金属单原子催化剂增强硫正极动力学的研究进展

单质硫具有理论能量密度高(2600 Wh·kg^(−1))、放电比容量高(1672 mAh·g^(−1))、成本低等优势,是锂硫电池的理想正极材料。然而,在充放电过程中硫正极迟缓的反应动力学显著地限制了锂硫电池的性能。金属单原子催化剂(SMACs)具有独特的电子结构、金属含量低、理论上100%的原子利用率、催化活性高等优势,其不仅有效地促进了不同中间相的转化反应,而且可为含硫物质提供丰富的锚定位点,从而显著优化硫正极氧化还原反应动力学、多硫化物的穿梭行为和锂硫电池电化学性能。本文以剖析金属单原子催化剂与硫正极间的相互作用为出发点,结合其催化效应表征技术,重点解析了不同类型单原子催化剂的构筑策略、活性调控及其优化硫正极氧化还原行为的机制,展望了金属单原子催化剂在锂硫电池领域面临的挑战和未来发展方向。

碳载金属单原子催化剂（英文）

金属单原子催化剂由于在氧还原反应和CO氧化反应等关键催化反应中表现出优异的性能而备受关注。构建高分散性金属单原子催化剂体系有助于从原子尺度认识催化反应,发现催化新机理,进而推进新型工业催化剂的开发。最新研究表明,利用炭材料替代金属或金属氧化物载体,可以有效提高金属单原子催化剂的催化性能,石墨烯独特的结构和电子特性使其成为单原子催化剂的优良载体。然而,对于金属单原子催化剂和碳载体之间的钉扎机理以及金属单一活性位点的作用机理还有待进一步阐明。本文总结了炭材料作为金属单原子载体的多重作用,特别是石墨烯晶格缺陷对金属单原子的钉扎机制;同时,对改进实验和理论研究方法,以及扩展应用范围和实现工业化应用提出了建议与展望。

金属单原子催化剂稳定、制备与应用的研究进展

金属单原子通常具有独特的物理和化学特性,在催化应用中展现出优越的催化剂活性,已成为催化领域的一个研究热点.单原子催化剂是一种由单个金属原子锚定在载体上的催化剂,其最大限度地提高了金属原子的利用效率.单原子催化剂的制备方法主要有湿法化学法、金属-有机配位法、原子层沉积法和高温裂解法.本文基于近几年国内外单原子催化剂的研究,总结了单原子稳定负载的主要条件,单原子最优结合位点的预测和判断方法.同时,围绕单原子催化剂的特性,系统地讨论了单原子催化剂在环境和能源等方面的应用,并进行了展望.

金属单原子模型催化剂热稳定性的反应力场(ReaxFF)分子动力学研究

金属催化剂的催化活性与其配位不饱和度密切相关,配位不饱和度越高,其催化活性一般也越高。单原子催化剂(SAC,或ad-atom)模型在金属表面上具有最小的配位数,因而往往表现为高的催化活性,但其热稳定性值得深入的研究。在本工作中,我们基于反应力场(ReaxFF),运用LAMMPS(large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator)软件包进行大尺度分子动力学模拟,研究单原子模型的热稳定性。模拟结果表明,只有Fe1/Fe(100)单原子催化模型可以在较高温度下稳定存在,而其他金属单原子表面分散结构则随温度升高而发生单原子聚集形成大的纳米颗粒或沉降的现象。同时我们也研究了在H2和O2气氛下Ni1/Ni(111)催化剂的动态行为,发现与真空环境相比,H2和O2气氛在一定程度上提高了催化剂的稳定性。

用于析氢反应的单层SbC负载过渡金属单原子催化剂设计

开发高效的电催化剂用于析氢反应(HER)对于满足未来大规模氢能需求具有重大意义。鉴于二维材料和单金属原子独特的结构优势,基于密度泛函理论方法,研究了10种不同过渡金属负载在单层碳化锑(SbC)上的HER活性。结果表明,Ir-SbC不仅热力学稳定,且吸附氢中间体后的吉布斯自由能值(ΔG_(H*))最优(仅为-0.016 eV),非常接近于0;进一步分析H-Ir-SbC的态密度和差分电荷密度发现,在-5到0 eV能量区间内,Ir和H之间发生了峰的交叠,说明它们存在键合相互作用和电荷转移,预示着Ir-SbC是一种潜在的有望替代铂等贵金属的HER催化剂。

