胶东和鲁西金矿床空间分布分形差异及对金来源的启示

胶东和鲁西地体发育大量的中生代金矿床,其金元素的来源一直是学术界争论的焦点,可能的来源方式为:交代岩石圈地幔、前寒武纪变质基底和中生代二长花岗岩。为了进一步厘定金的来源,文章从金的富集阶段模式和金矿床是金元素超常富集地质体的思想出发,运用金矿床的空间分布数据和空间分析的分形地质统计方法,进行了研究。研究结果发现,胶东金矿床(N=823)具有一阶段的空间分形分布模式,其分形维数α=0.726,具有单一来源或单一成因的特征;结合前人研究和克拉通破坏和西太平洋俯冲的地质背景,推断胶东金元素极有可能是单一的交代岩石圈地幔来源;而胶东地体西侧鲁西地体中发育的金矿床(N=139)则具有二阶段的空间分形分布模式,其分形维数分别为α_(1)=1.630和α_(2)=0.850,具有2种金元素来源或2种成因类型的特征,可能分别对应着早前寒武纪变质岩及韧性剪切带有关金矿床和晚中生代岩浆活动有关金矿床空间分布的分形维数,后者的值与胶东地体的分形维数相近,结合前人研究,推测鲁西部分金矿床来源于交代岩石圈地幔的贡献,另一部分则可能来自于花岗质岩浆。

诉讼保险与法律援助制度之比较研究

诉讼保险与法律援助制度是保障当事人接近正义的两大制度 ,但前者在管理方式、适用范围、资金来源、服务模式上却有较大优势。因此 ,有必要在中国引进该制度 ,以便建构我国有效保障当事人接近正义的制度体系来回应现实社会的客观需要。

Strategic Management of Independent Film Production Companies

This article introduces the analysis of strategic management of film production companies. The first part presents processes and models of strategic management and introduces a new and unified model of strategic management. It is noteworthy that the film/film industry value chain helps to understand the notion that the links between separate stages have an impact on the company＇s competitive advantage and reveal how the main product in the film industry, the feature film, is developed. Therefore, the following part analyses models and composition of film industry value models. The final part of this article analyses the main features of a film production company and the sources of funding thereof. The strategic model of independent film production companies is based on the characteristics of strategic management and the value chain models of independent film projects.

Influence of Institutional Support on Lecturers＇ Preparedness for E-learning at the University of Nairobi, Kenya

Institutional support is an essential antecedent for lecturer＇s preparedness for e-learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of institutional support through appropriate training programs and budgetary allocation on lecturers＇ preparedness for e-learning at the University of Nairobi. A cross-sectional survey design was applied to source data from 212 lecturers and 96 administrative staff. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were applied to process, analyze, and interpret the data. Quantitative analysis yielded descriptive statistics as well as cross tabulations with Chi-square （x^2） statistic. The study found lack of significant relationship between lecturer＇s preparedness for e-learning and knowledge of the existence of an Information and Communication Technology （ICT） training program. The existing training program was still underdeveloped in terms of funding and strategies. Lecturers＇ preparedness for e-learning was also not significantly associated with perceived effectiveness of the existing training program; but was significantly related to training in software tools, as well as the source of funding for training. Although a team of ICT experts has been mandated to help academic staff prepare for e-learning, the team＇s functionality was constrained by under-funding and multiple roles. Lecturer＇s preparedness for e-learning also significantly associated with perceived adequacy of budgetary allocation for ICT program at the departmental level. Under-funding was a key factor constraining access to computers at the workplace, reliable internet connectivity and timely technical support, all of which significantly associated with lecturers＇ preparedness for e-learning. Universities in resource-poor settings should consider creating necessary partnerships to create avenues for information and resource sharing, revamp existing training programs with fmancial and human resources, create linkages with funding institutions, as well as improve budgetary allocation to ensure universal access to functional computers at the workplace, reliable internet connectivity and timely technical support.

Study on the development and financing of tourist attractions in China

Tourism is one of the important industries in China. It has become China＇s important economic growth point. But from the development of tourist attractions in China, we find that many problems still exist, especially the sources of funds. This will seriously impede the further development of tourism industry. Based on the analysis, related countermeasures have been set forth. And yet the best approach to resolve funding issues is financing.

