市政公路工程概预算中的土石方正确计量方法

为提高市政公路工程概预算工作效率,加强土石方正确计量是不可忽视的内容,也是工作人员应该重点关注的内容。结合市政公路工程概预算实际工作,介绍了土石方正确计量的原则和现实意义,分析了具体应用,并就提高土石方计量水平提出相应对策。

市政和公路工程概预算中的土石方正确计量方法

路基土石方工程对于市政和公路工程来说,是比较重要的,相关的工程造价在工程造价中占据了较大的比例。土石方工程数量的计算属于计算路基土石方工程造价的主要基础,其中涉及到了土方的计算以及石方的计算。正确计算土石方工程数量,对于整体的工程造价来说,是比较重要的。

菌根真菌调控灌木铁线莲根际土壤生态化学计量特征对氮沉降的应激响应

【目的】对比1年生灌木铁线莲菌根苗与非菌根苗根际土壤生态化学计量特征对氮沉降的响应规律,分析菌根生物技术对苗木根际土壤微生态环境的调控机制,为探究全球气候变化背景下生态系统稳定性提供理论参考。【方法】以1年生盆栽灌木铁线莲菌根苗(3种丛枝菌根真菌接种处理:根内根孢囊霉、摩西斗管囊霉单一接种和2种AMF菌剂等质量1∶1混合接种)和非菌根苗(未接菌处理)为研究对象,设置4个氮沉降处理,即不施氮(0N,0 g·m^(-2)a^(-1))、低氮(LN,3 g·m^(-2)a^(-1))、中氮(MN,6 g·m^(-2)a^(-1))和高氮(HN,9 g·m^(-2)a^(-1)),分析1年生灌木铁线莲根际土壤有效养分生态化学计量比、微生物生物量化学计量比、酶化学计量比和微生物养分限制(向量长度表示微生物碳相对限制程度;向量角表示微生物氮或磷相对限制程度)等指标,探究接菌和氮沉降处理对根际土壤微生物代谢的调控机制。【结果】各氮沉降处理中,3种接菌处理苗木根际土壤可溶性有机碳与有效氮的比值和可溶性有机碳与有效磷的比值均高于未接菌处理。3种接菌处理中,HN处理根际土壤有效氮与有效磷的比值最大,显著(P<0.05)高于LN处理;而未接菌处理根际土壤有效氮与有效磷的比值则在MN处理最大,显著(P<0.05)高于LN处理。0N处理下,未接菌处理微生物生物量氮与微生物生物量磷的比值显著(P<0.05)高于其他3种接菌处理,而MN和HN处理下,未接菌处理微生物生物量氮与微生物生物量磷的比值显著(P<0.05)低于其他3种接菌处理。LN处理下,接种摩西斗管囊霉处理微生物生物量碳与微生物生物量氮的比值分别较未接菌处理、接种根内根孢囊霉处理和混合接菌处理显著(P<0.05)增加208.5%、109.2%和209.4%。0N处理下,3种接菌处理中与碳和氮转化相关酶的化学计量比、与碳和磷转化相关酶的化学计量比、向量长度和向量角均显著(P<0.05)高于未接菌处理;而HN处理下,不同接菌处理的向量长度间无显著差异。接菌处理对微生物碳限制和磷限制的总效应系数大于氮沉降处理,且接菌处理导致微生物碳限制和磷限制增加。【结论】接种菌根真菌可有效调控根际土壤生态化学计量特征对低氮沉降的响应,其中摩西斗管囊霉的调控能力最强;接菌处理对根际土壤微生物碳限制和磷限制的调控作用大于氮沉降处理。

Energies and Transition Rates of Low-Lying Excited States for Beryllium

Low lying excited states of beryllium are calculated with multiconfiguration interaction method. The relativisitic corrections and mass polarization are included. The oscillator strength and radiation rates are also calculated. Our results are in good agreement with other theoretical data.