Mn和Co线性单原子链填充Cu纳米管的稳定性和磁性

基于密度泛函理论框架下的第一性原理计算,系统地研究了过渡金属(TM)Mn和Co线性单原子链填充Cu纳米管所形成复合结构的稳定性和磁性.相对于孤立单原子链,复合结构的结合能大大增加,表明Cu纳米管的包裹使得Mn和Co单原子链的稳定性显著增强.随着管内TM原子间距的增加,Mn@CuNT复合结构表现出由反铁磁向铁磁的磁相变,而Co@CuNT复合结构则表现出由铁磁向反铁磁的磁相变.相对于自由单原子链,复合结构的磁晶各向异性能显著增强,且Cu纳米管的包裹使得Mn原子链的易磁化方向发生了改变.

近期热点文章

关键词:CO2转化·工业级电流密度电解器Z.L.Yin,H.Q.Peng,X.Wei,H.Zhou,J.Gong,M.M.Huai,L.Xiao,G.W.Wang,J.T.Lu,L.Zhuang.An Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte CO2 Electrolyzer Operated with Pure Water,Energy Environ.Sci.,2019,DOI:10.1039/c9ee01204d.利用可再生能源发电,以电化学方式将CO2转化为液态燃料或高附加值的化学品,是实现可再生能源利用和人工碳循环的重要途径.

Electrocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)generation for disinfection

Epidemics are threatening public health and social development.Emerging as a green disinfectant,H_(2)O_(2)can prevent the breakout of epidemics in migration.Electrochemical H_(2)O_(2)production powered by renewable electricity provides a clean and decentralized solution for on-site disinfection.This review firstly discussed the efficacy of H_(2)O_(2)in disinfection.Then necessary fundamental principles are summarized to gain insight into electrochemical H_(2)O_(2)production.The focus is on exploring pathways to realize a highly efficient H_(2)O_(2)production.Progress in advanced electrocatalysts,typically single-atom catalysts for the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction(2e−ORR),are highlighted to provide high H_(2)O_(2)selectivity design strategies.Finally,a rational design of electrode and electrolytic cells is outlined to realize the on-site disinfection.Overall,this critical review contributes to exploiting the potentials and constraints of electrochemical H_(2)O_(2)generation in disinfection and pinpoints future research directions required for implementation.

Metal-mediated catalysis in the gas phase: A review

This review summarizes a variety of experimentally identified gas‐phase catalytic cycles,all of which are mediated by atomic metal ions,bare metal clusters,metal oxide clusters or metal complexes.Emphasis is placed on the latest advances in the unique catalytic reactivity of cluster‐confined single noble metal atoms.The cycles discussed in this paper cover a wide range of inorganic and organic molecules.The use of start‐of‐the‐art mass spectrometric instrumentation in conjunction with quantum chemistry calculations is also reported,as these techniques have determined the mechanistic details of the elementary steps of such catalytic cycles.The important role of gas‐phase data in guiding the rational design of better‐performing catalysts in related condensed phase reactions is also examined.In particular,this review focuses on the following three topics:(1)the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide,(2)the catalytic functionalization of methane,and(3)catalytic decarboxylation.

Single‐atom catalysts on metal‐based supports for solar photoreduction catalysis

Metal atoms atomically dispersed on an inorganic metal‐based support compose a unique category of single atom catalysts(SACs)and have important applications in catalytic photoreduction reactions,including H_(2) evolution reaction,CO_(2) reduction reaction,and N_(2) reduction reaction.In this minreview,we summarized the typical metal‐support interaction(M‐SI)patterns for successful anchoring of single‐atom metals on metallic compound supports.Subsequently,the contribution of the dispersed single metal atoms and M‐SI to photocatalytic reactions with improved activity,selectivity,and stability are highlighted,such as by accelerating charge transfer,regulating band structure of the support,acting as the reductive sites,and/or increasing catalytic selectivity.Finally,some challenges and perspectives of future development are proposed.We anticipate that this minireview will be a beneficial supplement for a comprehensive perception of metal‐based material supported SACs and their application in heterogeneous photo‐reductive catalysis.