Right to Health or the Human Right of Access to Essential Healthcare

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights refers to the human right to health and well-being including medical care, but for the majority of people whom are not covered by health insurance this is better said than done. Ensuring the access of all citizens to the needed medical care requires the provision of health insurance coverage to a population pool and gradually expanding the pool to the whole nation. The ethical perspective of pooling resources across various groups of people with different levels of income and different health risks associated with age, genetics, and lifestyle, may raise the issue of individual autonomy versus social solidarity. Governmental, social, private, and community-based healthcare coverage have been used in different countries with varying details in the sources of funding, pooling of contributions, and the purchase of the covered healthcare services; these models have had varying levels of success depending on not only the availability of funds, but also on the political commitment of the state and the social solidarity and cultural attitude of the population towards universal healthcare. Therefore, universal healthcare requires not only a certain level of economic development, but also a strong sense of solidarity among the people as well as a political commitment in their government. I argue that the statement regarding the right to health, well-being, and medical care needs to be rethought, and instead universal access to essential healthcare should be regarded as a basic human right.

Factor Affecting Technical Change of Credit Union Co-operative in Upper Northern of Thailand

Credit union co-operatives are organized for supporting poor people who are difficult to find funding sources for improvement their economic security. Majority of the credit unions co-operatives are made up of members who are currently working in the agricultural sectors. However some of credit union co-operatives have members who are working in non-agriculture sectors, they use credit union co-operatives to improve quality as farmer. The main objective in this paper is comparison of technical operation efficiency of the credit unions agriculture and non-agriculture sector with sample size of 170 groups from eight provinces in the upper northern region of Thailand, using the Malmquist Productivity Index Approach.

The Efficiency of Non-repayable Funding Against Crisis Effects in Romania

The current economical crisis pointed out the gaps and the weak development of the Romanian economical system. If we were to compare the economy of a country to the human body then we would realize that constant and massive loss of ＂blood＂ may eventually lead to collapse of the economical system, which require Romania to speed up financial ＂transfusions＂. In these conditions, the most accessible and inexpensive source of funding is the non-repayable funding that Romanian economy can acquire by the year of 2013. In this paper we analyze the evolution of non-repayable funds allocated to Romania, in terms of those funds for the approved projects （their implementation has not yet started） but also in terms of those contracted projects or in the process of running （in fact representing ＂the necessary＂ amount of money that the Romanian economy needs）. The first part of the paper contains an overview of the situation about the requiring and the absorption of non-repayable funding since 2007 （officially since the crisis emerged in the U.S.） to present, also making an analysis of the influence they had on the Romanian economy. We take into account in this analysis that the effects of the crisis in Romania began to be felt in the second half of 2008, economical politics against crisis were not taken into accounted by this date. In this analysis we started from the assumption that one anti-crisis policy, taken into account by public decision members in Romania, is to increase efficiency and absorption of funds by raising the capacity of the Romanian economical environment for the implementation （and not only the winning ） of these funds. The second part of the paper contains an econometrieal development model which highlights the influence of changing the interest rates and exchange rate on the rate of contracting projects during January 2007-March 2010. The Analysis of the results emphasizes the stronger influence of the changing rate on the approved contracting projects compared with the changing influence of the reference interest rate. Following the results of the analysis we highlight the main reasons for which this economical policy of attracting and using outstanding funding represents until now, a failure more than a success. Also we present these several solutions to increase the volume of financial ＂transfusion＂ with a direct impact on the Romanian economy, arguing that such measures cannot be implemented without real political will from decision-makers in Romania.

＂Collapse＂ of Europe in the Light of Energy Dependence

The issue of the future of Europe is becoming increasingly important what with the depth of the economic crisis that started in 2008. In addition to a continuous growth in the number of the unemployed, the crisis particularly emphasizes the chronic level of energy dependence. The energy saving measures ~energy efficiency）, diversification of sources （stability of supply）, and the creation of substitutes in renewable energy （energy transition）, intertwine with administrative measures and form the response of European countries to the growing energy dependence. At the same time, although facing the threatening warming （or cooling） of the Earth, Europe, as a big advocate of reducing CO2 remains passively dependent on NATO （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） policy in the field of defense in the context of energy dependence. However, for the first time after many decades, Europe and America do not have the same energy, and consequently geo-strategic objective： The US has become energy independent while Europe is chronically energy dependent.