不同施肥模式下轮作制度引起的土壤磷素有效性变化及其影响因素

【目的】探究不同轮作体系对土壤磷素有效性的影响,评估不同轮作体系土壤磷素活化潜力,为农田磷素高效利用提供科学依据。【方法】试验于2018—2020年在江苏省如皋市农业科学研究所开展,设置水稻-小麦(R-W)、水稻-油菜(R-O)、水稻-包菜(R-C)、水稻-闲田(R-F)4个轮作模式,每种轮作模式下设置3种施肥处理,分别为不施肥处理(CK)、不施磷处理(NK)、氮磷钾肥处理(NPK)。通过分析旱季和稻季成熟期不同施肥条件下地上部作物吸磷量、土壤磷组分含量、土壤微生物量及碱性磷酸酶活性等,明确不同水旱轮作体系下土壤磷素平衡及有效性变化规律,并探究其主要影响因素。【结果】NK处理下土壤磷素的严重失衡导致不同轮作体系土壤有效磷的补充存在差异。在NK处理下,R-O轮作可以保持较高的磷素输出以及促进土壤有效磷的补充。具体表现为NK处理下旱季R-O轮作体系下土壤活性磷相对含量较其他轮作体系低5.7%—7.3%,土壤中等活性磷和稳定性磷相对含量分别较其他轮作体系高4.2%—6.4%和0.9%—1.9%。相比之下,NK处理下稻季土壤中等活性磷相对含量较其他轮作体系高0.5%—3.0%,活性磷和稳定性磷相对含量则分别较其他轮作体系低0—1.5%和0.2%—2.3%。NK处理下,R-O轮作土壤微生物量碳磷比在旱季和稻季均相对较小,且在稻季时显著低于R-W轮作。土壤微生物量氮磷比也具有类似的规律。R-O轮作土壤碱性磷酸酶在旱季和稻季均保持较高活性。路径分析模型表明,磷素携出量(-0.53)和碱性磷酸酶(-0.51)分别对旱季和稻季土壤有效磷含量的贡献最高。【结论】在土壤磷素相对亏缺时,水稻-油菜轮作可以通过在旱季释放更多的碱性磷酸酶和调节稻季的土壤微生物量碳磷比,进而促进微生物活化非活性态磷库以补充活性态磷库,以保证在不影响磷素输出的情况下维持土壤有效磷含量的相对稳定。

Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties in Spherical Quantum Dots

We calculate the energy eigenvalues and the sate functions of one-electron Quantum Dot （QD） by using a combination of Quantum Genetic Algorithm （QGA） and Hartre-Fock-Roothaan （HFR） method. The linear and the third-order nonlinear optical absorption coefficients for the 1s-1p, 1p-1d, and 1d-1f transitions are examined as a function of the incident photon energy for three different values of the stoichiometric ratio. The results show that the stoichiometric ratio, impurity, relaxation time, and dot size have great influence on the optical absorption coefficients of QDs.

China's Optimal Industrial Structure:Theoretical Model and Econometric Estimation

With analysis of producer's and factor supplier's dual optimization motives,this paper developed an optimal nominal output growth rate model that can conduct quantified estimation.Result of estimation of China's optimal industrial structure between1992 and 2009 indicates that optimal nominal output growth rate model has successfully quantified the impact of major events occurring in the process of China's economic operation on the level of deviation between actual industrial structure and optimal industrial structure.Quantitative indicators involved in this model can provide industrial policy instruments for the Chinese government in developing and adjusting industrial structure targets,optimizing resource allocation and advancing industrial structure optimization and upgrade.

Determination of volatile components in cut tobacco with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric resolution

Chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was used to analyze the volatile components of cut tobacco samples with the help of heuristic evolving latent projections(HELP).After extracting with simultaneous distillation and extraction method,the volatile components in cut tobacco were detected by GC-MS.Then the obtained original two-dimensional data were resolved into pure mass spectra and chromatograms.The qualitative analysis was performed by similarity searches in the national institute of standards and technology(NIST)mass database with the obtained pure mass spectrum of each component and the quantitative results were obtained by calculating the volume of total two-way response.The accuracy of qualitative and quantitative results were greatly improved by using the two-dimensional comprehensive information of chromatograms and mass spectra.107 of 141 separated constituents in the total ion chromatogram of the volatile components were identified and quantified,accounting for about 88.01% of the total content.The result proves that the developed method is powerful for the analysis of complex cut tobacco samples.

