Nov., is described with genital structures illustrated.

Content Variation of Active Components in Mulberry Fruit During Ripening Process

Ten mulberry species were taken as materials to detect contents of DNJ,polysaccharide and flavonoid.The results indicated that the three active components differed significantly upon species.Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1,which are of high contents of active components,were selected as materials to measure contents change of active components in fresh fruits during ripening process after full-bloom stage.The research suggested that DNJ mass fractions of Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 on the 3rd d in full-bloom stage were 0.074 1% and 0.072 5%;DNJ declined gradually with growth of the fruit and DNJ contents in the two cultivars decreased by 49.80% and 58.90% on the 31st d in full-bloom stage,compared with the 3rd d.As mulberry grew,polysaccharide contents in Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 were increasing and achieved peaks on the 27th d in full-bloom stage at 9.570% and 10.276%,respectively.For total flavonoids,the contents in Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 were both of two peaks on 11th d and 27th d.The mass fractions were 0.313%,0.444%,and 0.264%,0.326%,accordingly.In addition,DNJ contents in ripe seeds of Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 were significantly higher than those in fruit,but total flavonoid contents were lower.Polysaccharide was not detected.It can be concluded that mulberry fruits growing for 27 d can be either as excellent food or for medicine.

The role of wild goose(Anser) populations of Russia and theTibet Plateau in the spread of the avian influenza virus

Wild birds of the orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes represent a natural reservoir of low pathogenic avian influenza(LPAI) viruses(family Orthomyxoviridae).Wild geese(order Anseriformes)relating to waterfowls undertake extensive migration flights reaching thousands of kilometers.Isolation of the avian influenza virus(AIV) from wild geese is quite low or absent.The aims of this study are to monitor the AIV in different wild goose species,nesting on Russian territory and the Tibet Plateau and to analyze the derived data for the purpose of determining the role of these wild bird species in spreading pathogens.In our study 3245 samples from nine wild goose species in nine regions of Russia and on the territory of the Tibet Plateau(the Xizang Autonomous Region) were tested and no AIV were detected.Our study shows the non-essential role of wild geese in the spread of the AIV over long distances and reaches theconclusion that geese are probably not natural reservoirs for the primary viruses.However,further inquiry of AIV in wild goose populations is required.Studies of wild geese and AIV ecology will allow us to obtainmore information about pathogen-host relationships and to make arrangements for the maintenance ofwild goose populations.

Mating behavior induces changes of expression of Fos protein,plasma testosterone and androgen receptors in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of the male mandarin vole Microtus mandarinus

In order to investigate the neuroendocrine mechanism of the mating behavior in the adult male mandarin voles Microtus mandarinus,the radioimmunoassay(RIA)and immunohistochemistry methods were used to investigate the differences in plasma testosterone(T)concentrations and distribution of T immunoreactive neurons(T-IRs),androgen receptor immunoreactive neurons(AR-IRs)and Fos protein immunoreactive neurons(Fos-IRs)in the accessory olfactory bulb(AOB)and the main olfactory bulb(MOB)following exposure to clean hard-wood shavings(control group),soiled bedding(exposure group)or contact with an estrous female(mating group).Results showed that plasma T concentration was significantly higher in the mating group than that in the exposure group,and both the mating group and the exposure group displayed significantly higher plasma T concentration than the control group.T-IRs,AR-IRs and Fos-IRs were investigated with the immunohistochemistry method in granule cell(GC)and mitral cell(MC)of the MOB and the AOB in the three groups.There were significantly more T-IRs,AR-IRs and Fos-IRs in MC and GC of the AOB in the mating group than that in the exposure group or the control group.T-IRs,AR-IRs and Fos-IRs did not show significant differences between the exposure group and the control group.Furthermore,obvious differences in MC and GC of the MOB were not found among the three groups.The results confirm that both changes of T and AR in the AOB might be underlying mating behavior in the adult male mandarin voles.