Zakat, Local Social Organization, and Social Capital in Rural Economic Development

Zakat as a source of development funding encourages well functioning of local organizations and social capital formation. Zakat management conducted by an organization with a set of norms promotes the development of local community organizations＇ function for the rural economic development activities. A case study was conducted in the Village of Patila, South Sulawesi Province. The community in this village successfully managed the selfsupporting development of social and agriculture infrastructures. Data collected were the activities of local organization of the board members of the mosque and educational development foundations, farmer group, and collective stall group. The results showed that a community truth on the mosque and educational development foundations was formed by the social infrastructure development of mosque and schools through the effectiveness of the zakat payment by rules （norms）. Both development foundations could function well through the network with villagers who migrate to other island as a potential zakat payer. Strengthening the social development organization supported the development of collective stall and pump farming system. The process of social and economic development in the Village of Patila as well as social capital formation encouraged people to carry out selfsupport development activities.

Legal Risks and Precautions of Margin Pledge

The margin of credit business in commercial bank has the problems if legal nature identification and juridical practice has identical comprehension on margin, and that the non-standard financial source and operations of margin makes legal risks. Therefore, the prevention and control measures should be taken for the open and accounting of margin account, drawdown of margin, maintenance of account information, and freezing and deduction of margin of competent organs.

Ore-forming mechanism of Xiajinbao gold deposit in Pingquan, Hebei based on fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

The Xiajinbao gold deposit is located in Yong’an-Xiayingfang-Maojiagou polymetallic metallogenic belt,which is animportant metallogenic belt in North China block.In this paper,we present a detailed study on fluid inclusions and stable isotopes ofthe Xiajinbao gold deposit,Hebei Province,China,aiming at discussing the ore source,evolution of ore-forming fluid andore-forming mechanism of the deposit.The macroscopic geological characteristics,S and Pb isotopic analysis results show that thesource of ore-forming materials is mainly from granitic magma,and subordinately from country rocks.H and O isotopic compositionfeatures indicate that the ore-forming fluid is mainly derived from magmatic water.Fluid inclusion characteristics show that theore-forming fluid experienced boiling during the early mineralization stage,which led to the precipitation of gold.Fluid mixingdominated the precipitation of the ore-forming materials during the middle and late stages.The gold precipitation was caused bywater/rock reaction throughout the whole ore-forming process.

Methodological Framework of Financial Analysis Results Objectification in Slovak Republic

The applicability of financial analysis results meets in practice a serious problem as to how to objectify analysis results with regard to the comparable values and information sources. Financial analysis results cannot be taken as useful and acceptable without their objectification on the basis of chosen reference rates, values. The article is focused on key information about financial analysis objectification methods, sources, and databases in conditions of Slovak enterprises. Current database for the comparison in Slovakia is currently provided by the company CRIF - Slovak Credit Bureau, which provides a complete range of solutions for business and consumer information as well as credit and marketing management. This information is very useful for financial analysis objectification, but not available for all potential users.

Hypericin in hypericum:chemistry, botanical sources and biological activities

Hypericin, a secondary metabolite first reported in 1830, is a natural photosensitizing naphtodianthrone and is mainly from the natural plant sources of genus Hypericum. Hypericin exhibits a wide variety of biological and pharmacological activities, such as antiviral, antidepressant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity. Hypericin can also be utilized in photodynamic diagnosis. Accumulating evidence is pointing to the effects of hypericin with potential pharmaceutical and clinical interests in the past decades. The present review gives a comprehensive outline of the chemistry, botanical occurrence and biological activities of this powerful compound.

Gender difference in the effect of daytime sleep on declarative memory for pictures

Objective:To investigate gender difference in the effects of daytime sleep on item and source memories,which are dissociable elements of declarative memory,and the effects of sleep on recollection and familiarity,which are two processes underlying recognition. Methods:Participants saw a series of pictures with either blue or red background,and were then given a pretest for item and source memories. Then males and females respectively were randomly assigned either to a wake or a sleep condition. In the wake condition,participants remained awake until the posttest;in the sleep condition,participants slept for 1 h until awakened and asked to remain awake until the posttest. Results:Daytime sleep contributed to retention of source memory rather than item memory in females,whereas males undergoing daytime sleep had a trend towards increased familiarity. For females,however,neither recollection nor familiarity appeared to be influenced by daytime sleep. Conclusion:The mechanism underlying gender difference may be linked with different memory traces resulting from different encoding strategies,as well as with different electrophysiological changes during daytime sleep.

Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Soils Using Multivariate Statistics and Geostatistics

The main objectives of this study were to introduce an integrated method for effectively identifying soil heavy metal pollution sources and apportioning their contributions, and apply it to a case study. The method combines the principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) receptor model and geostatistics. The case study was conducted in an area of 31 km2 in the urban-rural transition zone of Wuhan, a metropolis of central China. 124 topsoil samples were collected for measuring the concentrations of eight heavy metal elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Co). PCA results revealed that three major factors were responsible for soil heavy metal pollution, which were initially identified as "steel production", "agronomic input" and "coal consumption". The APCS technique, combined with multiple linear regression analysis, was then applied for source apportionment. Steel production appeared to be the main source for Ni, Co, Cd, Zn and Mn, agronomic input for Cu, and coal consumption for Pb and Cr. Geostatistical interpolation using ordinary kriging was finally used to map the spatial distributions of the contributions of pollution sources and further confirm the result interpretations. The introduced method appears to be an effective tool in soil pollution source apportionment and identification, and might provide valuable reference information for pollution control and environmental management.

Decratonic gold deposits

The North China Craton(NCC) hosts numerous gold deposits and is known as the most gold-productive region of China. The gold deposits were mostly formed within a few million years in the Early Cretaceous(130–120 Ma), coeval with widespread occurrences of bimodal magmatism, rift basins and metamorphic core complexes that marked the peak of lithospheric thinning and destruction of the NCC. Stable isotope data and geological evidence indicate that ore-forming fluids and other components were largely exsolved from cooling magma and/or derived from mantle degassing during the period of lithospheric extension. Gold mineralization in the NCC contrasts strikingly with that of other cratons where gold ore-forming fluids were sourced mostly from metamorphic devolatization in compressional or transpressional regimes. In this paper, we present a summary and discussion on time-space distribution and ore genesis of gold deposits in the NCC in the context of the timing, spatial variation, and decratonic processes. Compared with orogenic gold deposits in other cratonic blocks, the Early Cretaceous gold deposits in the NCC are quite distinct in that they were deposited from magma-derived fluids under extensional settings and associated closely with destruction of cratonic lithosphere. We argue that Early Cretaceous gold deposits in the NCC cannot be classified as orogenic gold deposits as previously suggested, rather, they are a new type of gold deposits, termed as "decratonic gold deposits" in this study. The westward subduction of the paleo-West Pacific plate(the Izanagi plate) beneath the eastern China continent gave rise to an optimal tectonic setting for large-scale gold mineralization in the Early Cretaceous. Dehydration of the subducted and stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone led to continuous hydration and considerable metasomatism of the mantle wedge beneath the NCC. As a consequence, the refractory mantle became oxidized and highly enriched in large ion lithophile elements and chalcophile elements(e.g., Cu, Au, Ag and Te). Partial melting of such a mantle would have produced voluminous hydrous, Au- and S-bearing basaltic magma, which, together with crust-derived melts induced by underplating of basaltic magma, served as an important source for ore-forming fluids. It is suggested that the Eocene Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada, occurring geologically in the deformed western margin of the North America Craton, are comparable with the Early Cretaceous gold deposits of the NCC because they share similar tectonic settings and auriferous fluids. The NCC gold deposits are characterized by gold-bearing quartz veins in the Archean amphibolite facies rocks, whereas the Nevada gold deposits are featured by fine-grained sulfide dissemination in Paleozoic marine sedimentary rocks. Their main differences in gold mineralization are the different host rocks, ore-controlling structures, and ore-forming depth. The similar tectonic setting and ore-forming fluid source, however, indicate that the Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada are actually analogous to decratonic gold deposits in the NCC. Gold deposits in both the NCC and Nevada were formed in a relatively short time interval(<10 Myr) and become progressively younger toward the subduction zone. Younging of gold mineralization toward subduction zone might have been attributed to retreat of subduction zone and rollback of subducted slab. According to the ages of gold deposits on inland and marginal zones, the retreat rates of the Izanagi plate in the western Pacific in the Early Cretaceous and the Farallon plate of the eastern Pacific in the Eocene are estimated at 8.8 cm/yr and 3.3 cm/yr, respectively.