Quantum Chemical Calculations and Experimental Studies on 2,3-Diphenyl-tetrazole-5-thione

Diphenyl-tetrazole-5-thione has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and FTIR spectra. The extended MO calculations by using density functional theory (DFT) and self-consistent field molecular orbital Hartree-Fock theory with 6-31gG* basis set were carried out. The optimized structure and atomic charge distributions have been investi- gated, showing the exocyclic sulfur atom has the biggest negative charge value and this site is the most likely site of protonation and methylation as well as the potential coordination site with metallic ions. The predicted harmonic vibration frequencies are compared to the experimental values. On the basis of vibrational analyses, the thermodynamic properties of this compound at different temperature have been calculated, revealing the correlations between C0p, m, S0m, H0m and temperature.

Volume Estimation of Small Scale Debris Flows Based on Observations of Topographic Changes Using Airborne LiDAR DEMs

This paper describes a geographic information system(GIS)-based method for observing changes in topography caused by the initiation, transport, and deposition of debris flows using highresolution light detection and ranging(LiDAR) digital elevation models(DEMs) obtained before and after the debris flow events. The paper also describes a method for estimating the volume of debris flows using the differences between the LiDAR DEMs. The relative and absolute positioning accuracies of the LiDAR DEMs were evaluated using a real-time precise global navigation satellite system(GNSS) positioning method. In addition, longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of the study area were constructed to determine the topographic changes caused by the debris flows. The volume of the debris flows was estimated based on the difference between the LiDAR DEMs. The accuracies of the relative and absolute positioning of the two LiDAR DEMs were determined to be ±10 cm and ±11 cm RMSE, respectively, which demonstrates the efficiency of the method for determining topographic changes at an scale equivalent to that of field investigations. Based on the topographic changes, the volume of the debris flows in the study area was estimated to be 3747 m3, which is comparable with the volume estimated based on the data from field investigations.

Experimental research on influence of emulsifier on crystallization quantity of emulsion explosives under dynamic pressure

Dynamic pressure was applied on emulsion explosive by using an underwater explosion measuring apparatus, and the crystallization quantity was measured by dissolution method after emulsion explosive was pressed; the influence of emulsi- fier content and type was analyzed. The experimental results show that emulsifier content and type have an important effect on crystallization quantity of emulsion explosive. The crystallization quantity will reduce with Span-g0 content from 2% to 4%, so the demulsification and crystallization will decrease if the emulsifier content improves appropriately and the dynamic pressure resistance will increase. For emulsion explosive emulsified by T-152 and Span-g0, the crystallization quantity with T-152 is less than that of Span-g0 under the same dynamic pressure. This shows that the emulsifying effect ofT-152 is better than Soan-80.

Environmental capacity of chemical oxygen demand in the Bohai Sea: modeling and calculation

A three-dimensional advection-diffusion model coupled with the degradation process is established for describing the transport of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Comparison of the simulated distribution of COD at the surface in the Bohai Sea in August, 2001 with field observations, shows that the model simulates the dataset reasonably well. The Laizhou Bay, Bohai Bay, and Liaodong Bay were contaminated heavily near shore. Based on the optimal discharge flux method, the Environmental Capacity (EC) and allocated capacities of COD in the Bohai Sea are calculated. For seawater of Grades I to IV of the Chinese National Standard, the ECs of COD in the Bohai Sea were 77×104 t/a, 116×104 t/a, 154×104 t/a and 193×104 t/a, respectively. The Huanghe (Yellow) River pollutant discharge accounted for the largest percentage of COD at 14.3%, followed by that of from the Liugu River (11.5%), and other nine local rivers below 10%. The COD level in 2005 was worse than that of Grade II seawater and was beyond the environmental capacity. In average, 35% COD reduction is called to meet the standard of Grade I seawater.

