兽用抗菌药减量化使用存在问题与优化措施

兽用抗菌药减量化使用对畜禽养殖安全和动物疫病预防有着重要意义,同时也关系到肉类食品来源的安全性问题。兽用抗菌药用量的多少需要非常科学的分配和使用,否则将对人类的健康和生态系统带来严峻的健康问题和安全挑战。全国都有进行抗菌药减量化使用试点行动,也取得了一些成就,但目前还存在一些不足。本文将系统和科学的论述兽用抗菌药的使用状况、问题、影响以及需要采取的改善措施,这些内容对于动物养殖业发展是一项重要的命题,希望对于畜禽生产用药风险和公共卫生安全做一些参考。

稻秆覆盖结合除草剂减量化使用对移栽豆角田杂草的控制效果

为了明确稻秆覆盖结合除草剂减量使用对移栽豆角田杂草的控制效果及对产量的影响,采用大田试验的方法,将乙草胺和二甲戊乐灵按常量(田间常规推荐剂量)、半量(1/2常量)、1/4量(1/4常量)分别与稻秆覆盖相结合,调查不同处理对移栽豆角田杂草发生及豆角产量的影响。结果表明:从豆角移栽至收获,若仅用稻秆覆盖对豆角田杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为64.7%和61.9%;若将除草剂与稻秆相结合使用,从对总草的控制效果看,二甲戊乐灵各剂量与稻秆相结合均不同程度高于乙草胺相应剂量与稻秆相结合效果。二甲戊乐灵1/4剂量与稻秆相结合对豆角田总草的株数和鲜重达到了较好的效果,分别为88.7%和83.9%,且具有一定的增产效果,增产率为320.0%。

稻秆覆盖结合除草剂减量化使用对移栽甜玉米田杂草的控制效果

为了明确稻秆覆盖结合除草剂减量使用对甜玉米田杂草控制效果及产量的影响,采用大田试验方法,将乙草胺、二甲戊乐灵按常量(田间常规推荐剂量)、半量(1/2常量)、1/4量(1/4常量)分别与稻秆覆盖相结合,研究不同处理对甜玉米田杂草发生及甜玉米产量的影响。结果表明:从甜玉米移栽至收获,若仅用稻秆覆盖对甜玉米田杂草的株防效、鲜质量防效分别为59.92%、74.10%;若将除草剂与稻秆相结合使用,从对总草的控制效果看,二甲戊乐灵常量、1/4量与稻秆相结合均不同程度好于乙草胺相应剂量与稻秆相结合的效果。二甲戊乐灵1/4剂量与稻秆相结合即对甜玉米田总草的株数、鲜质量防效达到了较好的效果,分别为69.56%、82.87%,且具有一定的增产效果,增产率为11.5%。

浓香型白酒酿造中大曲量化使用模型的研究与应用

在浓香型白酒酿造生产中,大曲药用量直接影响酿酒的产质产量。通过对酿酒生产过程中气温变化、生产轮次、配糟比例、入窖温度、入窖酸度、入窖淀粉浓度等因素进行分析,开展曲药使用与生产因素的量化关系研究,建立大曲量化使用模型,实现曲药使用提前预判→量化计算→准确计量→结果验证的科学生产方式,为今后智能化酿酒生产提供参考。

实现化肥减量化使用的政策与技术途径

本文从政策和技术2个方面阐述了实现化肥减量化使用的主要途径,提出了建设性建议,对促进我国农业可持续发展,保障国家资源安全和生态安全,维系当代人福祉和保障子孙后代永续发展具有重大意义。

探索兽用抗菌药减量化使用的可行性措施

随着我国社会的发展,人们对于动物源性食品有了更高的要求,为满足人民群众日益提高的生活需求,我国制定了《全国兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动方案(2021一2025年)》,全面加强兽用抗菌药专项整治工作,落实企业主体责任,强化监管,积极稳妥推进兽用抗菌药减量化使用,提高畜禽产品质量安全,维护公共卫生安全和生物安全。

规模养殖场兽用抗菌药使用减量化的养殖模式分析

兽用抗菌药的滥用问题日益凸显,对抗菌药物的合理利用话题热度不退。本研究旨在比较某肉鸡养殖场连续两年通过实施兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动带来的经济效益差异。通过数据的收集和分析,发现该养殖场实施“减抗”行动后,在药物成本和肉鸡出栏量方面均取得了显著的优势,并提供了兽用抗菌药使用的管理指导和建议[1]。这表明减少抗菌药物使用对养殖场的经济效益有着积极的影响,可为养殖业的可持续发展提供重要参考。