Density functional theory calculations on single atomic catalysis:Ti-decorated Ti3C2O2 monolayer(MXene)for HCHO oxidation

Formaldehyde(HCHO) is a common indoor pollutant, long-term exposure to HCHO may harm human health. Its efficient removal at mild conditions is still challenging. The catalytic oxidation of HCHO molecules on a single atomic catalyst, Ti-decorated Ti3C2O2(Ti/Ti3C2O2) monolayer, is investigated by performing the first principles calculations in this work. It demonstrates that Ti atoms can be easily well dispersed at the form of single atom on Ti3C2O2 monolayer without aggregation. For HCHO catalytic oxidation, both Langmuir-Hinshelwood(LH) and Eley-Rideal(ER) mechanisms are considered. The results show that the step of HCHO dissociative adsorption on Ti/Ti3C2O2 with activated O2 can release high energy of 4.05 e V based on the ER mechanism, which can help to overcome the energy barrier(1.04 e V) of the subsequent reaction steps. The charge transfer from *OH group to CO molecule(dissociated from HCHO) not only promotes *OH group activation but also plays an important role in the H2 O generation along the ER mechanism. Therefore, HCHO can be oxidized easily on Ti/Ti3C2O2 monolayer, this work could provide significant guidance to develop effective non-noble metal catalysts for HCHO oxidation and broaden the applications of MXene-based materials.

Pinpointing single metal atom anchoring sites in carbon for oxygen reduction: Doping sites or defects?

Enabling the conversion of chemical energy of fuels directly into electricity without combustion,fuel cells are arousing great interest in both academia and industry.A typical case is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC),already commercialized by automobile giants.For mass popularization,however,three major criteria must be balanced:performance,durability and cost.The electrocatalysts used in both the anode and cathode are the kernel of PEMFCs,being essential for efficient operation.First in the firing‐line is the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)at the cathode,which is normally very sluggish:over six orders of magnitude slower than the anode hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)[1].Thus,considerable efforts have been made to improve the cathode ORR.Identifying the main active sites is key to the design of optimum materials for enhanced ORR.Considering the complex balance of preparation,performance and cost,the active sites of metal‐nitrogen‐carbon(M‐N‐C)catalysts are particularly promising.Coupled with the single metal atom(SMA)catalysts[2–5],two excellent M‐N‐C catalysts were recently reported[6,7].New insights were thereby gained into the delicate architecture of carbon‐based SMA catalysts for ORR.

Influence of metal nuclearity and physicochemical properties of ceria on the oxidation of carbon monoxide

The redox properties of ceria make it suitable as a catalyst or support in oxidation reactions.Ceria-supported transition metal nanoparticles or isolated single atoms provide a metal-support interface that reduces the energy cost to remove interfacial oxygen atoms,providing active oxygen species that can participate in Mars van Krevelen oxidation processes.CO oxidation is a key probe reaction to test the reducibility of ceria-supported catalysts and is also practically important in the elimination of CO at relatively low temperatures in various applications.Preferential oxidation of CO(PROX)in excess H2 controls the CO concentration to ultra-low levels to prevent poisoning of hydrogen oxidation electrocatalysts.The reactivity of catalysts in CO oxidation and selectivity towards CO over H2 in PROX is dependent on the type and dispersion of metal species,the structural and chemical properties of Ce O2,and the synthetic preparation methods of the catalysts.In this review,we summarize recently published works on catalytic CO oxidation and PROX reactions on ceria-supported metal nanoparticles and single atoms.We summarize the reactivity on different supported metals,and on different Ce O2 surfaces with the same metal.We summarize the most likely reaction mechanisms as suggested by density functional theory calculations.The factors contributing to selectivity towards CO oxidation in PROX reactions on various supported metals are also discussed.