CO_2 flux and seasonal variability in the turbidity maximum zone and surrounding area in the Changjiang River estuary

The turbidity maximum zone(TMZ) is one of the most important regions in an estuary.However,the high concentration of suspended material makes it difficult to measure the partial pressure of CO_2(pCO_2) in these regions.Therefore,very little data is available on the pCO_2 levels in TMZs.To relatively accurately evaluate the CO_2 flux in an example estuary,we studied the TMZ and surrounding area in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary.From seasonal cruises during February,August,November 2010,and May 2012,the pCO_2 in the TMZ and surrounding area was calculated from pH and total alkalinity(TA)measured in situ,from which the CO_2 flux was calculated.Overall,the TMZ and surrounding area acted as a source of atmosphere CO_2 in February and November,and as a sink in May and August.The average FCO_2was-9,-16,5,and 5 mmol/(m^2·d) in May,August,November,and February,respectively.The TMZ's role as a source or sink of atmosphere CO_2 was quite different to the outer estuary.In the TMZ and surrounding area,suspended matter,phytoplankton,and pH were the main factors controlling the FCO_2,but here the influence of temperature,salinity,and total alkalinity on the FCO_2 was weak.Organic carbon decomposition in suspended matter was the main reason for the region acting as a CO_2 source in winter,and phytoplankton production was the main reason the region was a CO_2 sink in summer.

Design and Performance of a Controlled Environment Mini-chamber for Measuring Produce Quality Deterioration

To minimize losses between harvest and retail display, a system is needed to track temperature and RH exposure of fresh produce and predict its quality at each step of the distribution chain. With accurate models, such system could （1） identify problematic situations before losses occur; （2） become a management tool for decision makers; and （3） help quantify the real impact of individual inappropriate conditions. A project was initiated to develop models required for such a decision system. Because the data required to develop models were not available for most fruit and vegetables, a series of storage trials was planned for measuring changes in physiological and microbial quality, and development of physiological disorders and/or diseases, as a function of time, temperature and RH. To meet this objective, controlled environment mini-chambers were designed, built and instrumented for measuring the effect of traceable environmental conditions encountered during storage and transportation of fresh horticultural produce of similar size and shape as tomato. Detailed design and performance evaluation of these mini-chambers are presented.

Assessment of the Influence of Torrefied Biomass Physical Characteristics, Design and Operating Variables on Gasification Efficiency

Gasification efficiency is an important factor that determines the actual technical operation as well as the economic viability of using a gasifier system for energy production. In this study, the impact of the physical properties of torrefied bagasse and the influence of gasifier design and operating variables were investigated in a computer simulated downdraft gasification system. Results obtained from the study indicated an interrelationship between feedstock characteristics, especially with regard to feed size, design variables such as throat angle and throat diameter as well as gasifier operating conditions such as temperature of input air and feed input. These variables influenced the efficiency of the gasification process of sugarcane bagasse because of increased enhancement of combustion zone reactions, which liberated huge amount of heat that led to a rise in the temperature of the gasification process. This condition also created increased tar cracking within the gasification system, contributing to reduction in the overall yield of tar.

EXACT ANALYSIS OF SPURIOUS SIGNALS IN DIRECT DIGITAL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS DUE TO AMPLITUDE QUANTIZATION

Amplitude quantization is one of the main sources of spurious noise frequencies in Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers (DDFSs), which affect their application to many wireless telecommu- nication systems. In this paper, two different kinds of spurious signals due to amplitude quantization in DDFSs are exactly formulated in the time domain and detailedly compared in the frequency do- main, and the effects of the DDFS parameter variations on the spurious performance are thoroughly studied. Then the spectral properties and power levels of the amplitude-quantization spurs in the absence of phase-accumulator truncation are emphatically analyzed by waveform estimation and computer simulation, and several important conclusions are derived which can provide theoretical support for parameter choice and spurious performance evaluation in the application of DDFSs.

