In 2011,the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched an engineering project to develop an acceleratordriven subcritical system(ADS)for nuclear waste transmutation.The China Lead-based Reactor(CLEAR),proposed by the Instit...In 2011,the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched an engineering project to develop an acceleratordriven subcritical system(ADS)for nuclear waste transmutation.The China Lead-based Reactor(CLEAR),proposed by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology,was selected as the reference reactor for ADS development,as well as for the technology development of the Generation IV lead-cooled fast reactor.The conceptual design of CLEAR-I with 10 MW thermal power has been completed.KYLIN series lead-bismuth eutectic experimental loops have been constructed to investigate the technologies of the coolant,key components,structural materials,fuel assembly,operation,and control.In order to validate and test the key components and integrated operating technology of the lead-based reactor,the lead alloy-cooled non-nuclear reactor CLEAR-S,the lead-based zero-power nuclear reactor CLEAR-0,and the lead-based virtual reactor CLEAR-V are under realization.展开更多
Efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting is essential for producing hydrogen and alleviating huge energy consumption.Meanwhile,charge transfer engineering is an efficient approach to modu...Efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting is essential for producing hydrogen and alleviating huge energy consumption.Meanwhile,charge transfer engineering is an efficient approach to modulate the localized electronic properties of catalysts and tune the electrocatalytic performance.Herein,we tactfully fabricate PtFeNi alloys/NiFe layered double hydroxides(LDHs)heterostructure by an easily electrochemical way with a small amount of Pt.The experimental and theoretical results unravel that the charge transfer on the alloy clusters modulated by the defective substrates(NiFe LDHs),which synergistically optimizes the adsorption energy of the reaction intermediates.The electrocatalyst exhibits an ultra‐low overpotential of 81 and 243 mV at the current density of 100 mA cm^(–2) for hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution,respectively.Furthermore,the overall water splitting indicates that PtFeNi alloys/NiFe LDHs presents an ultra‐low overpotential of 265 and 406 mV to reach the current density of 10 and 300 mA cm^(–2),respectively.It proves that the PtFeNi alloys/NiFe LDHs catalyst is an excellent dual‐function electrocatalyst for water splitting and promising for industrialization.This work provides a new electrochemical approach to construct the alloy heterostructure.The prepared heterostructures act as an ideal platform to investigate the charge re‐distribution behavior and to improve the electrocatalytic activity.展开更多
The generation of hydrogen through the electrolysis of water has attracted attention as a promising way to produce and store energy using renewable energy sources.In this process,a catalyst is very important to achiev...The generation of hydrogen through the electrolysis of water has attracted attention as a promising way to produce and store energy using renewable energy sources.In this process,a catalyst is very important to achieve a high‐energy conversion efficiency for the electrolysis of water.A good catalyst for water electrolysis should exhibit high catalytic activity,good stability,low cost and good scalability.Much research has been devoted to developing efficient catalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Traditionally,it has been accepted that a material with high crystallinity is important to serve as a good catalyst for HER and/or OER.Recently,catalysts for HER and/or OER in the electrolysis of water splitting based on amorphous materials have received much interest in the scientific community owing to the abundant unsaturated active sites on the amorphous surface,which form catalytic centers for the reaction of the electrolysis of water.We summarize the recent advances of amorphous catalysts for HER,OER and overall water splitting by electrolysis and the related fundamental chemical reactions involved in the electrolysis of water.The current challenges confronting the electrolysis of water and the development of more efficient amorphous catalysts are also discussed.展开更多
文摘In 2011,the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched an engineering project to develop an acceleratordriven subcritical system(ADS)for nuclear waste transmutation.The China Lead-based Reactor(CLEAR),proposed by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology,was selected as the reference reactor for ADS development,as well as for the technology development of the Generation IV lead-cooled fast reactor.The conceptual design of CLEAR-I with 10 MW thermal power has been completed.KYLIN series lead-bismuth eutectic experimental loops have been constructed to investigate the technologies of the coolant,key components,structural materials,fuel assembly,operation,and control.In order to validate and test the key components and integrated operating technology of the lead-based reactor,the lead alloy-cooled non-nuclear reactor CLEAR-S,the lead-based zero-power nuclear reactor CLEAR-0,and the lead-based virtual reactor CLEAR-V are under realization.
文摘Efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting is essential for producing hydrogen and alleviating huge energy consumption.Meanwhile,charge transfer engineering is an efficient approach to modulate the localized electronic properties of catalysts and tune the electrocatalytic performance.Herein,we tactfully fabricate PtFeNi alloys/NiFe layered double hydroxides(LDHs)heterostructure by an easily electrochemical way with a small amount of Pt.The experimental and theoretical results unravel that the charge transfer on the alloy clusters modulated by the defective substrates(NiFe LDHs),which synergistically optimizes the adsorption energy of the reaction intermediates.The electrocatalyst exhibits an ultra‐low overpotential of 81 and 243 mV at the current density of 100 mA cm^(–2) for hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution,respectively.Furthermore,the overall water splitting indicates that PtFeNi alloys/NiFe LDHs presents an ultra‐low overpotential of 265 and 406 mV to reach the current density of 10 and 300 mA cm^(–2),respectively.It proves that the PtFeNi alloys/NiFe LDHs catalyst is an excellent dual‐function electrocatalyst for water splitting and promising for industrialization.This work provides a new electrochemical approach to construct the alloy heterostructure.The prepared heterostructures act as an ideal platform to investigate the charge re‐distribution behavior and to improve the electrocatalytic activity.
基金the financial support from Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)the support from Australian Research Council (ARC) Future Fellowship scheme
文摘The generation of hydrogen through the electrolysis of water has attracted attention as a promising way to produce and store energy using renewable energy sources.In this process,a catalyst is very important to achieve a high‐energy conversion efficiency for the electrolysis of water.A good catalyst for water electrolysis should exhibit high catalytic activity,good stability,low cost and good scalability.Much research has been devoted to developing efficient catalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Traditionally,it has been accepted that a material with high crystallinity is important to serve as a good catalyst for HER and/or OER.Recently,catalysts for HER and/or OER in the electrolysis of water splitting based on amorphous materials have received much interest in the scientific community owing to the abundant unsaturated active sites on the amorphous surface,which form catalytic centers for the reaction of the electrolysis of water.We summarize the recent advances of amorphous catalysts for HER,OER and overall water splitting by electrolysis and the related fundamental chemical reactions involved in the electrolysis of water.The current challenges confronting the electrolysis of water and the development of more efficient amorphous catalysts are also discussed.
