Design of similarity measure for discrete data and application to multi-dimension

Similarity measure design for discrete data group was proposed. Similarity measure design for continuous membership function was also carried out. Proposed similarity measures were designed based on fuzzy number and distance measure, and were proved. To calculate the degree of similarity of discrete data, relative degree between data and total distribution was obtained. Discrete data similarity measure was completed with combination of mentioned relative degrees. Power interconnected system with multi characteristics was considered to apply discrete similarity measure. Naturally, similarity measure was extended to multi-dimensional similarity measure case, and applied to bus clustering problem.

Recent advances in pseudocapacitor electrode materials: Transition metal oxides and nitrides

Faraday pseudocapacitors take both advantages of secondary battery with high energy density and supercapacitors with high power density,and electrode material is the key to determine the performance of Faraday pseudocapacitors.Transition metal oxides and nitrides,as the two main kinds of pseudocapacitor electrode materials,can enhance energy density while maintaining high power capability.Recent advances in designing nanostructured architectures and preparing composites with high specific surface areas based on transition metal oxides and nitrides,including ruthenium oxides,nickel oxides,manganese oxides,vanadium oxides,cobalt oxides,iridium oxides,titanium nitrides,vanadium nitrides,molybdenum nitrides and niobium nitrides,are addressed,which would provide important significances for deep researches on pseudocapacitor electrode materials.

Effect of Some Processing Variables on the Quality Attributes of Yam Flour

The effect of varied processing variables （yam slice thickness, drying temperatures and type of drying） were investigated to determine their effects on the proximate and some functional properties of yam flour. The yam flour was produced with different slice thickness of 1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 5 cm using both conventional sun drying method and oven drying at temperatures; 40 ~C, 50 ~C, 60 ~C and 70 ~C. The moisture content of all the yam flour samples increased with increasing yam slice thickness, with the samples sun dried having the lowest values （6.20%-6.87%） followed by those dried at 70 ~C and then 60 ~C. The protein content of the yam flour samples increased with increase in slice thickness and decreased with increase in drying temperatures while the fat and the crude fibre of all the yam flour samples decreased with increase in slice thickness. The water absorption capacity of the sun dried yam flour samples decreased with increase in slice thickness while the syneresis value, bulk density and the gel strength increased with increase in slice thickness for all drying temperatures and for sun dried yam flour samples but smaller slice thickness had higher swelling capacity.

Research of Dynamic Variations in the Gravitational Field of Forthcoming Volcano Eruption

There is expounded the theory of＂gravitational＂ wave propagation from the volcano crater （magma） under changing density of magma mass inside the volcano. It was revealed that while the abruptly accelerated magma movement during starting period began eruption, the registered ＂gravitational＂ waves were being emitted and were propagating with the velocity greater than that of sound and seismic waves velocity. Alteration of ＂gravitational＂ waves velocity under the magma movement can be additional feature in prognosis of the start time of volcano eruption. The considered method might be effective when making up prognoses of underwater volcano eruption.

Introduction to cognitive assessment scales in screening for mild cognitive impairment after stroke: A review

Objective:In order to improve the quality of life of patients more effectively,this paper introduces the types and usages of scales for screening mild cognitive dysfunction after stroke and provides a basis for early identification of mild cognitive impairment.Methods:Read,analyze,summarize,and sort out relevant literature.Results:The mild cognitive impairment assessment scales are broadly divided into two categories:the comprehensive rating scales and the special assessment scales.There are 7 comprehensive assessment scales for the comprehensive rating scales,among which the Mini-mental State of Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale are the most widely used.The special assessment scales are mainly evaluated by the symptoms of cognitive dysfunction and can be divided into five types.Conclusion:Early diagnosis and intervention in patients with cognitive dysfunction will help improve the prognosis of patients.Each assessment scale has its advantages and limitations in both sensitivity and discrimination.Effective use of appropriate scales to diagnose cognitive dysfunction and to screen early,to prevent early,to treat early can effectively improve the quality of life of elderly patients.