MN_(x)O_(4-x)作为ORR/OER活性位点的电催化性能研究

目前开发双功能电催化剂是解决金属-空气电池和燃料电池氧电极电化学过程缓慢及能量转化效率低等问题的重要手段之一,其中负载过渡金属单原子的氮掺杂石墨烯材料(M-N-C)被认为是最有希望替代贵金属的催化材料。研究表明M-N-C催化剂的高活性归因于其中过渡金属-氮氧配合物(MN_(x)O_(4-x))的存在,为了探究MN_(x)O_(4-x)配位结构对材料催化性能的影响,本研究基于第一性原理,通过在Fe-N-C材料中引入氧构建不同的FeN_(x)O_(4-x)(x=0,1,2,3,4)配合物,研究金属原子的配位数x对氧还原反应(ORR)和氧析出反应(OER)催化性能的影响。结果表明,具有FeN_(4)配位结构的Fe-N-C材料热力学稳定性及ORR/OER催化性能最佳。此外,本研究通过变换过渡金属的种类,即锰、铁、钴、镍、铜(M=Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu),研究过渡金属的种类M对MN4催化活性的影响。研究发现,具有CoN_(4)配位结构的M-N-C材料热力学稳定,且相较于其他MN4其ORR和OER催化性能最佳。本研究结果可为调节过渡金属单原子的配位环境,设计高效双功能电催化剂提供理论参考。

Topological Transition in Monolayer Blue Phosphorene with Transition-Metal Adatom under Strain

We carried out first-principles calculations to investigate the electronic properties of the monolayer blue phosphorene(BlueP)decorated by the group-IVB transition-metal adatoms(Cr,Mo and W),and found that the Cr-decorated BlueP is a magnetic half metal,while the Mo-and W-decorated BlueP are semiconductors with band gaps smaller than 0.2 eV.Compressive biaxial strains make the band gaps close and reopen,and band inversions occur during this process,which induces topological transitions in the Mo-decorated BlueP(with strain of-5.75%)and W-decorated BlueP(with strain of-4.25%)from normal insulators to topological insulators(TIs).The TI gap is 94 meV for the Mo-decorated BlueP and218 me V for the W-decorated BlueP.Such large TI gaps demonstrate the possibility to engineer topological phases in the monolayer BlueP with transition-metal adatoms at high temperature.

MIL-53(Al)derived single-atom Rh catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of m-chloronitrobenzene into m-chloroaniline

The catalytic hydrogenation of halonitroarenes to haloanilines is a green and sustainable process for the production of key nitrogen-containing intermediates in fine chemical industry.Chemoselective hydrogenation poses a significant challenge,which requires the rational design of the catalysts with proper hydrogenation ability for nitro group and simultaneously preventing dehalogenation of halogen group.Herein,a highly effective Rh@Al_(2)O_(3)@C single-atom catalyst(SAC)was developed for the hydrogenation of m-chloronitrobenzene(m-CNB)to m-chloroaniline(m-CAN),through an in-situ grafting of metal during the assembly of MIL-53(Al),followed by confined pyrolysis.Extensive characterizations reveal an exquisite structure of the Rh@Al_(2)O_(3)@C,containing atomically dispersed Rh sites onto Al_(2)O_(3) confined by the amorphous carbon.The five-coordinated aluminum(Al^(Ⅴ))species are essential for achieving the atomic dispersion of Rh atoms,providing the unsaturated coordinative sites for metal.Compared to the benchmark Rh/γ-Al_(2)O_(3) and Rh/C nanocatalysts,the Rh@Al_(2)O_(3)@C SAC affords an excellent turnover frequency of 2317 molm-CNB·molRh^(–1)·h^(–1),the highest value to date in heterogeneous catalyst systems for the hydrogenation of m-CNB at 313 K and 20 bar H2,together with a sustained selectivity to m-CAN(~98%)during five consecutive runs.The superior catalytic performance of the Rh@Al_(2)O_(3)@C is attributed to a proper modulation of electronic structure of hydrogenation metal by forming SAC,together with an enhanced accessibility of acid function sites.