Comparison of social interaction and neural activation in the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb between Microtus mandarinus and Microtus fortis

To gain insight into the function of AOB and MOB during different social interaction and in different vole species,the behaviors and neural activation of the olfactory bulbs in social interactions of mandarin voles Microtus mandarinus and reed voles Microtus fortis were compared in the present research.Mandarin voles spent significantly more time attacking and sniffing their opponents and sniffing sawdust than reed voles.During same sex encounters,mandarin voles attacked their opponents for a significantly longer time and sniffed its opponent for shorter time compared with male-female interactions.However,no significant behavioral differences were found during encounters of two individual reed voles,regardless of gender composition of the pair.Using c-Fos as an indicator of neural activation,we observed that neural activation was significantly higher in almost all sub-regions of the main olfactory bulb(MOB)and the accessory olfactory bulb(AOB)of mandarin voles compared with reed voles.Numbers of c-Fos-ir neurons in almost all sub-regions of the AOB and the MOB during male-female interactions were also higher than those in interactions of the same sex.Anterior-posterior ratios of Fos-ir neurons in the AOBM(AOBMR)and the AOBG(AOBGR)in male-female interaction were significantly higher than those in interaction of the same sex.The AOBMR of male mandarin voles and reed voles were larger than those of females in male-female interactions.Behavioral patterns are consistent with cellular activity patterns.Consistent level of neural activation in MOB and AOB suggests important roles of both the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb in social interaction in two species.

First evidence of prey capture and meat eating by wild Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan,China

Most extant nonhuman primates occasionally prey on fast-moving, warm-blooded animals; however, Indriidae, Lepilemuridae, and Colobinae either scavenged for meat or did not eat meat at all. Here we report six cases of animal consumption by the snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in a wild, habituated group between 2004 and 2009 in Yunnan, China. At present, only males in an all-male unit within the study group were involved in active hunting. Such a male-biased activity may be related to the group structure and spatial spread of R. bieti. Two females were observed eating freshly killed birds. The findings confirmed that R. bieti engaged in scavenging and, when hunting, employed a cranio-cervical bite to kill their prey. Meat eating is likely a nutrient maximization feeding strategy in R. bieti, especially in males. A begging behavior occurred after successful prey capture. Although begging was observed, no sharing of the meat was seen. The present findings illuminate the dietary diversity of R. bieti and their ability to expand their dietary spectrum.

Comparative study of the nutritional composition and toxic elements of farmed and wild Chanodichthys mongolicus

Information of the difference in quality between farmed and wild fish is central to better ensuring fish products produced in aquaculture meet regulatory and consumer requirements. Proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and toxic elements contents of fanned and wild Chanodichthys mongolicus were established and compared. Significantly higher crude protein content while lower moisture content in farmed fish compared to wild fish were observed （P〈0.05）. The percentages of total amino acids （TAA）, total essential amino acids （TEAA）, total non-essential amino acids （TNEAA） and total delicious amino acids （TDAA） in farmed fish were all significantly higher than those in the wild equivalent （P〈0.05）. Compared to the FAO/WHO recommended reference values, the ratios of TEAA/ TAA （39.84%o-40.33%） were comparable to 40% and TEAA / TNEAA （66.22%-67.60%） were above 60%. Fatty acid profiles in both farmed and wild C. mongolicus were dominated by monounsaturated fatty acid （MUFA）, with farmed fish contained much more MUFA content compared to wild counterpart （P〈0.05）. Notably, wild fish exhibited significantly higher levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acid （PUFA） including eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA） and docosahexaenoic acid （DHA） than fanned fish （P〈0.05）. The EPA （C20：503） and linoleic acid （C18：206） were the predominant PUFA in wild and farmed C. mongolicus, respectively. Moreover, farmed fish displayed an overall lower toxic element levels （As, Cd, Pb and Hg） in comparison with wild fish, and both were far lower than the established limit standard. In conclusion, our results suggest that the nutritional quality of fanned C. mongolicus was inferior to their wild counterpart with respect to fatty acids nutrition, and therefore further studies should focus on the improving C. mongolicus diet in order to enhance the overall nutritional composition.

First report of the genus Anamalaia Munroe & Mutuura,1969(Lepidoptera:Crambidae) from China,with descriptions of two new species

The genus Anamalaia Munroe ＆ Mutuura, 1969 is recorded for the first time from China. Two new species are described： .4. acerisella Lisp. nov. and .4. obtusisella Li sp. nov. Diagnoses of these new species are provided, along with photographs of their adults and genitalia.

