Greece, in relation to many other countries of similar size, is very advantageous for the mineral wealth it possesses. Great variety, mostly industrial and metallic minerals, and energy mineral raw materials such as l...Greece, in relation to many other countries of similar size, is very advantageous for the mineral wealth it possesses. Great variety, mostly industrial and metallic minerals, and energy mineral raw materials such as lignite, are in its subsoil. The probable and proven reserves of most of the mineral resources of Greece are unknown, as detailed investigations （e.g., drillings, measurements, analyses, etc.） are lacking. In our assessment the total value of the reserves is about ε1.5 trillion and is four times its total debt （ε360 billion）. The total value of the indicated reserves of the Industrial Minerals ＆ Rocks is ε60 billion. The total value of the indicated reserves of the Metallic Minerals is ε72 billion. The total value of the indicated reserves of the Energy Mineral Raw Materials is ε1,362 billion, of which ε268 billion belong to the lignites which are exploited for decades to produce only electricity. The indicated oil reserves are 10 billion barrels with current value of E685 billion and the corresponding of natural gas 3.5 trillion m3 with current value of ε409 billion.展开更多
The Pan-1 coal mine located in Huainan municipality, Anhui province, is abundant in coal resources. In order to discover the natural conditions of gas in its coal seams, we inverted the burial history of these coal se...The Pan-1 coal mine located in Huainan municipality, Anhui province, is abundant in coal resources. In order to discover the natural conditions of gas in its coal seams, we inverted the burial history of these coal seams using the software of Easy%Ro method and simulated the development process of gas volumes and pressure of the major coal seams using CBM History Simulation Software. Our analysis shows that the devolution of gas volumes and levels of pressure can be divided into four stages: i.e., a biogas stage (P1-P3), a pyrolysis gas stage (T1-T2), an active gas enrichment stage (T3-K1) and a gas dissipating stage (K2-present). Currently, the average amounts of gas and gas pressure in coal seams Nos. 13-1, 11-2 and 8 of the Pan-1 coal mine are 8.18 m3/t and 2.20 MPa; 3.89 m3/t and 2.47 MPa and 6.35 m3/t and 2.89 MPa, respectively. This agrees very well with current mining data.展开更多
Several strategic metals, elements and energy resources are about to run into scarcity in the near future under the present paradigm of use. A global systems model has been developed （WORLD） to assess the issue of s...Several strategic metals, elements and energy resources are about to run into scarcity in the near future under the present paradigm of use. A global systems model has been developed （WORLD） to assess the issue of scarcity and its implications for society. We show that scarcity may lead to ＂peak wealth＂, ＂peak population＂, ＂peak waste＂ and ＂peak civilization＂, unless urgent counter-measures are systematically undertaken. Materials that underpin modern society may become unavailable for global mass production of goods. The material volumes that can be supplied from fossil reserves will be reduced with respect to today and resources will go up in price. The future resource supply is unsustainable without comprehensive recycling. The creation of wealth from conversion of resources and work, as well as the current extensive borrowing from the future, cause concerns that peaking energy and materials production may lead to ＂peak wealth＂ and the end of the golden age we live in. Our policy recommendations are that governments must take this issue seriously and must immediately start preparing legislations to close material cycles, optimize energy use and minimize irreversible material losses. Research efforts need to be based on systems thinking and a concerted effort is needed.展开更多
文摘Greece, in relation to many other countries of similar size, is very advantageous for the mineral wealth it possesses. Great variety, mostly industrial and metallic minerals, and energy mineral raw materials such as lignite, are in its subsoil. The probable and proven reserves of most of the mineral resources of Greece are unknown, as detailed investigations （e.g., drillings, measurements, analyses, etc.） are lacking. In our assessment the total value of the reserves is about ε1.5 trillion and is four times its total debt （ε360 billion）. The total value of the indicated reserves of the Industrial Minerals ＆ Rocks is ε60 billion. The total value of the indicated reserves of the Metallic Minerals is ε72 billion. The total value of the indicated reserves of the Energy Mineral Raw Materials is ε1,362 billion, of which ε268 billion belong to the lignites which are exploited for decades to produce only electricity. The indicated oil reserves are 10 billion barrels with current value of E685 billion and the corresponding of natural gas 3.5 trillion m3 with current value of ε409 billion.
基金Project 2005CB221501 supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘The Pan-1 coal mine located in Huainan municipality, Anhui province, is abundant in coal resources. In order to discover the natural conditions of gas in its coal seams, we inverted the burial history of these coal seams using the software of Easy%Ro method and simulated the development process of gas volumes and pressure of the major coal seams using CBM History Simulation Software. Our analysis shows that the devolution of gas volumes and levels of pressure can be divided into four stages: i.e., a biogas stage (P1-P3), a pyrolysis gas stage (T1-T2), an active gas enrichment stage (T3-K1) and a gas dissipating stage (K2-present). Currently, the average amounts of gas and gas pressure in coal seams Nos. 13-1, 11-2 and 8 of the Pan-1 coal mine are 8.18 m3/t and 2.20 MPa; 3.89 m3/t and 2.47 MPa and 6.35 m3/t and 2.89 MPa, respectively. This agrees very well with current mining data.
文摘Several strategic metals, elements and energy resources are about to run into scarcity in the near future under the present paradigm of use. A global systems model has been developed （WORLD） to assess the issue of scarcity and its implications for society. We show that scarcity may lead to ＂peak wealth＂, ＂peak population＂, ＂peak waste＂ and ＂peak civilization＂, unless urgent counter-measures are systematically undertaken. Materials that underpin modern society may become unavailable for global mass production of goods. The material volumes that can be supplied from fossil reserves will be reduced with respect to today and resources will go up in price. The future resource supply is unsustainable without comprehensive recycling. The creation of wealth from conversion of resources and work, as well as the current extensive borrowing from the future, cause concerns that peaking energy and materials production may lead to ＂peak wealth＂ and the end of the golden age we live in. Our policy recommendations are that governments must take this issue seriously and must immediately start preparing legislations to close material cycles, optimize energy use and minimize irreversible material losses. Research efforts need to be based on systems thinking and a concerted effort is needed.