Fe或Cr单原子链填充Cu纳米管的稳定性与磁性

基于密度泛函理论框架下的第一性原理计算,系统地研究了过渡金属(TM)Fe或Cr线性单原子链填充(6,6)Cu纳米管(Fe@CuNT或Cr@CuNT)所形成复合结构的稳定性、磁性和电子特性。相对于孤立单原子链的单原子平均结合能,Fe@CuNT和Cr@CuNT复合结构的平均结合能大大增加,表明Cu纳米管的包裹使Fe或Cr单原子链的稳定性显著增强。外部Cu原子与内部TM原子间的化学键表现出非局域金属键特性,Fe@CuNT和Cr@CuNT复合结构的磁基态分别为为铁磁态和反铁磁态。对Fe@CuNT和Cr@CuNT复合结构内部Fe原子和Cr原子的自旋磁矩和轨道磁矩进行了计算。相对于自由单原子链,Fe@CuNT和Cr@CuNT复合结构的磁晶各向异性能显著增强,因此Fe@CuNT和Cr@CuNT复合结构可应用于超高密度磁存储中。Cu纳米管的包裹使Fe@CuNT复合结构的易磁化方向相对于自由Fe单原子链的易磁化方向发生了改变。此外,Fe@CuNT复合结构在费米能级处较高的自旋极化率使其可应用于自旋电子器件中。

Single atom doping induced charge-specific distribution of Cu1-TiO_(2) for selective aniline oxidation via a new mechanism

Utilizing single atom sites doping into metal oxides to modulate their intrinsic active sites,achieving precise selectivity control in complex organic reactions,is a highly desirable yet challenging endeavor.Meanwhile,identifying the active site also represents a significant obstacle,primarily due to the intricate electronic environment of single atom site doped metal oxide.Herein,a single atom Cu doped TiO_(2)catalyst(Cu_(1)-TiO_(2)) is prepared via a simple“colloid-acid treatment”strategy,which switches aniline oxidation selectivity of TiO_(2) from azoxybenzene to nitrosobenzene,without using additives or changing solvent,while other metal or nonmetal doped TiO_(2) did not possess.Comprehensive mechanistic investigations and DFT calculations unveil that Ti-O active site is responsible for triggering the aniline to form a new PhNOH intermediate,two PhNOH condense to azoxybenzene over TiO_(2) catalyst.As for Cu_(1)-TiO_(2),the charge-specific distribution between the isolated Cu and TiO_(2) generates unique Cu_(1)-O-Ti hybridization structure with nine catalytic active sites,eight of them make PhNOH take place spontaneous dissociation to produce nitrosobenzene.This work not only unveils a new mechanistic pathway featuring the PhNOH intermediate in aniline oxidation for the first time but also presents a novel approach for constructing single-atom doped metal oxides and exploring their intricate active sites.

多相催化剂在烯烃氢甲酰化反应中的应用

氢甲酰化是指烯烃与合成气(CO/H2)反应生成醛的羰基化过程,是均相金属络合催化剂在工业上的最大应用之一.与均相催化剂相比,多相催化剂具有易分离的优点,但面临活性较低、化学/区域选择性较差的问题,因而如何结合均多相催化体系的优点,实现高效的多相氢甲酰化过程是目前该领域的研究热点.本文重点介绍了多相分子催化剂、多相金属纳米颗粒催化剂、以及多相金属单原子催化剂在烯烃氢甲酰化反应中的研究进展,探讨了多相催化剂的组成、结构与烯烃氢甲酰化反应活性、化学/区域选择性和稳定性之间的关系,为从分子层面设计新型的氢甲酰化多相催化剂提供了思路借鉴,并对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望.

Cobalt single atoms anchored on N-doped ultrathin carbon nanosheets for selective transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes

Selective transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes to amines with transition metal nanocatalysts is appealing due to its low-cost, moderate reaction conditions, good activity and excellent selectivity. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) possessing advantages of maximum atom efficiency and particular electronic structure are expected to be more effective for this reaction, yet no report about it. Herein, cobalt single atoms anchored on N-doped ultrathin carbon nanosheets (denoted as CoSAs/NCNS) were produced and demonstrated as an outstanding SAC for selective transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes to amines with formic acid as hydrogen donor. The turnover frequency (TOF) reached 110.6 h^-1, which was 20 times higher than the best results of cobalt nanopartides reported in literatures under similar reaction conditions. Moreover, CoSAs/NCNS exhibited excellent selectivity for a variety of nitroarenes bearing other reducible functionalities, such as iodo, cyano, keto, vinyl, alkynyl and ester groups. The findings further highlight the ability and advantages of SACs in heterogeneous catalysis.