Vision-based behavior prediction of ball carrier in basketball matches

A new vision-based approach was presented for predicting the behavior of the ball carrier—shooting, passing and dribbling in basketball matches. It was proposed to recognize the ball carrier’s head pose by classifying its yaw angle to determine his vision range and the court situation of the sportsman within his vision range can be further learned. In basketball match videos characterized by cluttered background, fast motion of the sportsmen and low resolution of their head images, and the covariance descriptor, were adopted to fuse multiple visual features of the head region, which can be seen as a point on the Riemannian manifold and then mapped to the tangent space. Then, the classification of head yaw angle was directly completed in this space through the trained multiclass LogitBoost. In order to describe the court situation of all sportsmen within the ball carrier’s vision range, artificial potential field (APF)-based information was introduced. Finally, the behavior of the ball carrier—shooting, passing and dribbling, was predicted using radial basis function (RBF) neural network as the classifier. Experimental results show that the average prediction accuracy of the proposed method can reach 80% on the video recorded in basketball matches, which validates its effectiveness.

Vertebral deformities in hatchery-reared and wild-caught juvenile Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

The present study compared vertebral deformities of hatchery-reared and wild-caught juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. A total of 362 hatchery-reared flounder （total length 122.5- 155.8 mm） were collected from three commercial hatcheries located in Yantai, East China, and 89 wild fish （total length 124.7 161.3 mm） were caught offYangma Island near Yantai City （37°27′N, 121°36′E）. All the fish were dissected, photographed, and images of the axial skeleton were examined for vertebral deformities. Compared with wild-caught flounder in which no deformed vertebrae were detected, 48 （13.3%） hatchery- reared fish had deformed vertebrae. The deformities were classified as compression, compression-ankylosis, and dislocation-ankylosis. The vertebral deformities were mainly localized between post-cranial vertebra 1 and 3, with vertebrae number 1 as the most commonly deformed. The causative factors leading to vertebral deformities in reared Japanese flounder may be related to unfavorable temperature conditions, inflammation, damage, or rupture to the intervertebral ligaments under rearing conditions. Furthermore, no significant difference in the total number of vertebral bodies was observed between wild-caught （38.8±0.4） and hatchery-reared flounder （38.1±0.9） （P〉0.05）. However, the number of vertebral bodies of hatchery-reared and wild-caught flounder ranged from 35 to 39 and from 38 to 39, respectively.

说说洪氏百年望族与西溪的那些事儿

以南宋洪皓在杭州始传的洪氏家族,于宋、明、清三代出过许多重要人物,可谓名士辈出,尤在宋、明两朝最为鼎盛。其中包括南宋的洪皓、洪适、洪遵、洪迈父子,明代的洪钟、洪澄、洪楩、洪瞻祖、洪吉臣、洪吉晖、洪吉符祖孙。

娃娃参栽培技术及潜力前景

食药同源历史悠久,经相关专家多年来潜心研究,将野生娃娃参资源开发成为一种新资源特色食品,深受海内外消费者的青睐,市场前景广阔。

Influence of Saline Stress on Ionic Balance of Wheat （Triticum Aestivum） and Its Wild Congeners

Purpose of this work was to study changes in the ion balance under salt stress in roots and leaves of seedlings of T. aestivum L. and its wild congeners with different genomic composition. Laboratory assessment of salt tolerance in seedlings was carried out and contents of ions K^＋, Na^＋ and Ca^2＋ in roots and leaves were defined. Considerable change of ionic balance in roots and leaves of studied forms of wheat against salt stress is shown. It is noticed that the parity K^＋/Na^＋ decreases in process of strengthening of salt stress. Authentic negative correlation between a relative gain of a biomass of leaves and roots in the stress conditions and accumulation of ions Na^＋ and between a relative gain of a biomass of leaves in the stress conditions and a parity in them of ions K^＋/Na^＋ is revealed. The research results also show that the stability characteristics of indicators of changes in ionic composition or balance in the leaves of young plants are more informative than in the roots and allow to reveal the form, characterized by relatively high of K^＋/Na^＋ ratio and the relatively low accumulation of Ca2^＋ as the most resistant to salt stress.