贵州省兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动经验与启示

为切实维护动物源性食品安全、公共卫生安全和生态环境安全,贵州省根据农业农村部相关要求,结合自身实际,研究制定了本省兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动方案。本文对贵州省兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动的实施举措进行了详细阐述,旨在为进一步推进兽用抗菌药减量化行动提供参考,助推贵州畜牧业高质量发展。

普洱市推广实施兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动工作的探讨

为保障普洱市畜牧业供给侧结构性改革,确保畜牧业可持续发展,普洱市推广实施兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动工作。以此为目的,指导督促畜禽养殖场(户)在畜禽养殖环节减少兽用抗菌药的使用、规范使用兽用抗菌药物及积极鼓励养殖场应用兽用抗菌药替代产品,让人民群众吃上无兽用抗菌药残留或低残留的纯天然绿色健康畜禽产品,保障人民群众舌尖上的安全。因此,普洱市制定出兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动的指导原则,并组织开展相关工作,在工作过程中总结工作经验和成果,不断探索全新的策略和技术,为更好的推广实施兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动工作提供有力保障。

养殖规模对兽用抗生素减量化影响的实证分析

为深化养殖业供给侧结构性改革,维护养殖业生产安全,促进动物源性食品安全和公共卫生安全,近年来全国范围内都在深入推进兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动。本研究对河北省573家养殖户展开调查,在理论分析的基础上,利用Probit模型对养殖户抗生素减量化行为及其影响因素进行分析,并着重考察养殖规模程度对抗生素减量化行为的影响。结果表明:养殖规模越大,采取抗生素减量化行为的可能性就越大,不同养殖规模的农户抗生素减量化行为决策主要受到成本增加和期望损失的影响,且这种影响比较稳健。除此之外,养殖户年龄、受教育程度、用法认知、政策认知也对抗生素减量化行为产生显著的正向影响。最后提出相关建议来规范养殖户行为,引导养殖户抗生素使用做到合理合法。

不同季节生产浓香型中高温包包曲的分析与探讨

以不同季节生产的浓香型中高温包包曲为研究对象,探讨大曲发酵过程中理化指标、微生物动态变化及酿造过程中大曲量化使用模型,结果表明:各季节大曲理化指标和微生物含量变化趋势大体一致,但春秋季节大曲理化指标明显高于夏季,夏季大曲微生物多样性明显高于春秋季节,通过分析糟醅发酵状况,合理搭配各季节大曲,能起到改良酿酒工艺,降低消耗,推进酿酒业发展的作用。

Electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of as-cast and as-spun RE-Mg-Ni-Co-Al-based alloys applied to Ni/MH battery

The La-Mg-Ni-Co-Al-based AB2-type La0.8-xCe0.2YxMgNi3.4Co0.4Al0.1(x=0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2)alloys were prepared via melt spinning.The analyses of the X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)proved that the experimental alloys contain the main phase LaMgNi4 and the second phase LaNi5.Increasing Y content and spinning rate lead to grain refinement and obvious change of the phase abundance without changing phase composition.Y substitution for La and melt spinning make the life-span of the alloys improved remarkably,which is attributed to the improvement of anti-oxidation,anti-pulverization and anti-corrosion abilities.In addition,the discharge capacity visibly decreases with increasing the Y content,while it firstly increases and then decreases with increasing spinning rate.The electrochemical kinetics increases to the optimum performance and then reduces with increasing spinning rate.Moreover,all the alloys achieve to the highest discharge capacities just at the initial cycle without activation.

A Quantized Kernel Least Mean Square Scheme with Entropy-Guided Learning for Intelligent Data Analysis

Quantized kernel least mean square(QKLMS) algorithm is an effective nonlinear adaptive online learning algorithm with good performance in constraining the growth of network size through the use of quantization for input space. It can serve as a powerful tool to perform complex computing for network service and application. With the purpose of compressing the input to further improve learning performance, this article proposes a novel QKLMS with entropy-guided learning, called EQ-KLMS. Under the consecutive square entropy learning framework, the basic idea of entropy-guided learning technique is to measure the uncertainty of the input vectors used for QKLMS, and delete those data with larger uncertainty, which are insignificant or easy to cause learning errors. Then, the dataset is compressed. Consequently, by using square entropy, the learning performance of proposed EQ-KLMS is improved with high precision and low computational cost. The proposed EQ-KLMS is validated using a weather-related dataset, and the results demonstrate the desirable performance of our scheme.