Monte Carlo Simulations for a Preliminary Design of TRIGA IPR-R1 PGAA Facility

In this paper, the evaluation of a preliminary design of a PGAA （prompt gamma activation analysis） facility based on Monte Carlo simulations is presented and discussed. The implementation of the PGAA method at the CDTN （nuclear technology development centre） would increase the applications of the TRIGA reactor. The preliminary design is based on a quasi vertical hollow cylinder （called neutron extractor） in the reactor pool to extract the neutron flux. This study evaluates the neutron flux in the upper position of the cylinder in the suggested position of the samples to be analyzed by the PGAA. The calculations of the radioactive capture reaction rates and of the detection limits for some isotopes were performed. Through all these calculations, the feasibility of the application of the PGAA method at the IPR-R1 installations was evaluated. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that is possible to apply the PGAA method at the IPR-R1 reactor, even with its design restrictions.

Study on CO_2 Emission Reduction from Chinese Coal-Fired Power Plants Between 1993 and 2010

Based on the Chinese thermal coal and power generation data,such as ultimate analysis,proximate analysis,low heat value(LHV)on as received basis,power generation volume,thermal coal consumption volume and net coal consumption rate,several mathematical models for calculating CO 2 reduction by Chinese coal-fired power plants are established.Calculations of the CO 2 emission factor(CEF),the CO 2 emission volume and reduction volume are made according to these models.The calculation results reveal that between 1993 and 2010,the CO 2 emission volume reached 31.069 Gt,reduced by 0.439 Gt,averaging 28.83 Mt each year.

Fingerprint analysis of Ophiopogonis Radix by HPLC-UV-ELSD coupled with chemometrics methods

A new, simple and reliable method using HPLC-UV-ELSD was developed to generate the fingerprint of Ophiopogonis Radix. Homoisoflavonoids and steroidal saponins were determined simultaneously in a single run. A total of 27 Ophiopogonis Radix samples were analyzed, and 18 reference substances were used for the identification of the common peaks. The fingerprint was further analyzed by chemometrics methods including similarity analysis （SA）, hierarchical clustering analysis （HCA） and principal component analysis （PCA）. The results indicated that the combination of chromatographic fingerprint and chemometrics analysis could be used for the geographical differentiation and quality evaluation of Ophiopognnis Radix.

短期氮添加对黄土高原人工刺槐林土壤有机碳组分的影响

人类活动背景下,氮(N)沉降持续影响着生态系统的碳循环.氮沉降对土壤有机碳的影响与不同碳组分的差异性响应有关.为探究短期氮沉降背景下土壤有机碳组分变化及其影响因素,基于野外氮添加试验,以刺槐人工林为研究对象,共设置4个氮添加梯度:0(CK)、1.5(N1)、3(N2)和6(N3)g·(m^(2)·a)^(-1),分别在6月和9月进行取样,测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性.结果表明:(1)外源氮输入降低了土壤pH,促进可溶性有机碳含量的增加,增加了土壤氮素有效性.(2)短期氮添加显著降低了土壤有机碳含量,且有机碳各组分对氮添加响应不同.其中,易氧化有机碳含量显著降低,且在N2处理下达到最低,与对照相比分别降低了54.4%和48.2%,惰性有机碳含量增加,但增加不显著.氮添加降低了土壤碳库活度,提高了土壤碳库的稳定性.土壤碳库活度分别在N3和N2处理下达到最低,与对照相比分别降低了53.3%和52.80%.(3)随机森林模型表明,短期氮添加下土壤微生物生物量化学计量比、微生物生物量碳和AP是驱动土壤有机碳活度变化的关键因子,分别解释了易氧化有机碳和惰性有机碳变化的65.96%和66.68%.结构方程模型验证了随机森林模型的结果,土壤微生物生物量化学计量比显著影响了碳库活度.短期氮添加主要通过增加土壤氮素有效性和促进土壤酸化两个途径,改变刺槐人工林土壤微生物生物量及其计量比,抑制胞外碳水解酶活性,从而改变土壤碳组分比例,参与土壤有机碳循环过程.