Biomass and bio-energy production of ten multipurpose tree species planted in sodic soils of indo-gangetic plains

Ten multipurpose tree species, Terminalia arjuna, Azadirechta indica, Prosopis juliflora, Pongamia pinnata, Casuarina equisetifolia, Prosopis alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Pithecellobium dulce and Cassia siamea, were raised in a monoculture tree cropping system on the sodic soil of Gangetic alluvium in north India （26° 47° N： 80°46′ E） for 10 years to evaluate the biomass and bio-energy production. The soil was compact, sodic and impervious to water associated with nutrient deficiency or toxicity. Maximum plant height was recorded with E. tereticornis followed by C.equisetifolia and P. juliflora. A. nilotica performed better than the other species in terms of diameter at breast height （DBH） with a basal area of 13.04 m^2·ha^-1, followed by P. juliflora and C. equisetifolia. P. juliflora and A. nilotica produced nearly similar biomass of 56.50 and 50.75 Mg·ha^-1, respectively, at 10 years; whereas, A. indica, P. pinnata, C. siamea and P. alba did not perform well. P. juliflora scored maximum in net biomass production and nutrient demand. Nutrient （N, P, K, Ca, and Mg） concentrations were higher in leaf component of P. juliflora. However, in woody components, there was little variation between the species. N removal for production of one ton of wood was lowest in Acacia nilotica, P in T. arjuna, K in P. dulce and Ca and Mg in P. juliflora. P. juliflora gave the highest energy production of 1267.75 GJ.ha^-1 followed by A. nilotica with 1206 GJ.ha^-1 and the lowest ofA. indica （520.66 GJ.ha^-1）.

Selection of a Minimal Complexity of a Transformation Functions of Pressure Sensors with a Maintained Given Measurement Accuracy

For series manufacture of pressure sensors, stage of technological tests is performed, related to a definition of the manufacturing accuracy of the sensors. Technological test plan of pressure sensors involves testing the sensors on certain fixed temperature and pressure points available in the table. According to a test results, we determine transformation function mathematical model coefficients of sensors and accordance by the claimed accuracy class, of the manufactured sensors. The cost of pressure sensors mostly depends on the cost of this step and determined by the complexity of the used transformation function model. The analysis of a contemporary works associated with the choice of transformation functions for smart pressure sensors. A new proposed indicator of model complexity of a sensor transformation function. In details shown features of the complexity indicator use and given an example. In the article was set and resolved the task to reduce the cost of the tests for commercially available sensors, by reducing the number of temperature points, without compromising the accuracy of the sensor measurement ability.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma adjacent to the axilla:a case report

We described a case of a 71-year-old woman with an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) in her left axilla,a rare location which hasn’t been reported yet.The patient suffered from numbness,pain and decreased muscle strength of her left upper extremity. Sonography revealed a hypoechoic mass surrounded the axillary artery and brachial artery. No obvious capsule was demonstrated.CT showed a soft-tissue mass with some calcifications and peripheral ring-like enhancement. The MRI indicated a mass with mainly intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted imagine and intermediate signal intensity on T2-weighted imagine. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic examination after surgery. There are some correlations of these imaging features with its histopathologic characters.

Augmented Kierlik-Rosinberg Fundamental Measure Functional and Extension of Fundamental Measure Functional to Inhomogeneous Non-hard Sphere Fluids

From point of view of weighted density procedure, it is guessed that a Percus-Yevick （PY） compressibility excess free energy density, appearing in the Kierlik Rosinberg type fundamental measure functional （KR-FMF） and expressed in terms of scaled particle variables, can be substituted by a corresponding expression dictated by a more accurate Mansoori Carnahan-Starling Leland （MCSL） equation of state, while retaining the original weighting functions; it is numerically indicated that the resultant undesirable non-self-consistency between the PY type weighting function and MCSL type excess free energy density had no bad effect on the performance of the resultant augmented KR-ffMF which, on the one hand, preserves the exact low-density limit of the original KR-FMF and holds a high degree of pressure self-consistency, on the other hand, improves significantly, as expected, the predictions of density profile of hard sphere fluid at single hard wall contact location and its vicinity, and of the bulk hard sphere second order direct correlation function （DCF）, obtained from functional differentiation. The FMF is made applicable to inhomogeneous non-hard sphere fluids by supplementing a functional perturbation expansion approximation truncated at the lowest order with summation of higher order terms beyond the lowest term calculated by the FMF for an effective hard sphere fluid; the resultant extended FMF only needs second order DCF and pressure of the fluid considered at coexistence state as inputs, consequently is applicable whether the considered temperature is above critical point or below critical point. The extended MCSL-augmented KR-FMF is found to be endowed with an excellent performance for predictions of density profile and surface tension by comparing the present predictions of these two quantities with available computer simulation data for inhomogeneous hard core attractive Yukawa fluid and Lennard-3ones fluid.