Effect of Different Winter Cover Crops on Carbon Dioxide Emission in Paddy Field of Double Cropping Rice Area in Southern China

In this study, a two-year experiment was conducted by suing a static chamber method to observe the effects of straw recycling of winter cover crops measure on CO2 emission fluxes in southern China. Three patterns of winter use were performed in the paddy field, including RRR （rice-rice-ryegrass （Lolium multiflorum L.） cropping system）, CRR （rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch （Astragalus sinicus L.） cropping system） and FRR （rice-rice cropping system with winter fallow）. During the winter, the average daily CO2 fluxes were greater （P 〈 0.05） in the RRR and CRR than the FRR. During the winter crop growing seasons, both the average daily CO2 fluxes and the total CO2 emissions were different as the following orders： RRR 〉 CRR 〉 FRR. The average CO2 fluxes during early rice and late rice season were similar. The highest CO2 flux was found at rice tillering stage with an order as the follows： RRR 〉 CRR 〉 FRR and CRR 〉 RRR 〉 FRR both in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The annual CO2 emissions of RRR and CRR were significantly higher respectively by 857.0 g.CO2-C.m2 and 607.4 g.CO2-C.m-2 than the FRR. The results show that straw recycling of winter cover crops measure may strongly influence the CO2 emission in paddy field in southern China.

The Fuel Temperature Variation Used as Fuel Diesel-Palm Oil Mixtures under Constant Fuel Consumption

This work examines the effect of fuel temperature in the gas emissions that is used in a four-stroke diesel engine under maximum constant fuel consumption. The fuel temperatures that were used are 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70℃ and 80 ℃. The engine was functioned under full load condition when it was using different mixtures of diesel-palm oil as fuel. For those fuel temperatures and for any mixture of fuel the gas emissions of carbon monoxide （CO）, hydrocarbons （HC）, nitrogen monoxide （NO） and rotate speed of engine are examined.

The quantification of quantum nonlocality by characteristic function

We propose a way to measure the strength of quantum nonlocal correlation (QNC) based on the characteristic function, which is defined as a response function under the local quantum measurement in a composite system. It is found that the strength of QNC based on the characteristic function is a half-positive-definite function and does not change under any LU operation. Generally, we give a new definition for quantum entanglement using the strength function. Furthermore, we also give a separability-criterion for 2×m-dimensional mixed real matrix. This paper proposes an alternative way for QNC further research.

Spatio-temporal variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in the upper Yangtze River basin from 1990 to 2012

The net anthropogenic nitrogen input(NANI) is an important nutrient source that causes eutrophication in water bodies. Understanding the spatio-temporal variation of NANI is important for regional environment assessment and management.This paper calculated NANI in the upper Yangtze River basin(YRB), upstream of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD), from1990 to 2012, and analyzed its spatio-temporal characteristics. Over the past 23 years of the study, the average annual NANI increased from 3200 kg N km^(-2) to 4931 kg N km^(-2). The major components were fertilizer N application, atmospheric N deposition,and net food and feed N import. In the northwest high mountainous region with a sparse population, the main component was atmospheric N deposition. Fertilizer N application and net food and feed N import were concentrated in the Chengdu Plain because of the high population density and large areas of farmland. This research found that NANI increased with rapid urbanization and increasing population. The Pearson correlation results illustrated that the spatial distributions of NANI and its major components were affected by land cover/use, agricultural GDP and total population. Increasing NANI has been the major cause of the degrading stream water quality over the past 20 years and is becoming a major threat to the water quality of the TGD reservoir.

Optimization of Pyrolysis Properties using TGA and Cone Calorimeter Test

The present paper describes an optimization work to obtain the properties related to a pyrolysis process in the solid material such as density, specific heat, conductivity of virgin and char, heat of pyrolysis and kinetic parameters used for deciding pyrolysis rate. A repulsive particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain the pyrolysis-related properties. In the previous study all properties obtained only using a cone calorimeter but in this paper both the cone calorimeter and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) are used for precisely optimizing the pyrolysis properties. In the TGA test a very small mass is heated up and conduction and heat capacity in the specimen is negligible so kinetic parameters can first be optimized. Other pyrolysis-related properties such as virgin/char specific heat and conductivity and char density are also optimized in the cone calorimeter test with the already decided parameters in the TGA test.