Advancement in Materials for Supercapacitors

As future improvement to the energy density and power density of supercapacitors relies on the availability of new materials, worldwide research has been undertaken to address this need. The recent advancement in new materials used for fabricating supercapacitors is reviewed in this paper. Among the newly emerged materials covered in this review are the activated graphene, conductive polymers, CNT （carbon nantotubes）, AC （activated carbons）, carbon additives and metal oxides for EDLC （electric double layer capacitors） and pseudocapacitors applications.

Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies and Applications

The current need to fasten the implementation of renewable energies greatly depends on the development of competitive storage devices, and while there is not a single technology which is likely capable to competitively cover the wide range of possible demands, electrochemical technologies are one of the most promising for many of them. For the realization of this promise, new materials fulfilling criteria such as high energy density, high power density, competitive cost, reliability, and environmental compatibility need to be developed in the near future. Electrochemical energy storage devices can be classified into two main technologies： supercapacitors and batteries （including redox flow batteries）. Materials and applications for these technologies are discussed and compared, listing current status, technical and strategic challenges.

Effects and driving factors of domestic sewage from different sources on nitrous oxide emissions in a bog

Direct sewage discharge may enhance soil nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions,worsening the greenhouse effect.However,the effects of sewage discharge into bogs on N_(2)O flux,drivers and influencing mechanisms remain unclear.Additionally,investigating the impact of reclaimed water on N_(2)O flux is important for bog replenishment and water shortage alleviation.This study simulated sewage from different sources into a bog and analyzed N_(2)O fluxes,soil(organic carbon,total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,total phosphorus,available phosphorus,pH and electrical conductivity),plant(species richness and biomass)and microorganisms(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,napA,nirS,nirK and nosZ genes).Results showed that the reclaimed water did not significantly change N_(2)O flux,while 50%tap water mixed with 50%domestic sewage and domestic sewage significantly increased the N_(2)O flux.Among soil factors,available nitrogen and pH were key in influencing N_(2)O flux.Among plant parameters,species richness was the primary factor affecting N_(2)O flux.Nitrogen transformation functional genes contributed the most to the increase in the N_(2)O fluxes,with an increase in domestic sewage input leading to a higher abundance of these genes and subsequent N_(2)O emissions.Therefore,domestic sewage should be considered,as it significantly increases N_(2)O emissions by affecting the soil,plants and microorganisms,thereby increasing the global warming potential.This study’s findings suggest that using treated reclaimed water for bog replenishment could be an environmentally friendly approach to wetland management.

The application of metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives for lithium-ion capacitors

There is an urgent need for lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)that have both high energy and high power densities to meet the continuously growing energy storage demands.LICs effectively balance the high energy density of traditional rechargeable batteries with the superior power density and long life of supercapacitors(SCs).Nevertheless,the development of LICs is still hampered by limited kinetic processes and capacity mismatch between the cathode and anode.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and their derivatives have received significant attention because of their extensive specific surface area,different pore structures and topologies,and customizable functional sites,making them compelling candidate materials for achieving high-performance LICs.MOF-derived carbons,known for their exceptional electronic conductivity and large surface area,provide improved charge storage and rapid ion transport.MOF-derived transition metal oxides contribute to high specific capacities and improved electrochemical stability.Additionally,MOF-derived metal compounds/carbons provide combined effects that increase both the capacitive and Faradaic reactions,leading to a superior overall performance.The review begins with an overview of the fundamental principles of LICs,followed by an exploration of synthesis strategies and ligand selection for MOF-based composite materials.It then analyzes the advantages of original MOFs and their derived materials,such as carbon materials and metal compounds,in enhancing LIC performance.Finally,the review discusses the major challenges faced by MOFs and their derivatives in LIC applications and offers future research directions and recommendations.

Effects of Plant Functional Types,Climate and Soil Nitrogen on Leaf Nitrogen along the North-South Transect of Eastern China

We conducted a systematic census of leaf N for 102 plant species at 112 research sites along the North-South Transect of Eastern China （NSTEC） following the same protocol, to explore how plant functional types （PFTs） and environmental factors affect the spatial pattern of leaf N. The results showed that mean leaf N was 17.7 mg g^-1 for all plant species. The highest and lowest leaf N were found in deciduous-broadleaf and evergreen-conifer species, respectively, and the ranking of leaf N from high to low was： deciduous 〉 evergreen species, broadleaf 〉 coniferous species, shrubs ≈ trees 〉 grasses. For all data pooled, leaf N showed a convex quadratic response to mean annual temperature （MAT）, and a negative linear relationship with mean annual precipitation （MAP）, but a positive linear relationship with soil nitrogen concentration （Nsoil）. These patterns were similar when PFTs were examined individually. Importantly, PFTs, climate and Nsoil, jointly explained 46.1% of the spatial variation in leaf N, of which the independent explanatory powers of PFTs, climate and Nsoil, were 15.6%, 2.3% and 4.7%, respectively. Our findings suggest that leaf N is regulated by climate and Nsoil, mainly via plant species composition. The wide scale empirical relationships developed here are useful for understanding and modeling of the effects of PFTs and environmental factors on leaf N.

从“虚拟位移”的角度看日语表达静态空间距离的方式

人类对空间距离的感知依赖于身体经验,而位移是人类感知空间距离的重要方式之一。当空间距离为客观不变的静态距离时,我们仍然可以把它识解为一种虚拟的位移。本文在充分吸收认知语言学在'虚拟位移'方面的研究成果的基础上,以两个不对称性为切入点,对日语表达静态空间距离时的虚拟位移现象进行了较为详细的描写和分析。此外,本文还探讨了日语用虚拟位移表达静态空间距离时的语用功能,并从量度功能和定位功能的角度指出了本文与传统虚拟位移研究的着眼点的不同。

Giant magnetostrictive materials

Giant magnetostrictive materials are a kind of functional materials developed since 1970s, known as their large magnetostrain and high energy density. In this paper, an introduction of magnetostriction and the history of magnetostrictive materials are described firstly. Then we review the recent developments of both rare earth and non-rare earth magnetostrictive materials. Finally, the tendency of developing new giant magnetostrictive materials is presented.

A review of negative electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors

With increasing demands for clean and sustainable energy, the advantages of high power density, high efficiency, and long life expectancy have made supercapacitors one of the major emerging devices for electrochemical energy storage and power supply. However, one of the key challenges for SCs is their limited energy density, which has hindered their wider application in the field of energy storage. Despite significant progress has been achieved in the fabrication of high-energy density positive electrodes materials, negative electrode materials with high capacitance and a wide potential window are relatively less explored. In this review, we introduced some new negative electrode materials except for common carbon-based materials and what's more, based on our team's work recently, we put forward some new strategies to solve their inherent shortcoming as electrode material for SCs.

Nitrogen-doped black titania for high performance supercapacitors

For energy storage system,it is still a huge challenge to achieve high energy density and high power density simultaneously.One potential solution is to fabricate electrochemical capacitors(ECs),which store electric energy through surface ion adsorption or redox reactions.Here we report a new electrode material,heavy nitrogen-doped(9.29 at.%)black titania(TiO2-x:N).This unique hybrid material,consisting of conductive amorphous shells supported on nanocrystalline cores,has rapid N-mediated redox reaction(TiO2-xNy+zH++ze■-TiO2-xNyHz),especially in acidic solutions,providing a specific capacitance of 750 Fg-1at 2 m V s-1(707 Fg-1at 1 A g-1),great rate capability(503 F g-1at 20 Ag-1),and maintain stable after initial fading.Being a new developed supercapacitor material,nitrogen-doped black titania may revive the oxide-based supercapacitors.

Error Analysis on Hérmite Learning with Gradient Data

This paper deals with Hermite learning which aims at obtaining the target function from the samples of function values and the gradient values. Error analysis is conducted for these algorithms by means of approaches from convex analysis in the frame- work of multi-task vector learning and the improved learning rates are derived.

Increased working voltage of hexamine-coated porous carbon for supercapacitors

Highly porous carbon, both unmodified and hexamine-coated on the pore surfaces, is tested at high working voltages in organic electrolyte for supercapacitors in order to enhance the energy density and power density.Sol–gel processing allows for excellent control of the porous structure and chemical composition of carbon,resulting in a material with high surface area and a low level of impurities. This porous carbon can be modified using a simple solution-based method to enhance capacitance. Increasing the working voltage from 2.0 to 3.0 V significantly improves performance for both unmodified and hexamine-coated carbon. The energy density and power density increase at higher working voltage, and under certain conditions, the capacitance increases as well.Cyclic stability is also investigated, with hexamine-coated carbon retaining more of its initial capacitance than unmodified carbon at all working voltages.